Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing

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The individual eventing event, part of the equestrian program at the 2000 Summer Olympics, was held from 20 to 22 September 2000 in the Sydney International Equestrian Centre. Like all other equestrian events, the eventing competition was mixed gender, with both male and female athletes competing in the same division.[1]

For the 1996 and 2000 Olympic competitions, the individual and team contests were separate events. A rider could compete in both competitions as long as it was on different horses. An example of this is individual winner David O'Connor who won his gold medal riding Custom Made, while he earned his team bronze medal with the U.S riding Giltedge.

Medalists[]

GoldGold medal.svg SilverSilver medal.svg BronzeBronze medal.svg
 United States  Australia  New Zealand
David O'Connor Custom Made Andrew Hoy Mark Todd

Results[]

The total score for each horse and rider was the sum of the total penalty points earned in the various phases of competitions. The pair with the lowest number of penalty points was victorious.

Dressage[]

For the dressage portion of the competition, horse and rider pairs performed series of movements that were evaluated by judges. Judges gave marks of 0 to 10 for each movement, subtracting points for errors. The score for each judge was represented the total marks gained. For every point less than a total of 240, 0.2 Penalty Points were assessed.

Rank Rider Horse Nation Judge H Judge C Judge M Score Penalty Points
1 David O'Connor Custom Made  United States 194 187 194 575 29.0
2 Marina Köhncke  Germany 174 194 178 546 34.8
3 Heidi Antikatzides  Greece 181 176 176 533 37.4
4 Mark Todd  New Zealand 181 170 174 525 39.0
5 Andrew Hoy  Australia 158 180 183 521 39.8
5 Sofia Andler  Sweden 171 165 185 521 39.8
7 Blyth Tait  New Zealand 157 175 184 516 40.8
8 Rodolphe Scherer  France 167 171 175 513 41.4
9 Robert Costello  United States 176 161 171 508 42.4
10 Fabio Magni  Italy 167 171 162 500 44.0
11 Amanda Ross  Australia 167 159 170 496 44.8
12 Annette Wyrwoll  Germany 168 163 164 495 45.0
13 Mary King  Great Britain 153 164 168 485 47.0
14 Nils Haagensen  Denmark 152 166 166 484 47.2
15 Brook Staples  Australia 159 158 165 482 47.6
16 Daisuke Kato  Japan 152 169 159 480 48.0
17 Enrique Sarasola Jr.  Spain 150 159 161 470 50.0
18 Karen Dixon  Great Britain 149 160 159 468 50.4
19 Nicolas Touzaint  France 156 149 162 467 50.6
20 Ian Stark  Great Britain 157 158 150 465 51.0
21 Mary Jane Tumbridge  Bermuda 154 152 151 457 52.6
T22 Piia Pantsu  Finland 144 160 152 456 52.8
T22 Julie Black  United States 154 148 154 456 52.8
T22 Austin O'Connor  Ireland 157 152 147 456 52.8
25 Kai Rueder  Germany 148 157 150 455 53.0
26 Bruno Goyens de Heusch  Belgium 146 153 155 454 53.2
T27 Eduard Stibbe  Netherlands Antilles 149 154 148 451 53.8
T27 Andrea Verdina  Italy 152 127 152 451 53.8
29 Jean-Lou Bigot  France 141 147 150 438 56.4
30 Wyndham St John  Canada 130 147 145 422 59.6
31 Paula Toernqvist  Sweden 135 148 144 427 60.6
32 Imtiaz Anees  India 133 143 139 415 61.0
33 Bruce Mandeville  Canada 134 125 147 406 62.8
34 Trevor Smith  Ireland 129 136 140 405 65.0
35 Jorge Fernandez Tiberio  Uruguay 114 118 118 350 74.0
36 Carlos Paro  Brazil 100 102 110 312 81.6
37 Henry Gramajo  Uruguay 101 105 109 315 83.0
38 Roberto Macedo  Brazil 76 84 94 254 93.2

Cross country[]

In the cross country phase, each pair had to traverse 14.3 kilometers of road and track, 3.1 kilometers of steeplechase, and an obstacle course spread over a track of approximately 7.4 kilometers. Pairs received .4 penalty points for every second beyond the optimal time, up to a limit. Any pair that had not finished in that time was eliminated.

Penalty points were also assessed for disobedience faults at obstacles and for falls. Disobedience faults incurred 20 penalty points, rider falls incurred 65, and horse falls eliminated the pair. The total penalty points from cross country were added to those incurred in phase 1, dressage, for a two-round total.

Rank Rider Horse Nation Faults Time Penalty Points
1 David O'Connor Custom Made  United States 0 0 0
1 Heidi Antikatzides  Greece 0 0 0
1 Mark Todd  New Zealand 0 0 0
1 Andrew Hoy  Australia 0 0 0
1 Rodolphe Scherer  France 0 0 0
1 Robert Costello  United States 0 0 0
1 Fabio Magni  Italy 0 0 0
1 Mary King  Great Britain 0 0 0
1 Karen Dixon  Great Britain 0 0 0
1 Ian Stark  Great Britain 0 0 0
1 Jean-Lou Bigot  France 0 0 0
12 Julie Black  United States 0 0.8 0.8
13 Enrique Sarasola Jr.  Spain 0 1.6 1.6
14 Paula Toernqvist  Sweden 0 2.8 2.8
15 Eduard Stibbe  Netherlands Antilles 0 4.8 4.8
16 Wyndham St John  Canada 0 2.8 2.8
17 Carlos Paro  Brazil 0 19.2 19.2
18 Andrea Verdina  Italy 20 0 20
19 Trevor Smith  Ireland 0 36.8 36.8
20 Brook Staples  Australia 20 18.8 38.8
21 Austin O'Connor  Ireland 20 19.2 39.2
22 Annette Wyrwoll  Germany 40 32.8 72.8
23 Amanda Ross  Australia 60 27.2 87.2
24 Bruce Mandeville  Canada 60 72.8 132.8
25 Imtiaz Anees  India 120 45.6 165.6
- Marina Köhncke  Germany 0 0.8 EL
- Jorge Fernandez Tiberio  Uruguay 80 8 EL
- Henry Gramajo  Uruguay 0 10.4 EL
- Bruno Goyens de Heusch  Belgium 60 0 RT
- Sofia Andler  Sweden 60 0 RT
- Kai Rueder  Germany 40 0 RT
- Nils Haagensen  Denmark 100 0 RT
- Roberto Macedo  Brazil 80 0 RT
- Mary Jane Tumbridge  Bermuda 0 0 RT
- Blyth Tait  New Zealand 20 0 RT
- Nicolas Touzaint  France 80 0 RT
- Daisuke Kato  Japan 0 0 RT
- Piia Pantsu  Finland 80 0 RT

Total after Dressage and Cross Country[]

Rank Rider Horse Nation Dressage Cross
Country
Total
Penalty
Points
1 David O'Connor Custom Made  United States 29.0 0 29.0
2 Heidi Antikatzides  Greece 37.4 0 37.4
3 Mark Todd  New Zealand 39.0 0 39.0
4 Andrew Hoy  Australia 39.8 0 39.8
5 Rodolphe Scherer  France 41.4 0 41.4
6 Robert Costello  United States 42.4 0 42.4
7 Fabio Magni  Italy 44.0 0 44.0
8 Mary King  Great Britain 47.0 0 47.0
9 Karen Dixon  Great Britain 50.4 0 50.4
10 Ian Stark  Great Britain 51.0 0 51.0
11 Enrique Sarasola Jr.  Spain 50.0 0 51.6
12 Julie Black  United States 52.8 0.8 53.6
13 Jean-Lou Bigot  France 56.4 0 56.4
14 Eduard Stibbe  Netherlands Antilles 53.8 4.8 58.6
15 Paula Toernqvist  Sweden 60.6 2.8 63.4
16 Andrea Verdina  Italy 53.8 20 73.8
17 Wyndham St John  Canada 59.6 18.8 78.4
18 Brook Staples  Australia 47.6 38.8 86.4
19 Austin O'Connor  Ireland 52.8 39.2 92.0
20 Carlos Paro  Brazil 81.6 19.2 100.8
21 Trevor Smith  Ireland 65,0 36.8 101.8
22 Annette Wyrwoll  Germany 45.0 72.8 117.8
23 Amanda Ross  Australia 44.8 87.2 132.0
24 Bruce Mandeville  Canada 62.8 132.8 195.6
25 Imtiaz Anees  India 61.0 165.6 226.6
- Marina Köhncke  Germany 34.8 EL
- Jorge Fernandez Tiberio  Uruguay 74.0 EL
- Henry Gramajo  Uruguay 83.0 EL
- Bruno Goyens de Heusch  Belgium 53.2 RT
- Sofia Andler  Sweden 39.8 RT
- Kai Rueder  Germany 53.0 RT
- Nils Haagensen  Denmark 47.2 RT
- Roberto Macedo  Brazil 93.2 RT
- Mary Jane Tumbridge  Bermuda 56.2 RT
- Blyth Tait  New Zealand 40.8 RT
- Nicolas Touzaint  France 50.6 RT
- Daisuke Kato  Japan 48.0 RT
- Piia Pantsu  Finland 52.8 RT

Show jumping[]

In show jumping, pairs received 4 penalty points for each obstacle knocked down, 4 penalty points for the horse's first disobedience, and 8 penalty points for the rider's first fall. They also received 1 penalty point for each second over the optimum time.

They could be eliminated for a second disobedience, the rider's second fall, the horse's first fall, or taking more than twice the optimum time to finish the course.

Rank Rider Horse Nation Faults Time Penalty Points
1 Andrew Hoy  Australia 0 0 0
1 Julie Black  United States 0 0 0
1 Trevor Smith  Ireland 0 0 0
1 Annette Wyrwoll  Germany 0 0 0
1 Bruce Mandeville  Canada 0 0 0
6 Mark Todd  New Zealand 0 3.0 3.0
7 David O'Connor Custom Made  United States 5.0 0 5.0
7 Rodolphe Scherer  France 5.0 0 5.0
7 Fabio Magni  Italy 5.0 0 5.0
7 Mary King  Great Britain 5.0 0 5.0
7 Ian Stark  Great Britain 5.0 0 5.0
7 Austin O'Connor  Ireland 5.0 0 5.0
13 Robert Costello  United States 10.0 0 10.0
13 Karen Dixon  Great Britain 10.0 0 10.0
13 Jean-Lou Bigot  France 10.0 0 10.0
13 Brook Staples  Australia 10.0 0 10.0
13 Amanda Ross  Australia 10.0 0 10.0
13 Imtiaz Anees  India 10.0 0 10.0
19 Paula Toernqvist  Sweden 5.0 6.0 11.0
20 Heidi Antikatzides  Greece 10.0 3.0 13.0
20 Eduard Stibbe  Netherlands Antilles 10.0 3.0 13.0
22 Andrea Verdina  Italy 5.0 9.0 14.0
23 Carlos Paro  Brazil 45.0 2.0 47.0
- Enrique Sarasola Jr.  Spain EL
- Wyndham St John  Canada WD
- Marina Köhncke  Germany NS
- Jorge Fernandez Tiberio  Uruguay NS
- Henry Gramajo  Uruguay NS
- Bruno Goyens de Heusch  Belgium NS
- Sofia Andler  Sweden NS
- Kai Rueder  Germany NS
- Nils Haagensen  Denmark NS
- Roberto Macedo  Brazil NS
- Mary Jane Tumbridge  Bermuda NS
- Blyth Tait  New Zealand NS
- Nicolas Touzaint  France NS
- Daisuke Kato  Japan NS
- Piia Pantsu  Finland NS

Final Total[]

Rank Rider Horse Nation Dressage Cross
Country
Jumping Total
Penalty
Points
1st place, gold medalist(s) David O'Connor Custom Made  United States 29.0 0 5.0 34.0
2nd place, silver medalist(s) Andrew Hoy  Australia 39.8 0 0 39.8
3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Mark Todd  New Zealand 39.0 0 3.0 42.0
4 Rodolphe Scherer  France 41.4 0 5.0 46.4
5 Fabio Magni  Italy 44.0 0 5.0 49.0
6 Heidi Antikatzides  Greece 37.4 0 13.0 50.4
7 Mary King  Great Britain 47.0 0 5.0 52.0
8 Robert Costello  United States 42.4 0 10.0 52.4
9 Julie Black  United States 52.8 0.8 0 53.6
10 Ian Stark  Great Britain 51.0 0 5.0 56.0
11 Karen Dixon  Great Britain 50.4 0 10.0 60.4
12 Jean-Lou Bigot  France 54.6 0 10.0 64.6
13 Eduard Stibbe  Netherlands Antilles 53.8 4.80 13.0 71.6
14 Paula Toernqvist  Sweden 60.6 2.8 11.0 74.4
15 Andrea Verdina  Italy 53.8 20.0 14.0 87.8
16 Brook Staples  Australia 47.6 20.0 10.0 96.4
17 Austin O'Connor  Ireland 52.8 20.0 5.0 97.0
18 Trevor Smith  Ireland 65.0 36.8 0 101.8
19 Annette Wyrwoll  Germany 45.0 72.8 0 117.8
20 Amanda Ross  Australia 44.8 87.2 10.0 142.0
21 Carlos Paro  Brazil 81.6 19.2 47.0 147.8
22 Bruce Mandeville  Canada 62.8 132.8 0 195.6
23 Imtiaz Anees  India 61.0 165.2 10.0 236.6
- Enrique Sarasola Jr.  Spain 50.0 1.6 EL
- Wyndham St John  Canada 59.6 18.8 WD
- Marina Köhncke  Germany 34.8 EL
- Jorge Fernandez Tiberio  Uruguay 74.0 EL
- Henry Gramajo  Uruguay 83.0 EL
- Bruno Goyens de Heusch  Belgium 53.2 RT
- Sofia Andler  Sweden 39.8 RT
- Kai Rueder  Germany 53.0 RT
- Nils Haagensen  Denmark 47.2 RT
- Roberto Macedo  Brazil 93.2 RT
- Mary Jane Tumbridge  Bermuda 56.2 RT
- Blyth Tait  New Zealand 40.8 RT
- Nicolas Touzaint  France 50.6 RT
- Daisuke Kato  Japan 48.0 RT
- Piia Pantsu  Finland 52.8 RT

Cross country[]

In the cross country phase, each pair had to traverse 14.3 kilometers of road and track, 3.1 kilometers of steeplechase, and an obstacle course spread over a track of approximately 7.4 kilometers. Pairs received .4 penalty points for every second beyond the optimal time, up to a limit. Any pair that had not finished in that time was eliminated.

Penalty points were also assessed for disobedience faults at obstacles and for falls. Disobedience faults incurred 20 penalty points, rider falls incurred 65, and horse falls eliminated the pair. The total penalty points from cross country were added to those incurred in phase 1, dressage, for a two-round total.

Rank Rider Horse Nation Faults Time Penalty Points
1 David O'Connor Custom Made  United States 0 0 0
1 Heidi Antikatzides  Greece 0 0 0
1 Mark Todd  New Zealand 0 0 0
1 Andrew Hoy  Australia 0 0 0
1 Rodolphe Scherer  France 0 0 0
1 Robert Costello  United States 0 0 0
1 Fabio Magni  Italy 0 0 0
1 Mary King  Great Britain 0 0 0
1 Karen Dixon  Great Britain 0 0 0
1 Ian Stark  Great Britain 0 0 0
1 Jean-Lou Bigot  France 0 0 0
12 Julie Black  United States 0 0.8 0.8
13 Enrique Sarasola Jr.  Spain 0 1.6 1.6
14 Paula Toernqvist  Sweden 0 2.8 2.8
15 Eduard Stibbe  Netherlands Antilles 0 4.8 4.8
16 Wyndham St John  Canada 0 2.8 2.8
17 Carlos Paro  Brazil 0 19.2 19.2
18 Andrea Verdina  Italy 20 0 20
19 Trevor Smith  Ireland 0 36.8 36.8
20 Brook Staples  Australia 20 18.8 38.8
21 Austin O'Connor  Ireland 20 19.2 39.2
22 Annette Wyrwoll  Germany 40 32.8 72.8
23 Amanda Ross  Australia 60 27.2 87.2
24 Bruce Mandeville  Canada 60 72.8 132.8
25 Imtiaz Anees  India 120 45.6 165.6
- Marina Köhncke  Germany 0 0.8 EL
- Jorge Fernandez Tiberio  Uruguay 80 8 EL
- Henry Gramajo  Uruguay 0 10.4 EL
- Bruno Goyens de Heusch  Belgium 60 0 RT
- Sofia Andler  Sweden 60 0 RT
- Kai Rueder  Germany 40 0 RT
- Nils Haagensen  Denmark 100 0 RT
- Roberto Macedo  Brazil 80 0 RT
- Mary Jane Tumbridge  Bermuda 0 0 RT
- Blyth Tait  New Zealand 20 0 RT
- Nicolas Touzaint  France 80 0 RT
- Daisuke Kato  Japan 0 0 RT
- Piia Pantsu  Finland 80 0 RT

Total after Dressage and Cross Country[]

Rank Rider Horse Nation Dressage Cross
Country
Total
Penalty
Points
1 David O'Connor Custom Made  United States 29.0 0 29.0
2 Heidi Antikatzides  Greece 37.4 0 37.4
3 Mark Todd  New Zealand 39.0 0 39.0
4 Andrew Hoy  Australia 39.8 0 39.8
5 Rodolphe Scherer  France 41.4 0 41.4
6 Robert Costello  United States 42.4 0 42.4
7 Fabio Magni  Italy 44.0 0 44.0
8 Mary King  Great Britain 47.0 0 47.0
9 Karen Dixon  Great Britain 50.4 0 50.4
10 Ian Stark  Great Britain 51.0 0 51.0
11 Enrique Sarasola Jr.  Spain 50.0 0 51.6
12 Julie Black  United States 52.8 0.8 53.6
13 Jean-Lou Bigot  France 56.4 0 56.4
14 Eduard Stibbe  Netherlands Antilles 53.8 4.8 58.6
15 Paula Toernqvist  Sweden 60.6 2.8 63.4
16 Andrea Verdina  Italy 53.8 20 73.8
17 Wyndham St John  Canada 59.6 18.8 78.4
18 Brook Staples  Australia 47.6 38.8 86.4
19 Austin O'Connor  Ireland 52.8 39.2 92.0
20 Carlos Paro  Brazil 81.6 19.2 100.8
21 Trevor Smith  Ireland 65,0 36.8 101.8
22 Annette Wyrwoll  Germany 45.0 72.8 117.8
23 Amanda Ross  Australia 44.8 87.2 132.0
24 Bruce Mandeville  Canada 62.8 132.8 195.6
25 Imtiaz Anees  India 61.0 165.6 226.6
- Marina Köhncke  Germany 34.8 EL
- Jorge Fernandez Tiberio  Uruguay 74.0 EL
- Henry Gramajo  Uruguay 83.0 EL
- Bruno Goyens de Heusch  Belgium 53.2 RT
- Sofia Andler  Sweden 39.8 RT
- Kai Rueder  Germany 53.0 RT
- Nils Haagensen  Denmark 47.2 RT
- Roberto Macedo  Brazil 93.2 RT
- Mary Jane Tumbridge  Bermuda 56.2 RT
- Blyth Tait  New Zealand 40.8 RT
- Nicolas Touzaint  France 50.6 RT
- Daisuke Kato  Japan 48.0 RT
- Piia Pantsu  Finland 52.8 RT

Show jumping[]

In show jumping, pairs received 4 penalty points for each obstacle knocked down, 4 penalty points for the horse's first disobedience, and 8 penalty points for the rider's first fall. They also received 1 penalty point for each second over the optimum time.

They could be eliminated for a second disobedience, the rider's second fall, the horse's first fall, or taking more than twice the optimum time to finish the course.

Rank Rider Horse Nation Faults Time Penalty Points
1 Andrew Hoy  Australia 0 0 0
1 Julie Black  United States 0 0 0
1 Trevor Smith  Ireland 0 0 0
1 Annette Wyrwoll  Germany 0 0 0
1 Bruce Mandeville  Canada 0 0 0
6 Mark Todd  New Zealand 0 3.0 3.0
7 David O'Connor Custom Made  United States 5.0 0 5.0
7 Rodolphe Scherer  France 5.0 0 5.0
7 Fabio Magni  Italy 5.0 0 5.0
7 Mary King  Great Britain 5.0 0 5.0
7 Ian Stark  Great Britain 5.0 0 5.0
7 Austin O'Connor  Ireland 5.0 0 5.0
13 Robert Costello  United States 10.0 0 10.0
13 Karen Dixon  Great Britain 10.0 0 10.0
13 Jean-Lou Bigot  France 10.0 0 10.0
13 Brook Staples  Australia 10.0 0 10.0
13 Amanda Ross  Australia 10.0 0 10.0
13 Imtiaz Anees  India 10.0 0 10.0
19 Paula Toernqvist  Sweden 5.0 6.0 11.0
20 Heidi Antikatzides  Greece 10.0 3.0 13.0
20 Eduard Stibbe  Netherlands Antilles 10.0 3.0 13.0
22 Andrea Verdina  Italy 5.0 9.0 14.0
23 Carlos Paro  Brazil 45.0 2.0 47.0
- Enrique Sarasola Jr.  Spain EL
- Wyndham St John  Canada WD
- Marina Köhncke  Germany NS
- Jorge Fernandez Tiberio  Uruguay NS
- Henry Gramajo  Uruguay NS
- Bruno Goyens de Heusch  Belgium NS
- Sofia Andler  Sweden NS
- Kai Rueder  Germany NS
- Nils Haagensen  Denmark NS
- Roberto Macedo  Brazil NS
- Mary Jane Tumbridge  Bermuda NS
- Blyth Tait  New Zealand NS
- Nicolas Touzaint  France NS
- Daisuke Kato  Japan NS
- Piia Pantsu  Finland NS

Final Total[]

Rank Rider Horse Nation Dressage Cross
Country
Jumping Total
Penalty
Points
1st place, gold medalist(s) David O'Connor Custom Made  United States 29.0 0 5.0 34.0
2nd place, silver medalist(s) Andrew Hoy  Australia 39.8 0 0 39.8
3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Mark Todd  New Zealand 39.0 0 3.0 42.0
4 Rodolphe Scherer  France 41.4 0 5.0 46.4
5 Fabio Magni  Italy 44.0 0 5.0 49.0
6 Heidi Antikatzidis  Greece 37.4 0 13.0 50.4
7 Mary King  Great Britain 47.0 0 5.0 52.0
8 Robert Costello  United States 42.4 0 10.0 52.4
9 Julie Black  United States 52.8 0.8 0 53.6
10 Ian Stark  Great Britain 51.0 0 5.0 56.0
11 Karen Dixon  Great Britain 50.4 0 10.0 60.4
12 Jean-Lou Bigot  France 54.6 0 10.0 64.6
13 Eduard Stibbe  Netherlands Antilles 53.8 4.80 13.0 71.6
14 Paula Toernqvist  Sweden 60.6 2.8 11.0 74.4
15 Andrea Verdina  Italy 53.8 20.0 14.0 87.8
16 Brook Staples  Australia 47.6 20.0 10.0 96.4
17 Austin O'Connor  Ireland 52.8 20.0 5.0 97.0
18 Trevor Smith  Ireland 65.0 36.8 0 101.8
19 Annette Wyrwoll  Germany 45.0 72.8 0 117.8
20 Amanda Ross  Australia 44.8 87.2 10.0 142.0
21 Carlos Paro  Brazil 81.6 19.2 47.0 147.8
22 Bruce Mandeville  Canada 62.8 132.8 0 195.6
23 Imtiaz Anees  India 61.0 165.2 10.0 236.6
- Enrique Sarasola Jr.  Spain 50.0 1.6 EL
- Wyndham St. John  Canada 59.6 18.8 WD
- Marina Köhncke  Germany 34.8 EL
- Jorge Fernandez Tiberio  Uruguay 74.0 EL
- Henry Gramajo  Uruguay 83.0 EL
- Bruno Goyens de Heusch  Belgium 53.2 RT
- Sofia Andler  Sweden 39.8 RT
- Kai Rueder  Germany 53.0 RT
- Nils Haagensen  Denmark 47.2 RT
- Roberto de Macedo  Brazil 93.2 RT
- Mary Jane Tumbridge  Bermuda 56.2 RT
- Blyth Tait  New Zealand 40.8 RT
- Nicolas Touzaint  France 50.6 RT
- Daisuke Kato  Japan 48.0 RT
- Piia Pantsu  Finland 52.8 RT

References[]

  1. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Equestrianism at the 2000 Sydney Equestrian Games: Mixed Three-Day Event, Individual". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2020.

Sources[]

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