Fam221b

Fam221b
Identifiers
Aliases	4930412F15Rikfamily with sequence similarity 221member B
External IDs	HomoloGene: 52184 GeneCards: [1]
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 4 (human) Band 4|4 A5 Start 43,659,622 bp End 43,669,145 bp
Gene ontology Molecular function molecular function Cellular component cellular component Biological process biological process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	242408	n/a
Ensembl	ENSMUSG00000043633	n/a
UniProt	Q8C627	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_175517	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	NP_780726	n/a
Location (UCSC)	Chr 4: 43.66 – 43.67 Mb	n/a
PubMed search	[1]	n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

FAM221B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM221B gene ^[2] . FAM221B is also known by the alias C9orf128, is expressed at low level, and is defined by 17 GenBank accessions ^[3] . It is predicted to function in transcription regulation as a transcription factor.

Gene[]

Locus[]

FAM221B can be found around the end of the short arm of human chromosome 9.

General position of FAM221B on Human Chromosome 9 (marked by red line)

Gene neighborhood of FAM221B

Expression patterns[]

FAM221B is expressed at low levels in human and mouse tissues. Expression is highest in germ cell tissues and cells. This differential expression is most pronounced in testes tissue. Compared to Homo sapiens, Mus musculus shows more differential expression of FAM221B in testes tissue ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]} . Mature beta cells express FAM221B at higher rates than do fetal beta cells ^[8] .

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  FAM221B expression for BioGPS dataset in various tissues in Homo sapiens

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  FAM221B expression for GEO dataset GDS 3113 in various tissues in Homo sapiens

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  FAM221B expression for BioGPS dataset in various tissues in Mus musculus

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  FAM221B expression for GEO dataset GDS 3142 in various tissues in Mus musculus

mRNA[]

Alternative splicing and isoforms[]

FAM221B has a total of 5 transcript variants: the putative sequence, Isoform X1 ^[9] , Isoform X2 ^[10] , Isoform X3 ^[11] , and Isoform X4. Isoform X4 does not exist in humans but is found in various primates.

Exons[]

Various FAM221B spliced isoforms and their exons as shown in AceView

There are a total of six exons in the putative sequence of FAM221B. However, a total of seven exons exist for FAM221B, as the seventh exon is an alternative exon.

Protein[]

PHYRE2 prediction for FAM221B secondary structure with alpha-helix regions with strongest evidence for presence circled in red ^[12]

Predicted phosphorylation sites annotated on FAM221B transcript determined by analysis of various program outputs ^{[13] [14]}

General characteristics[]

The putative sequence for FAM221B is 402 amino acids long and weighs 45.4 kilodaltons. Amino acids expressed at abnormal rates include Histidine, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, and Tyrosine. When compared to typical proteins, FAM221B expresses Histidine at a much higher frequency at 6.0% of protein, Cysteine at a slightly higher frequency at 4.7% of protein, Glutamic acid at a slightly higher frequency at 11.4% of protein, and Tyrosine at a slightly lower frequency at 1.0% of protein ^[15] . The isoelectric point of FAM221B is 5.264, suggesting FAM221B is an acidic protein at a normal physiological pH (7.4) ^[15] . There is strong evidence that FAM221B is a protein found within the nucleus ^[16] .

Compositional features[]

FAM221B is predicted to have two distinct alpha helices in its secondary structure ^{[17] [18] [19]} . Secondary structure predicting programs predict beta sheets but are not as consistent as the two alpha helices.

Post-translational modifications[]

FAM221B is predicted to have a high number of phosphorylation sites.

Protein interactions[]

There is evidence that FAM221B interacts with the proteins Autophagy related 13 (), RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1 (RB1CC1), and Ephrin-B3 (EFNB3) ^[20] . These proteins are predicted to be localized in the nucleus at the same confidence level as FAM221B.

Homology and evolution[]

FAM221B is conserved in Eutheria. However, both orthologous and paralogous transcripts predating ancestral Boroeutheria can be found.

Paralogs[]

One paralog exists for FAM221B in humans: FAM221A ^[21] . FAM221A and FAM221B's ancestral gene is predicted to have diverged in prokarya.

Orthologs[]

Homologous domains[]

There are three conserved domains within FAM221B: DUF4475 super family ^[22] , PRCC super family ^[23] , and Caprin-1_C ^[24] . DUF4475 is the most conserved domain of the three.

Clinical significance[]

FAM221B is linked to mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP, which causes pleiotropic human disease cartilage–hair hypoplasia. Also, as patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia often carry genetic alterations in the short arm of human chromosome 9, FAM221B has two consistent non-synonymous amino acid variations associated with the disease. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, Histidine is substituted for an Arginine at position 345, and a Leucine is substituted for a Phenylalanine at position 277 of the protein.

References[]

Suggested reading[]