Ernst Toch
Ernst Toch (German: [ˈtɔχ]; 7 December 1887 – 1 October 1964) was an Austrian composer of classical music and film scores. He sought throughout his life to introduce new approaches to music.
Biography[]
Toch was born in Leopoldstadt, Vienna, into the family of a humble Jewish leather dealer[1] when the city was at its 19th-century cultural zenith. He studied philosophy at the University of Vienna, medicine at Heidelberg and music at the Hoch Conservatory (1909–1913) in Frankfurt.[2] His main instrument was the piano, and he was a pianist of considerable stature, performing to acclaim throughout much of western Europe. Much of his writing was intended for the piano.
Toch continued to grow as an artist and composer throughout his adult life, and in America came to influence whole new generations of composers. His first compositions date from c. 1900 and were pastiches in the style of Mozart (quartets, 1905 album verses for piano). His first quartet was performed in Leipzig in 1908, and his sixth (Opus 12, 1905) in the year 1909. In 1909, his Chamber Symphony in F major (written 1906) won the Frankfurt/Main Mozart prize. From this time onwards, Toch dedicated himself to being a full-time composer. He won the Mendelssohn prize for composition in 1910. In 1913, he was appointed lecturer of both piano and composition at the College of Music in Mannheim. After winning a further five major prizes for his works, he served four years in the army on the Italian Front during World War I. In 1916, he married Lilly Zwack, the daughter of a banker.
After World War I, he returned to Mannheim to compose, developing a new style of polyphony. He received his Ph.D. degree from Heidelberg University in 1921. He then taught on the faculty of the where one of his pupils was Hugo Chaim Adler.
Following Hitler's seizure of power in 1933, Toch went into exile, first to Paris and then London, where he wrote film scores. In 1935, he accepted an invitation from the New School for Social Research to go to New York City. He could, however, only secure his living in California by composing film music for Hollywood. Unlike his colleague Erich Wolfgang Korngold, however, Toch never got much attention in the industry and was rarely top-billed. His score for the chase scene in Shirley Temple's 1937 Heidi perhaps remains his best-known piece of film music.
During his residence in California, he was a professor at the University of Southern California, where he taught both music and philosophy. He was also a guest lecturer at Harvard University. He wrote a book on music theory, (1948). From 1950 on, he composed seven symphonies, the third of which (Opus 75, 1954) received the Pulitzer Prize three years later. In these later works, he returned to the late Romantic style of his early years.
In 1958, he received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Merit Cross).
He died in Santa Monica, California, and was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. He is the grandfather of authors Lawrence Weschler and .
Work[]
His works often exhibit a humorous aspect (Bunte Suite (1929)). In 1930 he invented "Gesprochene Musik," the idiom of the "spoken chorus". His most performed work is the Geographical Fugue or Fuge aus der Geographie, which he himself regarded as an unimportant diversion. He wrote music for films, symphonies, chamber music, chamber operas. He also wrote books dealing with musical theory: (1923) and (1948).
Toch was considered one of the great avant-garde composers in the pre-Nazi era. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1956 for his Third Symphony (premiered by the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra on December 2, 1955). For his notable students, See: List of music students by teacher: T to Z#Ernst Toch.
Works[]
Symphonies[]
- Symphony No. 1, Op. 72 (1950) (pub. 1951)
- Symphony No. 2, Op. 73 (1951) (pub. 1953)
- Symphony No. 3, Op. 75 (1955) (pub. 1957)
- Symphony No. 4, for orchestra and speaker, Op. 80 (1957) (pub. 1960)
- Symphony No. 5 ‘Jephtha, Rhapsodic Poem’, Op. 89 (1963) (pub. 1965)
- Symphony No. 6, Op. 93 (1963) (pub. 1966)
- Symphony No. 7, Op. 95 (1964) (pub. 1968)
Concertos[]
- Concerto for Cello and Chamber Orchestra, Op. 35 (1924) (pub. 1925)
- Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, (Piano Concerto No. 1), Op. 38 (1926) (pub. 1926)
- Symphony for Piano and Orchestra, (Piano Concerto No. 2), Op. 61 (1933) (pub. 1933)
Other orchestral works[]
- Scherzo in B minor, orchestral version, Op. 11 (1904) (pub. c. 1905)
- (Fantastic Serenade), for orchestra, Op. 27 (1920) (pub. c. 1921)
- Five Pieces for Chamber Orchestra, Op. 33 (1924) (pub. 1924)
- (Comedy for Orchestra in One Movement), Op. 42 (1927) (pub. 1927)
- (Prelude to a Fairy Tale), for orchestra, Op. 43a (1927) (pub. 1927) (Adapted from the overture of Princess & the Pea)
- , Op. 45 (1928) (pub. 1928)
- (Motley Suite), for orchestra, Op. 48 (1928) (pub. 1929)
- (Little Overture to the Fan), for orchestra, Op. 51 (1929) (pub. 1929)
- (Little Theater Suite), for orchestra, Op. 54 (1930) (pub. 1931)
- , for orchestra, Op. 62 (1934) (pub. 1935)
- (1935) (pub. 1937)
- The Idle Stroller Suite, for orchestra (1938) (Unpublished)
- (Sixth movement from The Genesis Suite), for orchestra and narrator (c. 1945) (Score lost; recording exists)
- , Op. 71 (1947) (pub. 1950)
- , for orchestra (1953) (pub. 1954)
- Notturno, for orchestra, Op. 77 (1953) (pub. 1957)
- Peter Pan, for orchestra, Op. 76 (1956) (pub. 1956)
- Intermezzo for orchestra (1959) (pub. 1962)
- Epilogue for orchestra (reorchestration of first movement of Idle Stroller) (1959) (pub. 1964)
- Short Story for orchestra (1961) (Unpublished)
- , for orchestra, Op. 94 (1963) (Unpublished)
- Sinfonietta for String Orchestra, Op. 96 (1964) (pub. 1965)
- Variations on the Swabian Folk Song "Muss i denn zum Städtele hinaus", for orchestra (1964) (Unpublished)
Chamber[]
- String Quartet no. 6 in A minor, Op. 12 (1904–1905) (Unpublished)
- Chamber Symphony in F major, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, 2 violins, cello and bass (1906) (Unpublished)
- String Quartet no. 7 in G major, Op. 15 (1908) (Unpublished)
- (From the Dying Rococo), for violin and piano, Op. 16 (1909) (pub. 1910)
- Duos for Two Violins, Op. 17 (1909) (pub. c. 1910)
- Romanze, for violin and piano (c. 1910) (pub. 1911)
- Serenade for Three Violins, Op. 20 (1911) (pub. 1912)
- Sonata for Violin and Piano, Op. 21 (1912) (Unpublished)
- Serenade (Spitzweg) for Two Violins and Viola, Op. 25 (1916) (pub. 1921)
- String Quartet no. 8 in D-flat major, Op. 18 (1910) (pub. 1911)
- String Quartet no. 9 in C major, Op. 26 (1919) (pub. 1920)
- String Quartet no. 10 on the Name ‘Bass’, Op. 28 (1920) (pub. c. 1923)
- Tanz-Suite (Dance Suite), for flute, clarinet, violin, viola, bass and percussion, Op. 30 (1923) (pub. 1924) (optional add. strings)
- String Quartet no. 11, Op. 34 (1924) (pub. 1924)
- Two Divertimentos for String Duet, Op. 37 (No. 1: violin and cello / No. 2: violin and viola) (1925) (pub. 1926)
- Sonata for Violin and Piano, Op. 44 (1928) (pub. 1928)
- Sonata for Cello and Piano, Op. 50 (1929) (pub. 1929)
- String Trio, for violin, viola and cello, Op. 63 (1936) (pub. 1955)
- Quintet for Piano, Two Violins, Viola and Cello, Op. 64 (1938) (pub. 1947)
- String Quartet no. 12, Op. 70 (1946) (pub. 1949)
- Dedication, for string quartet or string orchestra (1948) (pub. 1957)
- , for clarinet & piano (1950) (pub. 1987)
- String Quartet no. 13, Op. 74 (1953–1954) (pub. 1961)
- Sonatinetta, for flute, clarinet and bassoon, Op. 84 (1959) (pub. 1961)
- Three Impromptus for Unaccompanied String Instruments, Op. 90a (violin), 90b (viola), 90c (cello) (1963) (pub. 1965)
- Quartet for Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon and Viola, Op. 98 (1964) (pub. 1967)
Wind ensemble[]
- (Divertimento for Wind Orchestra), Op. 39 (1926) (pub. 1926; Donaueschingen première)
- for 2 flutes, oboe, clarinet, bass clarinet, 2 trumpets, trombone and percussion (1932) (pub. 1932)
- Five Pieces for Wind Instruments and Percussion, Op. 83 (1959) (pub. 1961)
for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, 2 horns and percussion - Sinfonietta for Wind Instruments and Percussion, Op. 97 (1964) (pub. 1967)
for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets and percussion
Piano[]
- (Melodic Sketches), Op. 9 (1903) (pub. c. 1903–1905)
- Three Preludes, Op. 10 (c. 1903) (pub. unknown)
- Scherzo in B minor, original piano version, Op. 11 (1904) (pub. c. 1905)
- (Album Verses), Op. 13 (1905) (pub. 1905)
- (Meeting) (1908) (Unpublished)
- (Reminiscences), Op. 14 (1909) (pub. 1909)
- Canon (Aus Dem ‘Tagebuch) (1914) (pub. 1915)
- Burlesken (Burlesques), Op. 31 (1923) (pub. 1924)
- Gemächlich
- Lebhaft
- "Der Jongleur"
- Three Piano Pieces, Op. 32 (1924) (pub. 1925)
- , Op. 36 (1925) (pub. 1925)
- (Pieces for Dancing and Playing), Op. 40 (c. 1926) (pub. 1927)
- Sonata for Piano, Op. 47 (1928) (pub. 1928)
- (Echoes From a Small Town), 14 Moderately Easy Piano Pieces, Op. 49 (1929) (pub. 1929)
- , Op. 55–59 (1931) (pub. 1931)
- Profiles, Op. 68 (1946) (pub. 1948)
- , Op. 69 (1946) (pub. 1947)
- , Op. 78a (1956) (pub. 1958)
- , Op. 78b (1956) (pub. 1958)
- (Untitled canon) (1959) (Unpublished)
- Three Little Dances, Op. 85 (1961) (pub. 1962)
- , Op. 86 (1962) (pub. 1962)
- Sonata for Piano Four-Hands, Op. 87 (1962) (pub. 1963)
Toch's piano music has been recorded by Austrian pianist Anna Magdalena Kokits.[3]
Other solo instrumental works[]
- Three Original Pieces for the Electric Welte-Mignon Piano (1926) (Unpublished)
- Studie, for mechanical organ (1927) (Unpublished)
- Two Études for Violoncello Solo (1930) (pub. 1931)
Operas[]
- [The Princess and the Pea], Op. 43 (1927) (pub. 1927)
Musical fairy tale in one act; text after H. C. Andersen by Benno Elkan; English and German versions exist - [Edgar and Emily], Op. 46 (c. 1928) (pub. 1938)
Chamber opera in one act; "Not a family drama" (Kein Familiendrama); text by Christian Morgenstern; English and German versions exist - [The Fan], Op. 51 (1929 or 1930) (pub. 1930)
Opera-capriccio in three acts; text by Ferdinand Lion. Der Fächer was rediscovered and produced for the first time since the 1930s by the Bielefeld Opera conducted by Geoffrey Moull in 1995.[4] - [Das letzte Märchen], Op. 88 (1962) (pub. 1965)
Opera in one act; text by Melchior Lengyel, English translation by Cornel Lengyel[5]
Choral[]
- (To My Fatherland), Op. 23 (1913) (Unpublished)
for large orchestra, organ, solo soprano, mixed chorus & boys’ chorus - (Speaking Music), (1930). Only No. 1 of 3 published:
- Geographical Fugue, for speaking chorus (1930) (pub. 1950) No. 1 of 3 from Gesprochene Musik
- (The Zodiac), for women's chorus (1930) (Nos. 1 and 2 pub. 1930; No. 3 unpublished)
- (The Water), Cantata after a text by A. Döblin, Op. 53 (1930) (pub. 1930)
for tenor, baritone, narrator, chorus, flute, trumpet, percussion & strings - , Op. 65 (1938) (pub.?)
for solo soprano, alto, tenor & baritone, narrator, chorus & orchestra - , six a cappella choruses for mixed chorus, Op.67 (1945, revised 1953) (pub. 1953)
Cui bono (Thomas Carlyle) / The Lamb (William Blake) / Extinguish my eyes (Rainer Maria Rilke) / O World, thou chosest not (George Santayana) / Have you not heard his silent step (Rabindranath Tagore) / 6. Goodbye, proud world (Ralph Waldo Emerson) - , Op.81 (1957) (pub.?)
for male and female speakers, women's speaking chorus, flute, clarinet, vibraphone, xylophone, timpani & percussion - , for mixed chorus (1961) (pub. 1961)
- (Waltz), for speaking chorus & optional percussion (1961) (pub. 1962)
Other vocal works[]
- (I wish I were a fish), for high voice & piano (1920) (Unpublished)
- (The Chinese Flute), Op. 29 (1922) (pub. 1923)
for soprano, 2 flutes, clarinet, bass clarinet, percussion, celesta & strings. Exists in German and English versions - , Op. 41 (1926) (pub. 1928). Exists in German and English versions
- , Op. 60 (1931) (pub. 1932)
- , for voice and piano (1940) (Unpublished)
- , for medium voice & string quartet (1942) (pub. 1943)
- , for mezzo-soprano, flute, clarinet, violin & cello (c. 1953) (pub. 1953)
- , for soprano, tenor, flute, clarinet, violin, viola & cello (1954) (pub.?)
- (My friends have long tried), for soprano & baritone (1958) (Unpublished)
Incidental music[]
- (The Children’s New Year’s Dream) (stage play), Op. 19, for solo soprano, alto, tenor & baritone, chorus & orchestra (1910)
- (radio play), for flute, clarinet, 2 trumpets, trombone, tuba, percussion & chorus (1931)
- (In the Far East) (radio play), for flute, 2 trumpets in C, mandolin, guitar, 2 violins, viola, cello, percussion, chorus & male solo voice (1931)
- (The Saint of the U.S.A.) (stage play), for wind ensemble, percussion, piano, harmonium, alto solo & chorus (1931)
- (Oedipus Rex) (radio play), for 2 clarinets, 2 trumpets, 2 trombones, percussion & strings (1931)
- Medea (radio play), for wind ensemble, percussion & speaking chorus (1931)
- Die Räuber (The Robbers) (radio play), for 2 trumpets in C, bass trumpet or trombone & percussion (1931)
- (The Roles of the Actor Seami) (radio play), for flute, clarinet, violin, banjo, guitar & percussion (1931)
- Turandot (radio play), for flute, clarinet, trumpet in C, cello, piano & percussion (1931)
- (stage play), for clarinet, trumpet, percussion, piano & strings (1931)
- (Napoleon, or the 100 Days) (radio play) (1931 or 1932)
- (The Cherry Blossom Festival) (stage play), for timpani, percussion, harmonium & strings (1927)
- or (radio play), for flute, clarinet, banjo, guitar, violin & soprano solo (c. 1934)
- William Tell (stage play), for flute, 2 clarinets, bassoon, trumpet, horn, 2 trombones, percussion and chorus (1939)
All incidental music listed is unpublished except (pub. 1927).
Film music[]
- Catherine the Great (composed 1933)
- The Private Life of Don Juan (composed 1934)
- Little Friend (composed 1934)
- Peter Ibbetson (composed 1935)
- Outcast (composed 1936)
- On Such a Night (composed 1937)
- The Rebel Son (1938)
- The Story of Alexander Graham Bell (composed 1939)
- The Cat and the Canary (composed 1939)
- The Ghost Breakers (composed 1940)
- Dr. Cyclops (composed 1940)
- Ladies in Retirement (composed 1941)
- First Comes Courage (composed 1943)
- None Shall Escape (composed 1943)
- Address Unknown (composed 1944)
- The Unseen (composed 1945)
Books[]
- (1921) – dissertation for Heidelberg University
- (1923) – based upon the dissertation
- (1948) – uses material from the dissertation
Notes[]
- ^ Introduction to the Dover edition, The Shaping Forces in Music, Ernst Toch, Dover Publications, 1977.
- ^ Peter Cahn: Das Hoch'sche Konservatorium in Frankfurt am Main (1878–1978), Frankfurt am Main: Kramer, 1979
- ^ Hum, Peter (2017-09-21). "Austrian pianist Anna Magdalena Kokits, on transmitting the "indescribable" through music". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- ^ Theater in Bielefeld 1975–1998, Kerber Verlag, Bielefeld, Redaktion Heidi Wiese, Heiner Bruns, Alexander Gruber, Fritz Stockmeier 1998, ISBN 3-933040-03-5
- ^ Toch, Ernst: "The Shaping Forces in Music", pg. 240–257, Dover Publications, Inc., 1977, Library of Congress: 76-9950, Checklist of Compositions by Lawrence Weschler
References[]
- Front Page of the Toch Archive Contains a Searchable List of Works
- Article on Toch's symphonies
- Jezic, Diane Peacock (1989). "Toch Worklist Compiled by Alyson McLamore". The Musical Migration and Ernst Toch. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. pp. 165–171. ISBN 0-8138-0322-5.
- Jung, Hermann (editor) (2007). Spurensicherung: Der Komponist Ernst Toch (1887–1964) — Mannheimer Emigrantenschicksale. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-57400-3.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Weschler, Lawrence (1974). Ernst Toch, 1887–1964: A Biographical Essay Ten Years After His Passing. UCLA, Los Angeles.
- Jens F. Laurson, "Korngold Sr. & Jr. – Cliché, Critic and Composer", Classical WETA at the Wayback Machine (archived August 14, 2011) (accessed 31 January 2014).
- Korngold Sr. & Jr. – Cliché, Critic and Composer, Jens F. Laurson, above article, migrated to ionarts.org
- Chasing Heidi: Ernst Toch – The Composer and His Chamber Music, Jens F. Laurson, Classical WETA
External links[]
- Ernst Toch Archive. UCLA. Performing Arts Special Collections
- Ernst Toch at IMDb
- Spectrum Concerts Berlin
- Ernst Toch (in German) from the archive of the Österreichische Mediathek
- 1887 births
- 1964 deaths
- Jewish classical composers
- Jewish classical musicians
- Composers from Vienna
- Austrian classical composers
- American male classical composers
- American classical composers
- American opera composers
- Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
- Austrian refugees
- Mendelssohn Prize winners
- Pulitzer Prize for Music winners
- Hoch Conservatory alumni
- Austrian Jews
- People from Leopoldstadt
- Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
- Austrian emigrants to Germany
- Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
- Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
- Pupils of Iwan Knorr
- 20th-century American male musicians