Eubulides (insect)

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Eubulides
Eubulides sp. (PSG 311) female - dorsal.jpg
Female of an Eubulides species
(PSG No. 311)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Phasmatodea
Superfamily: Bacilloidea
Family: Heteropterygidae
Subfamily: Obriminae
Tribe: Obrimini
Genus: Obrimus
Stål, 1877
Species

Eubulides is a stick insect genus native to the Philippines.

Characteristics[]

The representatives of Eubulides are medium-sized, very slender and only slightly or hardly spined Obriminae species. The males reach 49 to 62 centimetres (19 to 24 in), the females 67 to 92 centimetres (26 to 36 in) in length. The head is flat and, like the pronotum, hardly reinforced or only covered with small tubercles. Only on the frontal margin of the elongated mesonotum spines may be present. There may be a few tubercles on the rear of the mesonotum. The middle femura are clearly toothed, the hind legs very strongly toothed. The secondary ovipositor of the females is designed as a curved laying sting.[1][2]

Distribution[]

The previously known distribution area of the genus includes the Philippine islands Luzon and Mindanao. On Luzon there are representatives in the provinces Ifugao and Nueva Vizcaya, on Mindanao in the Bukidnon province.[3]

Taxonomy[]

 
 
 

Mearnsiana

 
 

Aretaon

 
 
 
Eubulides
 

Eubulides sp. 2 (Mt. Kitanglad)

 
 
 

Eubulides sp. 1 (Luzon)

 
 

(Imugan Falls)
= Eubulides igorrote (Ifugao)
= Eubulides igorrote (Mt. Pullol)

 
 
 
 
 

Obrimini sp. 'Negros'

 
 
 

Sungaya

 
 

Trachyaretaon

 
 
 
 
 
Cladogram of some Obrimini genera closely related to Eubulides[3]

In 1877, Carl Stål established the genus Eubulides in the first description of , which became the type species of the genus.[4] The name is dedicated to the Greek philosopher Eubulides.[5] William Forsell Kirby placed the genus 1904 in the subfamily Eurycanthinae, today only considered as tribe . He added a second species to it with the newly written Eubulides spuria, which since 2005 has been regarded as synonym of Dryococelus australis.[6] continues to treat the genus 1906 as monotypical and includes it in the tribe Obrimini.[7] The only two other species described so far were added in 1939 through descriptions by James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son .[1]

Valid species are:[4]

  • Stål, 1877
  • Rehn, J.A.G. & , 1939
  • Rehn, J.A.G. & Rehn, J. W. H., 1939

In 2004 Oliver Zompro raised the Obrimini to the rank of a subfamily and divided them into three tribes. One of them was that of the Eubulidini. In addition to the type genus Eubulides, he also placed in this Tisamenus, Ilocano (now synonymous with Tisamenus), Hoploclonia, , , and Theramenes.[2] This tribe was withdrawn in 2016 by et al and is now a synonym for the Obrimini.[8]

In their work on the spread and relationships within the Heteropterygidae, based mainly on genetic analysis, which was published in 2021, et al also examined samples from five members of the genus Eubulides. Three turned out to be conspecific and were identified as Eubulides igorrote. Two more could not be assigned to any known species and presumably represent new species. Within the Obrimini the genus forms a sister group with a clade from the genera Sungaya, Trachyaretaon and an as yet undescribed Obrimini genus.[3]

Terraristic[]

The first and probably only stock of an Eubulides species goes back to specimens that were collected in 2009 by and Thierry Heitzmann in the province Quezon on the island of Luzon. The Phasmid Study Group assigned the PSG number 311 for this stock. The species was initially sexually in breeding, but is probably only kept parthenogenetically. The species affiliation is controversial. Partly it was and is called Eubulides alutaceus, partly as Eubulides igorrote. While the former is a much more robust species than the animals of the breeding stock, Eubulides igorrote has small spines on the pronotum and larger spines on the front edge of the mesonotum, which the breeding stock specimens lack, so that it is apparently an undescribed species.[3][4][9] Two to three other breeding stocks known as Eubulides sp. 'Ifugao' or again as Eubulides alutaceus 'Vera Falls' came to Europe, are no longer in breeding.[10] The stock that is being cultivated needs a high level of humidity and substrate to lay eggs. While the generations that were first bred only ate Araceae, like Epipremnum, they can now be fed with the leaves of bramble or hazel without any problems. The parthenogenetic stock is considered to be easy to keep and to breed.[10][5]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Rehn, J. A. G. & (1939). Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences (Vol. 90, 1938), Philadelphia, pp. 407 ff.
  2. ^ a b Zompro, O. (2004). Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea), Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler, pp. 205–209, ISBN 978-3931374396
  3. ^ a b c d ; Buckley, T. R.; ; ; ; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; ; Langton-Myers, S. & (2021). Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae), Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472
  4. ^ a b c ; Büscher, T. H. & Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0 (accessdate 29 June 2021)
  5. ^ a b Dräger, H (2012) Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1896 (Phasmatodea) – ein Überblick über bisher gehaltene Arten, Teil 3: Die Unterfamilie Obriminae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, Triben Miroceramiini und Eubulidini Zompro, 2004, ZAG Phoenix, Nr. 6. Juni 2012 Jahrgang 3(2), pp. 2–21, ISSN 2190-3476
  6. ^ Kirby, W. F. (1904). A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae), pp. 395
  7. ^ (1906). Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 36 & 38
  8. ^ ; ; Brock, P. D. & (2016). Revision of the Oriental subfamiliy Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae), Zootaxa 4159 (1), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand 2016, ISSN 1175-5326
  9. ^ "PSG Culture List". Phasmid Study Group. Retrieved 2021-06-29.
  10. ^ a b Phasmatodea.com by Conle, O. V.; Hennemann, F. H. & Kneubühler, B. & Valero, P.

External links[]

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