Federal architecture

Central Pavilion, 1793–94, by Charles Bulfinch, at the Tontine Crescent, Boston

Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing architecture built in the newly founded United States between c. 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815, which was heavily based on the works of Andrea Palladio with several innovations on Palladian architecture by Thomas Jefferson and his contemporaries first for Jefferson's Monticello estate and followed by many examples in government building throughout the United States. An excellent example of this is the White House. This style shares its name with its era, the Federalist Era. The name Federal style is also used in association with furniture design in the United States of the same time period. The style broadly corresponds to the classicism of Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Regency architecture in Britain and to the French Empire style. It may also be termed Adamesque architecture. The White House and Monticello were setting stones for federal architecture.

Elfreth's Alley in Philadelphia features Colonial and Federal-style homes. Dating to 1702, it is thought to be the United States' oldest residential street.^[1]^{[better source needed]}

Federal Hill mansion (1795) at My Old Kentucky Home State Park, Bardstown, Kentucky.

Old Town Hall in Salem, Massachusetts, dating to 1816–17.

Hamilton Hall was built in 1805 by Samuel McIntire in Salem, Massachusetts.

Massachusetts State House (1798, in a drawing by Alexander Jackson Davis, 1827)

The South Carolina State House in Columbia, South Carolina, an epitome of the American Federal style of architecture.

In the early American republic, the founding generation consciously chose to associate the nation with the ancient democracies of Greece and the republican values of Rome. Grecian aspirations informed the Greek Revival, lasting into the 1850s. Using Roman architectural vocabulary,^[2] the Federal style applied to the balanced and symmetrical version of Georgian architecture that had been practiced in the American colonies' new motifs of neoclassical architecture as it was epitomized in Britain by Robert Adam, who published his designs in 1792.

Characteristics[]

American Federal architecture typically uses plain surfaces with attenuated detail, usually isolated in panels, tablets, and friezes. It also had a flatter, smoother façade and rarely used pilasters. It was most influenced by the interpretation of ancient Roman architecture, fashionable after the unearthing of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The bald eagle was a common symbol used in this style, with the ellipse a frequent architectural motif.

The classicizing manner of constructions and town planning undertaken by the federal government was expressed in federal projects of lighthouses, harbor buildings, and hospitals. It can be seen in the rationalizing, urbanistic layout of L'Enfant Plan of Washington and in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 in New York.^[3] The historic eastern part of Bleecker Street in New York, between Broadway and the Bowery, is home to Federal-style row houses at 7 to 13 and 21 to 25 Bleecker Street. The classicizing style of Federal architecture can especially be seen in the quintessential New England meeting house, with their lofty and complex towers by architects such as Lavius Fillmore and Asher Benjamin.^[4]

This American neoclassical high style was the idiom of America's first professional architects, such as Charles Bulfinch and Minard Lafever. Robert Adam and James Adam were leading influences through their books.^[5]

Legacy of Federal architecture in Salem, Massachusetts[]

In Salem, Massachusetts, there are numerous examples of American colonial architecture and Federal architecture in two historic districts: Chestnut Street District, which is part of the Samuel McIntire Historic District containing 407 buildings, and the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, consisting of 12 historic structures and about 9 acres (4 ha) of land along the waterfront.

Architects of the Federal period[]

Modern reassessment of the American architecture of the Federal period began with Fiske Kimball.^[6]

References[]

^ Historical marker on Elfreth's Alley
^ The design vocabulary of Federal architecture is accessibly illustrated and contrasted with Greek Revival in Rachel Carley, The Visual Dictionary of American Domestic Architecture 1994, ch. 5 "Neoclassical Styles", p. 90ff.
^ For the federal government's role in Federal architectural style and its symbolism, see Lois Craig, ed. The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics and Symbols in United States Government Building (Federal Architecture Project, Cambridge: MIT Press) 1978, chs. 1–3, with brief text and extended captions to multiple illustrations.
^ "British Empire / Thirteen Colonies (USA) / Early Independence-era / Religious | Colonial Architecture Project".
^ Creating Your Architectural Style. Pelican Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4556-0309-1.
^ Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and the Early Republic, 1922.

External links[]

Definition of Federal-style architecture
Introduction to Federal-style architecture
Federal Style, 1780-1820 - Coleman-Hollister House
Federal Style Patterns 1780-1820 Bibliography for federal style research, photographs of federal houses, federal style pattern book.

[marker-1] Historical marker on Elfreth's Alley

[2] The design vocabulary of Federal architecture is accessibly illustrated and contrasted with Greek Revival in Rachel Carley, The Visual Dictionary of American Domestic Architecture 1994, ch. 5 "Neoclassical Styles", p. 90ff.

[3] For the federal government's role in Federal architectural style and its symbolism, see Lois Craig, ed. The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics and Symbols in United States Government Building (Federal Architecture Project, Cambridge: MIT Press) 1978, chs. 1–3, with brief text and extended captions to multiple illustrations.

[4] "British Empire / Thirteen Colonies (USA) / Early Independence-era / Religious | Colonial Architecture Project".

[5] Creating Your Architectural Style. Pelican Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4556-0309-1.

[6] Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and the Early Republic, 1922.

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v t Architecture of the United States
Native and indigenous	Mound Builders Pueblo
Colonial and post-colonial	American colonial architecture Creole Colonial Georgian Dutch Colonial French Colonial German Colonial Spanish Colonial Territorial
Early Republic	Adam Federal Jeffersonian Neoclassical
Mid-19th century	Greek Revival Italianate Gothic Revival
Victorian	Richardsonian Romanesque Second Empire American Renaissance Folk Stick style Queen Anne Shingle
Late-19th to mid-20th century	Art Deco (Streamline Moderne) American Craftsman American Foursquare Beaux-Arts California bungalow Chicago School Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Googie International style Mayan Revival Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Pueblo Revival Deco Prairie School PWA Moderne Rustic Spanish Colonial Revival Territorial Revival Tudor Revival
Post–World War II	Blobitecture Deconstructivism Earthship High-tech Mid-century modern Modern Neo-eclectic Neo-futurism Neomodern New Classical architecture Postmodern Ranch Shed style Tiny-house Usonian
Building types and vernacular	Adobe Barabara Cape Cod Central-passage house Chickee Corn crib Cowboy church Critical regionalism Dogtrot house Earth lodge Hogan Hall and parlor house I-house Igloo Jacal Kiva Log cabin Longhouses Moki steps Plank house Platform mound Qargi Quiggly hole Ramada Saltbox Shotgun house Sipapu Skyscraper Sod house Sweat lodge Temples Tipi Town square Tupiq Wigwam
Cities	Atlanta Boston Buffalo Chicago Detroit Houston Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Los Angeles Miami New Orleans New York City Omaha Philadelphia Portland San Antonio San Francisco Seattle St. Louis

Federal architecture

Contents

Characteristics[]

Legacy of Federal architecture in Salem, Massachusetts[]

Architects of the Federal period[]

See also[]

References[]

Further reading[]

External links[]