Eurovision Song Contest 1991
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2012) |
Eurovision Song Contest 1991 | |
---|---|
Dates | |
Final | 4 May 1991 |
Host | |
Venue | Studio 15 di Cinecittà Rome, Italy |
Presenter(s) | Gigliola Cinquetti Toto Cutugno |
Musical director | Bruno Canfora |
Directed by | Riccardo Donna |
Executive supervisor | Frank Naef |
Executive producer | Silvia Salvetti |
Host broadcaster | Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) |
Opening act | Sara Carlson performing "Celebration" amongst the ruins of ancient Rome; Toto Cutugno performing "Insieme: 1992" and Gigliola Cinquetti performing "Non ho l'età" |
Interval act | Arturo Brachetti |
Website | eurovision |
Participants | |
Number of entries | 22 |
Debuting countries | None |
Returning countries | Malta |
Non-returning countries | Netherlands |
Participation map
| |
Vote | |
Voting system | Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs |
Nul points in final | Austria |
Winning song | Sweden "Fångad av en stormvind" |
The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 was the 36th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Rome, Italy, following the country's victory at the 1990 contest with the song "Insieme: 1992" by Toto Cutugno and was organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI). The contest was held at Studio 15 di Cinecittà on Saturday 4 May 1991 and was hosted by former Italian winners Gigliola Cinquetti and Toto Cutugno.
Twenty-two countries took part in the contest with Malta participating for the first time since 1975, and the Netherlands deciding to withdraw. This contest was also the last time that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia participated, the country would soon be split up opening up new countries to participate in the coming years. It was also the first time that Germany was represented in their reunited form since East Germany joined West Germany by the German reunification.
The winner this year was Sweden with the song "Fångad av en stormvind" by Carola. There was a tie between Sweden and France with "C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison" by Amina, as both songs had received 146 points. This necessitated a 'count-back', a tie-breaking measure introduced after the four-way tie in 1969. Both Sweden and France had received four sets of 12 points, but Sweden had received five sets of 10 points to France's two, so Carola was declared the winner.
Location[]
The contest was originally scheduled to be held at Teatro Ariston in Sanremo, where the Sanremo Music Festival takes place annually. This was meant for the organisers to pay tribute to the Italian festival that inspired the creation of the Eurovision Song Contest. However, following the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq and the outbreak of the Gulf War, the host broadcaster RAI decided in January 1991 that to better ensure the security of foreign delegations it would move the contest to Rome. This caused serious organisational problems and delays.[1]
Rome is the capital of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale). Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region. Studio 15 of Cinecittà, a large film studio in Rome, was later confirmed as the new venue. With an area of 400,000 square metres, it is the largest film studio in Europe, and is considered the hub of Italian cinema. The studios were constructed during the fascist era as part of a scheme to revive the Italian film industry.
Contest overview[]
The presenters were Gigliola Cinquetti and Toto Cutugno, who represented Italy when they won Eurovision in 1964 and 1990 respectively. Cutugno opened the contest singing Insieme: 1992, and Cinquetti performed Non ho l'età. Cutugno had some difficulty with the pronunciation of the song titles and names of the artists and conductors. Despite this, in Italy almost seven million people watched the show. In addition to tallying the vote numbers in English and French, Cinquetti and Cutugno gave each of the jury allotments in Italian as well.
Nearly the entire contest was hosted in Italian, which is not an official language of the European Broadcasting Union (English and French are, and in the Eurovision Song Contest it is mandatory to provide commentary in at least one of those languages). The overall staging and production standard received considerable criticism afterwards, including for wasting time which saw the broadcast overshoot its scheduled time allotment and for the haphazard and casual approach of the two presenters throughout but particularly during the voting, which saw Frank Naef, the independent scrutineer of the European Broadcasting Union, often being required to intervene in the process.[2][3]
Sara Carlson gave the opening ceremony performance, titled Celebration, a mixture of modern dance in ancient settings of Ancient Rome. The performance featured Carlson singing, and a mixture of street dance and classical dance choreographed to popular sounding music of the time. At the time, Carlson had appeared numerous times on Italian TV, and this was seen as one of her largest audiences.
This is the last contest where the official logo is in a language other than English (here, it is in Italian). From 1992, the official logo of the Eurovision Song Contest remains in English.
Voting structure[]
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs.
During the final vote (Italy) none of the top three contenders - Sweden, Israel and France - had received any points up until the last 12-point vote. This vote went to France and for the first time in twenty-two years, there was a tie for first place, with France overcoming a large deficit to catch up with Sweden. However, since the four-way tie of 1969, the rules had been altered to ensure a single outright winner. The first step in the procedure was to check the number of 12-point votes awarded to each country. Sweden and France were still tied. But when counting the number of 10-point votes, Sweden had more and was finally declared the winner.
Present-day tiebreaking rules establish that the entry which has received points from the most countries wins; this means that France would have won the 1991 contest under those rules (having received points from 18 out of 22 countries, vs. 17 for Sweden).
Postcards[]
The competing artists were asked to sing a known Italian song which would then be used as a short clip for the postcard. The songs were in order:
Draw | Country | Competing artist | Song | Original artist |
---|---|---|---|---|
01 | Yugoslavia | Baby Doll | "Non ho l'età" | Gigliola Cinquetti |
02 | Iceland | Stefán and Eyfi | "Se bastasse una canzone" | Eros Ramazzotti |
03 | Malta | Paul Giordimaina and Georgina | " | "Claudio Baglioni |
04 | Greece | Sophia Vossou | "Caruso" | Lucio Dalla |
05 | Switzerland | Sandra Simó | "Un'estate italiana" | Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini |
06 | Austria | Thomas Forstner | "Adesso tu" | Eros Ramazzotti |
07 | Luxembourg | Sarah Bray | "Sarà perché ti amo" | Ricchi e Poveri |
08 | Sweden | Carola | " | "Fiordaliso |
09 | France | Amina | " | "Rita Pavone |
10 | Turkey | İzel Çeliköz, Reyhan Karaca and Can Uğurluer | "Amore scusami" | John Foster |
11 | Ireland | Kim Jackson | "Nel blu, dipinto di blu" | Domenico Modugno |
12 | Portugal | Dulce Pontes | "Dio, come ti amo" | Domenico Modugno / Gigliola Cinquetti |
13 | Denmark | Anders Frandsen | "Nessun dorma" | Giacomo Puccini |
14 | Norway | Just 4 Fun | "Santa Lucia" | Traditional |
15 | Israel | Duo Datz | " | "Sergio Endrigo / Mary Hopkin |
16 | Finland | Kaija Kärkinen | " | "Renato Carosone |
17 | Germany | Atlantis 2000 | "L'Italiano" | Toto Cutugno |
18 | Belgium | Clouseau | "Musica è" | Eros Ramazzotti |
19 | Spain | Sergio Dalma | "Sono tremendo" | Rocky Roberts |
20 | United Kingdom | Samantha Janus | "Ricordati di me" | Antonello Venditti |
21 | Cyprus | Elena Patroklou | "Io che amo solo te" | Sergio Endrigo |
22 | Italy | Peppino di Capri | " | "Peppino di Capri |
Participating countries[]
Twenty-two countries competed this year. The Netherlands did not participate as it conflicted with the Remembrance of the Dead national holiday, and so Malta was allowed to participate in the contest for the first time in 16 years, unable to before due to restrictions on the number of countries allowed to participate.
Conductors[]
Each performance had a conductor who directed the orchestra.[4][5]
- Yugoslavia – Slobodan Marković
- Iceland –
- Malta – Paul Abela
- Greece – Haris Andreadis
- Switzerland – Flaviano Cuffari
- Austria –
- Luxembourg – Francis Goya
- Sweden – Anders Berglund
- France – Jérôme Pillement
- Turkey – Turhan Yükseler
- Ireland – Noel Kelehan
- Portugal – Fernando Correia Martins
- Denmark –
- Norway –
- Israel – Kobi Oshrat
- Finland – Olli Ahvenlahti
- Germany –
- Belgium –
- Spain – Eduardo Leiva
- United Kingdom – Ronnie Hazlehurst
- Cyprus – Alexander Kirov Zografov
- Italy – Bruno Canfora
Returning artists[]
Artist | Country | Previous year(s) |
---|---|---|
Thomas Forstner | Austria | 1989 |
Alexandros Panayi (backing singer) | Cyprus | 1989 (as backing singer for Fani Polymeri and Yiannis Savvidakis) |
Stefán Hilmarsson (part of Stefán and Eyfi) | Iceland | 1988 (part of Beathoven) |
Eiríkur Hauksson (part of Just 4 Fun) | Norway | 1986 (for Iceland, as part of ICY) |
Hanne Krogh (part of Just 4 Fun) | 1971, 1985 (part of Bobbysocks!) | |
Carola | Sweden | 1983 |
Results[]
Draw | Country | Artist | Song | Language[6][7] | Place[8] | Points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | Yugoslavia | Baby Doll | "Brazil" (Бразил) | Serbo-Croatian | 21 | 1 |
02 | Iceland | Stefán and Eyfi | "Nína" | Icelandic | 15 | 26 |
03 | Malta | Paul Giordimaina and Georgina | "Could It Be" | English | 6 | 106 |
04 | Greece | Sophia Vossou | "Anixi" (Άνοιξη) | Greek | 13 | 36 |
05 | Switzerland | Sandra Simó | "Canzone per te" | Italian | 5 | 118 |
06 | Austria | Thomas Forstner | "Venedig im Regen" | German | 22 | 0 |
07 | Luxembourg | Sarah Bray | "Un baiser volé" | French | 14 | 29 |
08 | Sweden | Carola | "Fångad av en stormvind" | Swedish | 1 | 146 |
09 | France | Amina | "C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison" | French | 2 | 146 |
10 | Turkey | İzel Çeliköz, Reyhan Karaca and Can Uğurluer | "İki Dakika" | Turkish | 12 | 44 |
11 | Ireland | Kim Jackson | "Could It Be That I'm In Love" | English | 10 | 47 |
12 | Portugal | Dulce Pontes | "Lusitana paixão" | Portuguese | 8 | 62 |
13 | Denmark | Anders Frandsen | "Lige der hvor hjertet slår" | Danish | 19 | 8 |
14 | Norway | Just 4 Fun | "Mrs. Thompson" | Norwegian | 17 | 14 |
15 | Israel | Duo Datz | "Kan" (כאן) | Hebrew | 3 | 139 |
16 | Finland | Kaija Kärkinen | "Hullu yö" | Finnish | 20 | 6 |
17 | Germany | Atlantis 2000 | "Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben" | German | 18 | 10 |
18 | Belgium | Clouseau | "Geef het op" | Dutch | 16 | 23 |
19 | Spain | Sergio Dalma | "Bailar pegados" | Spanish | 4 | 119 |
20 | United Kingdom | Samantha Janus | "A Message to Your Heart" | English | 10 | 47 |
21 | Cyprus | Elena Patroklou | "SOS" | Greek | 9 | 60 |
22 | Italy | Peppino di Capri | "Comme è ddoce 'o mare" | Neapolitan | 7 | 89 |
Scoreboard[]
Yugoslavia | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iceland | 26 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Malta | 106 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | ||||||
Greece | 36 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 2 | |||||||||||
Switzerland | 118 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 4 | |||
Austria | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Luxembourg | 29 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||||
Sweden | 146 | 6 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 4 | 12 | 6 | |||||
France | 146 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 12 | ||||
Turkey | 44 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 8 | |||||||||||||||
Ireland | 47 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | |||||||||
Portugal | 62 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 1 | |||||||||
Denmark | 8 | 3 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Norway | 14 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
Israel | 139 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 5 | ||||
Finland | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||
Germany | 10 | 6 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
Belgium | 23 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||||||||
Spain | 119 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 12 | |||
United Kingdom | 47 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 6 | ||||||||||
Cyprus | 60 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 12 | 4 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Italy | 89 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 3 | 12 | 7 |
Tiebreak results[]
Place | Country | Artist | Points | 12 points | 10 points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sweden | Carola | 146 | 4 | 5 |
2 | France | Amina | 146 | 4 | 2 |
12 points[]
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
N. | Contestant | Nation(s) giving 12 points |
---|---|---|
4 | France | Austria, Israel, Italy, Norway |
Sweden | Denmark, Germany, Iceland, United Kingdom | |
3 | Cyprus | France, Greece, Malta |
Israel | Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia | |
2 | Italy | Finland, Portugal |
Malta | Ireland, Sweden | |
Spain | Cyprus, Switzerland | |
Switzerland | Belgium, Luxembourg |
Spokespersons[]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2021) |
Each country announced their votes in the order of performance. The following is a list of spokespersons who announced the votes for their respective country.
- Yugoslavia – Mebrura Topolovac
- Iceland – Guðríður Ólafsdóttir
- Malta – Dominic Micallef[11]
- Greece – Fotini Giannoulatou[12]
- Switzerland – Michel Stocker[13]
- Austria –
- Luxembourg –
- Sweden – [14]
- France – [15]
- Turkey – Canan Kumbasar
- Ireland – Eileen Dunne
- Portugal – Maria Margarida Gaspar[16]
- Denmark –
- Norway – [17]
- Israel – Yitzhak Shim'oni[18]
- Finland – Heidi Kokki[19]
- Germany – Christian Eckhardt
- Belgium – An Ploegaerts[20]
- Spain – María Ángeles Balañac[21]
- United Kingdom – Colin Berry[5]
- Cyprus – Anna Partelidou[22]
- Italy – Rosanna Vaudetti
Broadcasts[]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2021) |
National broadcasters were able to send a commentary team to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language.
Country | Broadcaster(s) | Commentator(s) | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Austria | FS1 | Herbert Dobrovolny | [23] |
Hitradio Ö3 | |||
Belgium | BRTN TV1 | Dutch: André Vermeulen | [24] |
RTBF1 | French: Claude Delacroix | [25] | |
BRTN Radio 2 | Dutch: | and||
RTBF La Première | French: Stéphane Dupont | ||
Cyprus | RIK | Evi Papamichail | [22] |
RIK Deftero | Pavlos Pavlou | ||
Denmark | DR TV | [26] | |
DR P3 | Jesper Bæhrenz and | ,||
Finland | YLE TV1 | Erkki Pohjanheimo | [27] |
Radiomafia | Kai Ristola | ||
France | Antenne 2 | Léon Zitrone | [25] |
France Inter | Évelyne Dhéliat | ||
Germany | Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen | Max Schautzer | [28] |
Deutschlandfunk/hr3 | |||
Greece | ET1 | Dafni Bokota | [29] |
ERA 1 | Giorgos Mitropoulos | ||
Iceland | Sjónvarpið | Arthúr Björgvin Bollason | [30] |
Ireland | RTÉ 1 | Pat Kenny | |
RTÉ Radio 1 | Larry Gogan | ||
Israel | Israeli Television | No commentator | [18] |
Reshet Gimel | Yigal Ravid | ||
Italy | Rai Uno | No commentator | [31] |
Rai Radio 2 | Antonio De Robertis and | ||
Luxembourg | RTL Télévision | [25] | |
RTL | |||
Malta | TVM | Toni Sant | |
Norway | NRK | John Andreassen and Jahn Teigen | [32] |
Portugal | RTP Canal 1 | Ana do Carmo | [16] |
Antena 2 | TBC | ||
Spain | TVE 2 | [33] | |
Sweden | TV2 | Harald Treutiger | [14] |
SR P3 | Kalle Oldby and | ||
Switzerland | TV DRS | German: | |
TSR | French: Lolita Morena | ||
TSI | Italian: Emanuela Gaggini | ||
Turkey | TV1 | Başak Doğru | |
TRT Radyo 3 | Erhan Konuk | ||
United Kingdom | BBC1 | Terry Wogan | [5] |
BBC Radio 2 | Ken Bruce | [5] | |
Yugoslavia | TVB 1 | Serbo:Croatian: Mladen Popović | |
HTV 2[34] | Serbo-Croatian: Ksenija Urličić | ||
SLO 1 | Slovene: Miša Molk |
Country | Broadcaster(s) | Commentator(s) | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Australia | SBS TV | Unknown | [5] |
Bulgaria | BNT | Unknown | [5] |
Czechoslovakia | ČST | Unknown | [5] |
Hungary | MTV | Unknown | [5] |
Poland | TP1 | [5] | |
Romania | TVR | Unknown | [5] |
South Korea | KBS | Unknown | [5] |
Soviet Union | CT USSR | Unknown | [5][35] |
References[]
- ^ West, Chris (2017). Eurovision!: A History of Modern Europe Through the World's Greatest Song Contest. Melville House UK. p. 112. ISBN 978-1911545552.
- ^ "Eurovision Rewind/1991: nel caos di Roma vince la svedese Carola" [Eurovision Rewind/1991: in the chaos of Rome, the Swedish Carola wins]. Eurofestival News (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-09-19.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Lombardini, Emanuele (2021-05-24). "Eurovision 2022, ora l'Italia può diventare davvero 'europea' e riscattare Roma 1991" [Eurovision 2022, now Italy can become truly "European" and redeem Rome 1991]. Eurofestival News (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-09-19.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "And the conductor is..." Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs For Europe - The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume Four: The 1990s. UK: Telos Publishing. pp. 65–76. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9.
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1991". The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1991". 4Lyrics.eu. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ "Final of Rome 1991". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Results of the Final of Rome 1991". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1991 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ^ Times of Malta, 5 May 1991
- ^ "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3". Retromaniax.gr. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
- ^ a b "Infosajten.com". Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ Zitrone, Léon et al. (May 4, 1991). 36ème Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1991 [36th Eurovision Song Contest 1991] (Television production). Italy: RAI, Antenne 2 (commentary).
- ^ a b "Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português". 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
- ^ a b "פורום אירוויזיון". Sf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila". Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "ESC 1991 Belgian Votes by An Ploegaerts and a jumping Carola". YouTube. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "María Ángeles Balañac". Imdb.es. 2009-05-01. Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ a b Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
- ^ Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, 3 May 1997
- ^ "Hasselt 2005: Jarige André Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke". Eurosong.be. 2005-10-25. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ a b c Christian Masson. "1991 - Rome". Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "Forside". esconnet.dk. Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila". Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1991". Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (1987-2004)". Retromaniax.gr. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "Morgunblaðið, 04.05.1991". Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Peppino Di Capri Comme è ddoce o mare Eurofestival 1991". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum". Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema - Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010". Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "Arhiv Slobodne Dalmacije - digitalni arhiv tiskanih izdanja Slobodne Dalmacije".
- ^ "Телепрограмма на 04-05-1991". tvp.netcollect.ru. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
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