Feminist views on transgender topics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of a series on
Feminism
Symbol venus.svg
History
General variants
Religious variants
Concepts
Outlooks
Theory
By country
Lists and categories
Woman-power emblem.svg Feminism portal
  • v
  • t
Part of a series on
Transgender topics
     
Gender identities
History
Health care and medicine
Rights and legal issues
Society and culture
Theory and concepts
By country
See also
Nuvola LGBT flag.svg LGBT portal
Portal Transgender.svg Transgender portal
  • v
  • t

Feminist views on transgender topics vary widely.

Some feminist scholars, such as Janice Raymond and Sheila Jeffreys, believe that transgender and transsexual people uphold and reinforce sexist gender roles and the gender binary. In opposition to the view that gender identity is as important as biological sex, some feminists, sometimes described as "gender-critical", are critical of the concept of gender identity, hold that biological sex is immutable, and consider that sex-based differences require the continued provision of female-only spaces.[1][2][3][4][5][6] These feminists, who espouse views that other feminists consider transphobic,[7][8][9][10][11][12] who oppose transgender rights or the inclusion of trans women in women's spaces and organizations,[13] or who say trans women are not women,[14] have been called "trans-exclusionary radical feminists" or its abbreviation, TERFs.[15] Some of those referred to with the word 'TERF' reject the term or consider it a slur.[16] While these feminists lack influence in academic feminist philosophy[17] and among Canadian feminist organizations,[18] they are more influential in the United Kingdom.[7][10]

Third-wave feminists tend to view the struggle for trans rights as an integral part of intersectional feminism.[19] Fourth-wave feminists also tend to be trans-inclusive.[19] Several studies have found that people who identify as feminists tend to be more accepting of trans people than those who do not.[20][21][22]

Some transgender people, such as Julia Serano and Jacob Anderson-Minshall, have formed a movement within feminism called transfeminism, which views the rights of trans people and trans women in particular as an integral part of the feminist struggle for all women's rights.[23]

History[]

The second wave (1960-1990)[]

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, corresponding roughly to the second wave of feminism, there were several notable clashes between feminists (especially early radical feminists) and trans women. Feminist scholar Sheila Jeffreys stated that sex reassignment surgery "is an extension of the beauty industry offering cosmetic solutions to deeper rooted problems" and that in a society without gender this would be unnecessary.[24]

In 1978, a trans woman asked to join the Lesbian Organization of Toronto (LOOT). It refused to admit her and voted to exclude trans lesbians.[25] LOOT wrote: "A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, 'I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls.' And we thought, 'No you're not.' A person cannot just join the oppressed by fiat."[25] Another dispute began in 1973, when the West Coast Lesbian Conference split over a scheduled performance by the lesbian transgender folk-singer Beth Elliott.[26] Elliott had served as vice-president of the San Francisco chapter of the lesbian group Daughters of Bilitis, and edited the chapter's newsletter, Sisters, but was expelled from the group in 1973 on the grounds that she did not qualify as a woman.[27][28]

Janice Raymond published The Transsexual Empire in 1979.[29] In it, she criticised contemporary medical and psychiatric approaches to transsexuality, arguing instead that "the problem of transsexualism would best be served by morally mandating it out of existence," and accused trans women of reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes. Several academics, researchers and writers characterized these views as extremely transphobic and/or hate speech.[30][31][32][33] Empire also included a chapter criticising "the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist". Raymond devoted a section to Sandy Stone, a trans woman who worked as a sound engineer for Olivia Records, a feminist record collective that employed only women.[29] The collective publicly defended Stone, but after continued pressure, Stone resigned. She later wrote The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto,[34] a response to Raymond's Empire, and a foundational work in the field of transgender studies.[35]

However, not every early radical feminist opposed trans acceptance. Radical feminist Andrea Dworkin viewed gender reassignment surgery as a right for transgender people,[36] arguing that it was a myth "that there are two polar distinct sexes".[37]

The third wave (1990–2008)[]

The third wave of feminism saw much greater acceptance of transgender rights, largely due to the influence of philosophers such as Kimberlé Crenshaw and Judith Butler.[19][38] These philosophers argued for greater inclusion of other fields (such as critical race theory and queer theory) within feminism. Butler in particular argued that women's liberation required a questioning of gender itself, and that accepting gay and trans people would promote that sort of questioning.[38]

In the early 1990s, the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (MichFest) ejected a transgender woman, Nancy Burkholder.[39] From that point on, the festival maintained it was intended for "womyn-born womyn".[40] The group Camp Trans formed to protest this policy and to advocate for greater acceptance of trans women in the feminist community. A number of prominent trans activists and feminists were involved in Camp Trans, including Riki Wilchins, Jessica Xavier, and Leslie Feinberg.[41] MichFest considered allowing post-operative trans women to attend, but this was criticized as classist, as many trans women could not afford sex reassignment surgery.[42] Lisa Vogel, MichFest's organizer, said protesters from Camp Trans engaged in vandalism.[16] The festival ended in 2015.[43]

The fourth wave (2010-present)[]

Many fourth-wave feminists are trans-inclusive.[19] Organizations such as the National Organization for Women,[44] the Feminist Majority Foundation,[45] and Planned Parenthood[46] now support trans rights, as do most Canadian feminist organizations.[47] The influence of trans-exclusionary radical feminists and trans-exclusionary feminists in general has waned significantly,[17] though they are still somewhat influential in the United Kingdom.[7][10] In a 2015 interview,Catharine MacKinnon cited and agreed with Simone de Beauvoir's quotation about "becom[ing] a woman", and said that "[a]nybody who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman."[48]

Gender critical feminism/trans-exclusionary radical feminism[]

"Gender critical" redirects here. For broader opposition to the concept of gender, see Anti-gender movement.
See also: TERF

Feminists who describe themselves as "gender critical" say that sex is "real, important, and immutable" and is "not to be conflated with gender identity".[49][50][51][6] Feminists holding "gender critical" beliefs are also referred to as "transgender exclusionary radical feminists", or the acronym "TERFs".[52][53][14][54][55] These feminists hold ideas that some other feminists consider transphobic,[7][8][9][10][12][56] such as the belief that trans women are not women,[14] opposition to certain transgender rights and exclusion of trans women from women's spaces and organizations.[13][57]

Feminist Viv Smythe, who is credited with coining the term "TERF",[54] has stated its intention as a "technically neutral description ... to distinguish TERFs from other RadFems ... who were trans*-positive/neutral."[58] These feminists prefer the term "gender critical",[14][59][60] and consider the word "TERF"[15] inaccurate[14] or a slur.[16][60][61]

While these parties lack influence in academic feminist philosophy,[17] they are relatively powerful in the United Kingdom.[7][10] Commenting on the best selling books Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism by Kathleen Stock and Trans: When Ideology Meets Reality by Helen Joyce, Louise Perry observed that "gender-critical" ideas that had been on the "radical fringes" in 2004 when Julie Bindel was accused of transphobia,[62] had become "mainstream" in the United Kingdom by 2021.[63]

In 2021, an Employment Appeal Tribunal in the case of Maya Forstater v Centre for Global Development (CGD) found that these "gender critical" beliefs pass the legal test of a protected belief under the Equality Act 2010 because they "did not seek to destroy the rights of trans persons".[49][50] While Forstater was "delighted to have been vindicated", the CGD described the decision as a "step backwards for inclusivity and equality for all".[5]

The philosopher Kathleen Stock described those whom she described as gender-critical feminists as being critics of gender in the sense of social stereotypes, writing that: "Gender-critical feminists particularly rebel against the idea, implicit in gender identity theory, that what makes you a woman or a man is a feeling. As far as they are concerned, this feeling could only be, deep down, about the applicability of restrictive and damaging sex-associated stereotypes to yourself".[3]

Journalist Abigail Shrier, quoting the sexologist Ray Blanchard, described the debate on transgender health care as being between "transgender activists" and "gender-critical feminists".[64] Another feminist self-described as "gender critical", Susanna Rustin, said that questioning gender roles, while arguing for sex-based rights, was the "whole point of feminism", denying the accuracy of describing "gender critical" feminists as "trans-exclusionary radical feminists".[4]

The feminist academic and social critic Camille Paglia has described herself as transgender, saying that she "[donned] flamboyant male costumes from early childhood on" but that she is "highly skeptical about the current transgender wave", believing it to have been produced by "far more complicated psychological and sociological factors than current gender discourse allows". Elaborating on her views, she wrote that "In a democracy, everyone, no matter how nonconformist or eccentric, should be free from harassment and abuse. But at the same time, no one deserves special rights, protections, or privileges on the basis of their eccentricity."[65]

Political support[]

Some feminists who define themselves as gender critical have allied with conservative groups and politicians who oppose legislation that would expand transgender rights in the United States,[66][67][68][69] the United Kingdom,[70] and Australia.[71]

Researcher Cole Parke at Political Research Associates (PRA), an American liberal think tank, wrote in 2016 that conservative groups opposed to the transgender rights movement were basing their arguments on the work of feminist authors such as Janice Raymond and Sheila Jeffreys, whom Parke described as "TERFs".[72] The Southern Poverty Law Center, an American civil rights nonprofit, reported in 2017 that American Christian right groups were trying to "separate the T from LGB", including via casting transgender rights as antagonistic to feminism or to lesbian or gay people. The report said this trend was "part of a larger strategy, meant to weaken transgender rights advocates by attempting to separate them from their allies, feminists and LGBT rights advocates".

The Southern Poverty Law Center detailed the anti-LGBT Family Research Council's annual Values Voter Summit, during which attendees were encouraged to rebrand their rhetoric in the language of feminism, including framing gender identities as offensive to women. The report quoted Meg Kilganon, leader of an anti-transgender conservative group, as saying "Trans and gender identity are a tough sell, so focus on gender identity to divide and conquer".[11][68][73]

In January 2019, the Heritage Foundation, an American conservative think tank, hosted a panel of left-wing feminists opposed to the US Equality Act.[68] PRA researcher Heron Greenesmith has said that the latest iteration of collaboration between conservatives and anti-transgender feminists is in part a reaction to the trans community's "incredible gains" in civil rights and visibility, and that anti-trans feminists and conservatives capitalize on a "scarcity mindset rhetoric" whereby civil rights are portrayed as a limited commodity and must be prioritized to cisgender women over other groups. Greenesmith compared this rhetoric to the right-wing tactic of prioritizing the rights of citizens over non-citizens and white people over people of color.[68] Bev Jackson, one of the founders of the LGB Alliance, has argued in contrast that "working with the Heritage Foundation is sometimes the only possible course of action" since "the leftwing silence on gender in the US is even worse than in the UK."[74]

Transgender rights[]

Queer feminist philosopher Judith Butler has argued for feminist solidarity with trans and gender-nonconforming people, and has been critical of philosophers, such as Sheila Jeffreys, who they argue engage in oppressive attempts to dispute trans people's sense of identity.[75] In a 2014 interview Butler argued for civil rights for trans people: "[N]othing is more important for transgender people than to have access to excellent health care in trans-affirmative environments, to have the legal and institutional freedom to pursue their own lives as they wish, and to have their freedom and desire affirmed by the rest of the world." They also responded to some of Jeffreys's and Raymond's criticisms of trans people, calling them "prescriptivism" and "tyranny". According to Butler, trans people are not created by medical discourse but rather develop new discourses through self-determination.[76]

American academic Susan Stryker wrote in 2007 that first-wave feminism had commonalities with the transgender rights movement "[t]o the extent that breaking out of the conventional constrictions of womanhood is both a feminist and transgender practice".[77] She added that transgender issues had prompted feminist scholars to question notions of biological sex, and that transgender theorising was associated with the rise of postmodern epistemology in third-wave feminist thought.[77]

In 2012 Jeffreys wrote in The Guardian that she and other critics of "transgenderism" had been subject to intimidation campaigns on the internet, the extent of which suggested that trans rights advocates fear the "practice of transgenderism" becoming the subject of criticism.[78] British radical feminist Linda Bellos was uninvited from a University of Cambridge speaking engagement in 2017 after saying that "trans politics" sought to assert male power.[79]

Lesbian feminist of color Sara Ahmed has said that an anti-trans stance is an anti-feminist one, and that trans feminism "recalls" earlier militant lesbian feminism.[80][81] Kimberlé Crenshaw, developer of the theory of intersectionality, wrote, "People of color within LGBTQ movements; girls of color in the fight against the school-to-prison pipeline; women within immigration movements; trans women within feminist movements; and people with disabilities fighting police abuse—all face vulnerabilities that reflect the intersections of racism, sexism, class oppression, transphobia, able-ism and more. Intersectionality has given many advocates a way to frame their circumstances and to fight for their visibility and inclusion."[82]

Sally Hines, University of Leeds professor of sociology and gender identities, wrote in The Economist in 2018 that feminism and trans rights have been falsely portrayed as being in conflict by a minority of anti-transgender feminists, who often "reinforce the extremely offensive trope of the trans woman as a man in drag who is a danger to women". Hines criticized these feminists for fueling "rhetoric of paranoia and hyperbole" against trans people, saying that while spreading anti-trans narratives, anti-trans feminists abandon principles of feminism, such as bodily autonomy and self-determination of gender, and employ "reductive models of biology and restrictive understandings of the distinction between sex and gender" in defense of such narratives. Hines concluded with a call for explicit recognition of anti-transgender feminism as a violation of equality and dignity, and "a doctrine that runs counter to the ability to fulfill a liveable life or, often, a life at all."[83]

Feminist theorist, writer and Yale professor Roxane Gay has said that issues facing non-white and marginalized women such as sexual harassment and misconduct extend to trans women as well, and that TERFs have "woefully failed" to consider trans women's experience. Gay finds transphobia appalling, with the maltreatment and agony trans people suffer, such as the high suicide rates and murder rates of black trans women, not their fault. She has also said, "I think a lot of feminists are very comfortable being anti-trans. And that's painful to see because we should know better, having been marginalized as women throughout history and today. How dare we marginalize others now?"[84]

Transfeminism[]

Main article: Transfeminism

Transfeminism, or trans feminism, synthesizes feminist and transgender discourse. Transfeminists argue that there are multiple forms of oppression and sexism, and that trans and cisgender women have shared interests in combating sexism.[35] Influential transfeminists include Julia Serano and Diana Courvant.[citation needed]

Particular topics[]

Socialization and experience[]

Some feminists argue that trans women cannot fully be women because they were assigned male at birth and experienced some degree of male privilege.[85] Radical feminists generally see gender as a system in which women are oppressed for reasons intrinsically related to their sex, and emphasize male violence against women, including institutions such as the sex industry, as central to women’s oppression.[86]

Patricia Elliot argues that the view that one's socialization as a girl or woman defines "women's experience" assumes that women's experiences are homogeneous and discounts the possibility that trans and cis women may share the experience of being disparaged for femininity.[87] Similarly, Transfeminist Manifesto author Emi Koyama contends that, while trans women may have experienced some male privilege before transitioning, trans women's experiences are also marked by disadvantages resulting from being trans.[23]

In "Growing Up Trans: Socialization and the Gender Binary", Michelle Dietert and Dianne Dentice write that when youth embody non-standard gender roles or otherwise deviate from expectations of their assigned sex, the gender binary becomes a form of control by authorities, enforcing social norms upon them. In their view, this begins at early socialization, and transgender youth, especially gender non-conforming children, often experience different treatment, leading to a fear of reprisals as they attempt to please their family and peers and navigate their understanding of their gender and societal expectations.[88] They argue that socialization affects transgender youth differently, especially if they are gender non-conforming.[89]

In 2017, while discussing whether trans women are women, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie said, "trans women are trans women." She acknowledged that transgender women face discrimination for being transgender and said she sees this as a serious issue, but also said, "we should not conflate the gender experiences of trans women with that of women born female."[90] She later expanded on her comments, saying, "From the very beginning, I think it's been quite clear that there's no way I could possibly say that trans women are not women. It's the sort of thing to me that's obvious, so I start from that obvious premise. Of course they are women, but in talking about feminism and gender and all of that, it's important for us to acknowledge the differences in experience of gender. That's really what my point is. Had I said ‘a cis woman is a cis woman, and a trans woman is a trans woman', I don't think I would get all the crap that I'm getting, but that's actually really what I was saying."[91]

Sex reassignment surgery[]

In her 1974 book Woman Hating: A Radical Look at Sexuality, radical feminist writer and activist Andrea Dworkin called for the support of transsexuals, whom she viewed as "in a state of primary emergency" due to "the culture of male–female discreteness". She writes: "every transsexual has the right to survival on his/her own terms. That means every transsexual is entitled to a sex-change operation, and it should be provided by the community as one of its functions." She also stated that the phenomenon of transsexuality might disappear within communities built on androgynous identity, as there would no longer be any gender roles to conform to.[36][92]

In 1977, Gloria Steinem wrote that while she supported the right of individuals to identify as they choose, in many cases, transgender people "surgically mutilate their own bodies" in order to conform to a gender role that is inexorably tied to physical body parts. She concluded that "feminists are right to feel uncomfortable about the need for and uses of transsexualism." The article concluded with what became one of Steinem's most famous quotes: "If the shoe doesn't fit, must we change the foot?" Although meant in the context of transgender issues, the quote is frequently mistaken as a general statement about feminism.[93]: 206–210  The same year, she also expressed disapproval that the heavily publicized transition of tennis player Renée Richards (a trans woman) had been characterized as "a frightening instance of what feminism could lead to" or as "living proof that feminism isn't necessary", and wrote, "At a minimum, it was a diversion from the widespread problems of sexual inequality."[93] Steinem's statements led to her being characterized as transphobic for some years.[94]

In a 2013 interview with The Advocate, she repudiated the interpretation of her text as an altogether condemnation of sex reassignment surgery, stating that her position was informed by accounts of gay men choosing to transition as a way of coping with societal homophobia. She added that she sees transgender people as living "authentic lives" that should be "celebrated".[95]

In 1979, Janice Raymond wrote a book on trans women called The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male, which looked at the role of transsexuality—particularly psychological and surgical approaches to it—in reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes, the ways in which the "medical-psychiatric complex" is medicalizing gender identity, and the social and political context that has helped portray transsexual treatment and surgery as normal and therapeutic medicine.[29] Raymond maintains that transsexualism is based on the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering", and "making of woman according to man's image". She argued that this is done in order "to colonize feminist identification, culture, politics and sexuality".[96] Several writers characterized these views as extremely transphobic and constituting hate speech.[30][31][32][33]

In her own 1987 book Gyn/Ecology Mary Daly, who had served as Raymond's thesis supervisor,[97] also criticized transsexuals, stating that sex reassignment surgery cannot reproduce female chromosomes or a female life history, and arguing that it can "not produce women".[98] Similarly, in a 2017 televised interview on BBC Newsnight, Germaine Greer said that feminizing SRS does not make trans women women.[99]

Transgender women in women's spaces and organizations[]

In 1995, Kimberly Nixon, a trans woman, volunteered for training as a rape crisis counselor at Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter. When the shelter determined Nixon was trans, it expelled her, with staff saying it made it impossible for her to understand the experiences of their clients. Nixon disagreed, disclosing her own history of partner abuse, and sued on the grounds of discrimination. Nixon's attorneys argued there was no basis for the dismissal, citing Diana Courvant's experiences as the first publicly trans woman to work in a women-only domestic violence shelter. In 2007 the Canadian Supreme Court refused to hear Nixon's appeal, ending the case.[100][101][102]

In 1996, Germaine Greer (at the time a fellow at Newnham College, Cambridge) unsuccessfully opposed the appointment to a fellowship of her transgender colleague Rachael Padman.[103][104][105] Greer argued that because Padman had been assigned male at birth, she should not be admitted to Newnham, a women's college. Greer later resigned from Newnham.[106][107][108][109]

A 2004 editorial by British radical feminist Julie Bindel titled "Gender Benders, beware" printed in The Guardian caused the paper to receive two hundred letters of complaint from transgender people, doctors, therapists, academics and others. The editorial expressed her anger at Kimberly Nixon, and also included Bindel's views about transsexuals and transsexualism.[62][110] Transgender activist group Press for Change cite this article as an example of 'discriminatory writing' about transsexual people in the press.[111] Complaints focused on the title, "Gender benders, beware", the cartoon accompanying the piece,[failed verification][112] and the disparaging tone, such as "Think about a world inhabited just by transsexuals. It would look like the set of Grease" and "I don't have a problem with men disposing of their genitals, but it does not make them women, in the same way that shoving a bit of vacuum hose down your 501s [jeans] does not make you a man."[62][113]

In April 2019, Angela Wild, leader of lesbian activist group Get the L Out, wrote that lesbians were being pressured to accept transgender women as sexual partners.[114] Jessica Stern, executive director of LGBT human rights NGO OutRight Action International, responded that Get the L Out's activism was perpetuating gender inequality and anti-transgender sentiment and parallelled religious conservativism by focusing on biological sex.[115]

By country[]

Argentina[]

During the 1990s, Argentine LGBT activism took off, and the end of the decade saw the entry of travestis[a] into spaces of feminist discussion, marking the beginning of transfeminism in Argentina.[117][118] The inclusion in particular was that of Lohana Berkins, one of the most prominent leaders of the travesti movement.[119] Berkins got into feminism in the 1990s through meetings with lesbian feminists such as Alejandra Sarda, Ilse Fuskova, Chela Nadio and Fabiana Tron.[120]

The Argentine government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina included trans-inclusive gender-based measures, with Minister of Women, Genders and Diversity Elizabeth Gómez Alcorta stating that "trans people are particularly vulnerable in our country."[121]

The Argentine feminist movement, including the has seen debates over reforming the Spanish language to be more gender neutral in recent years.[122][123]

The campaign to legalise abortion in Argentina has included transgender people, and after the movement was successful, the bill legalising abortion explicitly included trans and non-binary people.[124][125][126]

Canada[]

According to journalist Neil Macdonald, Canada saw an in increase in debates about transgender issues in feminism especially after the introduction of Bill C-16 in 2016, which added gender expression and gender identity as protected characteristics to the Canadian Human Rights Act and was opposed by a range of conservatives and some feminists, such as Meghan Murphy.[127]

Feminist writer Margaret Atwood has said she disagrees with the views that trans women are not women[128] or should not use women's washrooms.[129] In May 2021, over 110 women's and human rights organisations in Canada signed a statement supporting trans-inclusionary feminism, stating that "trans people are a driving force in our feminist movements and make incredible contributions across all facets of our society."[130] Canadian women's sporting organisations have also supported trans-inclusion, with the Canadian Women's Hockey League having a openly trans woman play, the Canada women's national soccer team having an openly non-binary play, and Rugby Canada rejecting proposals to ban trans women from the sport.[131][132][133]

In January 2018, the came under criticism for a lack of intersectionality, with a number of Indigenous, Muslim, and trans feminist activists breaking away from the march to form a rally of their own, titled Walking the Talk.[134][135] In March of that year, Gabrielle Bouchard was elected leader of the Fédération des femmes du Québec, the first transgender woman to hold the position.[136][137]

The Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter has been the centre of several controversies regarding exclusion of transgender women, such as the 2003 Kimberly Nixon Rape Relief case and when the City of Vancouver Council stopped awarding the shelter an annual $34,000 grant in 2019 over its exclusion of trans women.[138]

France[]

In February 2020, an open letter was published in the Huffington Post signed by around 50 French feminists, including sociologist Christine Delphy and ex-Femen activist , questioning the presence of trans women in feminist movements.[139] The Huffington Post later removed the letter from their website.[140] In response to the letter, several different feminist organisations, such as the Syndicat du travail sexuel, the Collectif NousToutes, and the , who Stern had previously been involved with, issued statements condemning transphobia.[141][142]

In late-February 2020, a further group of feminists and feminist organisations released an open letter stating that they opposed the importing of "transphobic debates" into France and that creating divisions between cis and trans women "only serve the patriarchy."[143]

Iceland[]

In 2012, , professor of Political Science and Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University-Newark, stated that in Iceland "transgender and gender scholars seem to have a more congenial and more recent relationship."[144] Non-binary Icelandic journalist Owl Fisher has stated that "in Iceland the women’s rights movement as a whole has been wholly supportive of trans rights for decades."[145]

In 2019, Icelandic Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir proposed a bill to introduce gender recognition via statutory declaration in the country. The bill was passed by the Althing by a vote of 45-0, with three abstentions.[146][147]

On Women's Rights Day in Iceland in 2020, the Icelandic Women's Rights Association organised an event together with Trans Ísland that saw several different feminist organisations in the country discuss strategies to stop anti-trans sentiment from increasing its influence within Icelandic feminism.[148] Later that year, Trans Ísland was unanimously granted status as a member association of the Icelandic Women's Rights Association.[149]

Ireland[]

In late-January 2018, over 1000 Irish feminists, including several groups such as the University College Dublin Centre of Gender, Feminisms & Sexualities, signed an open letter condemning a planned meeting in Ireland on UK Gender Recognition Act reforms organised by a British group opposing the reforms.[150] The letter stated that "Trans people and particularly trans women are an inextricable part of our feminist community" and accused the British group of colonialism.[151]

During the referendum on the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland that successfully saw the legalisation for abortion, the Together for Yes campaign group was explicitly trans-inclusive.[152][153]

In November 2020, on Trans Day of Remembrance, the National Women's Council of Ireland and Amnesty International Ireland co-signed a statement along with a number of LGBT+ and human rights groups condemning trans-exclusionary feminism.[154]

In March 2021, the Abortion Rights Campaign issued a statement condemning the Bell v Tavistock ruling the UK, stating that trans people had played a role in the Yes vote of the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum and that the ruling was "ultimately an attack on our collective right to bodily integrity."[155]

Italy[]

A 2019 study from the European University Institute that examined the feminist movement in Italy argued that difference feminism had traditionally been prevalent in Italy, but was coming to be supplanted by intersectional feminism. The shift was driven especially by younger feminist activists, often accompanied with rejections of binary gender as well as increased prominence of anti-racist and anti-capitalist organising, who considered that "intersectional feminism grasps the core of the feminist and LGBT struggles, which is the “union of all the oppressed against the oppressors”".[156]

Spain[]

In 2021, a split in the Spanish left-wing coalition government occurred over the Legislative Proposal for the Real and Effective Equality of Trans People, with United Podemos Minister for Equality Irene Montero advancing the bill that would have included the introduction of legal gender recognition via statutory declaration and legal recognition of non-binary identities. However, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Deputy Prime Minister Carmen Calvo argued that the bill "could put at risk the identity criteria for 47 million Spaniards." The bill ultimately failed to pass after the Socialist Workers' Party abstained on the vote.[157]

South Africa[]

In 2010, the was formed.[158][159]

United Kingdom[]

The UK government's 2018 consultation on reforming the Gender Recognition Act 2004 became a locus of conflict between radical feminists and advocates for trans acceptance.[10] The GRA requires that one be medically diagnosed with gender dysphoria and live for two years in one's felt identity before legally changing gender.[160] Proposed reforms would allow one to self-declare one's legal gender without a diagnosis or waiting period.[161] While the UK's Equality Act 2010 permitted providers of single-sex or sex-segregated services such as women's shelters to deny access to transgender people on a case-by-case basis, a 2016 report of the House of Commons's Women and Equalities Committee[162] recommended that providers no longer be permitted to exclude persons who had obtained legal recognition of their "acquired gender" under the GRA.[163]

Groups including Fair Play For Women and Woman's Place UK were founded in opposition to the proposed reforms.[164][165] The groups have been condemned by feminists who support the reforms. London Feminist Library organiser Lola Olufemi described Woman's Place UK as "a clearly transphobic organisation" after withdrawing from an event at the University of Oxford that featured WPUK supporter and Oxford professor Selina Todd.[166]

British trans-exclusive feminist groups objected to the proposed GRA self-ID reform as eroding protections for women-only safe spaces and liable to abuse by cisgender men[167][168]—issues disputed by advocates of reform and unsupported by current evidence.[169][170] Pro-trans feminist academics such as Akwugo Emejulu and view self-declaration as a right for transgender people.[171]

In October 2018 the UK edition of The Guardian published an editorial on GRA reform supporting a lessening of the barriers to legal gender change but also stating that "Women's oppression by men has a physical basis, and to deny the relevance of biology when considering sexual inequality is a mistake," and that, "Women's concerns about sharing dormitories or changing rooms with 'male-bodied' people must be taken seriously."[10][172] Journalists from The Guardian's US edition wrote an editorial repudiating their UK counterpart's stance, stating that it "promoted transphobic viewpoints" and that its "unsubstantiated argument only serves to dehumanize and stigmatize trans people".[10][173] In March 2019 more than 160 women, including Emma Thompson and members of the UK parliament, cosigned an open letter expressing solidarity with trans women and support for GRA reform, organised by LGBT charity Time for Inclusive Education.[174][175]

Seven Scottish women's groups - , Engender, Equate Scotland, Rape Crisis Scotland, Scottish Women's Aid, , and Zero Tolerance - released a joint statement during the GRA consultations endorsing the proposed reforms and stating that "we do not regard trans equality and women’s equality to be in competition or contradiction with each other."[176] The Cambridge Rape Crisis Centre has indicated that it accepts trans people as volunteers and the Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre has maintained individual gender neutral bathrooms.[177][178]

United States[]

The National Organization for Women (the largest feminist group in the United States)[44] and the Feminist Majority Foundation both support trans rights.[45][179]

See also[]

  • Feminine essence concept of transsexuality
  • Feminist movements and ideologies
  • Feminist sex wars
  • Feminist views on BDSM
  • Feminist views on pornography
  • Feminist views on prostitution
  • Feminist views on sexuality
  • Radical feminism#Views on transgender topics
  • Gender essentialism
  • Lesbian erasure
  • Misogyny
  • Social construction of gender
  • Transmisogyny

Notes[]

  1. ^ "Travesti" (meaning transvestite) was historically a pejorative used to designate trans women and crossdressers in South America. The word has been reappropriated by activists and is now used as a non-binary label for people assigned male at birth that have a transfeminine gender identity, but choose not to identify themselves as trans women.[116]

References[]

  1. ^ Zanghellini, Aleardo (April–June 2020). "Philosophical Problems With the Gender-Critical Feminist Argument Against Trans Inclusion". SAGE Open. 10 (2): 1–14. doi:10.1177/2158244020927029. S2CID 219733494.
  2. ^ "A backlash against gender ideology is starting in universities". Economist. 5 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Stock, Kathleen (2021). Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism. London: Fleet. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-349-72659-5.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Rustin, Susanna (30 September 2020). "Feminists like me aren't anti-trans – we just can't discard the idea of 'sex'". Guardian. Retrieved 4 June 2021. By adhering to what I have called a Beauvoirian feminism, I don’t aim to invalidate anyone else. I recognise the importance of the concept of gender identity for trans people. But it (and with it, the term cisgender) can’t be forced on to women like me who regard questioning gender roles, while advocating on behalf of our sex, as the whole point of feminism. Nor is it accurate to describe us as "trans-exclusionary radical feminists", as Butler did last week. Gender-critical feminism is more varied than that. (My own influences, for example, include Kleinian psychoanalysis and evolutionary biology.)
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Faulkner, Doug (10 June 2021). "Maya Forstater: Woman wins tribunal appeal over transgender tweets". BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2021. Ms Forstater ... claimed she was discriminated against because of her beliefs, which include "that sex is immutable and not to be conflated with gender identity". ... But the Honourable Mr Justice Choudhury said her "gender-critical beliefs" did fall under the Equalities Act as they "did not seek to destroy the rights of trans persons".
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Observer editorial (27 June 2021). "The Observer view on the right to free expression". Observer. Retrieved 27 June 2021. 'Gender-critical' beliefs refer to the view that someone’s sex – whether they are male or female – is biological and immutable and cannot be conflated with someone’s gender identity, whether they identify as a man or a woman. The belief that the patriarchal oppression of women is grounded partly in their biological sex, not just the social expression of gender, and that women therefore have the right to certain single-sex spaces and to organise on the basis of biological sex if they so wish, represents a long-standing strand of feminist thinking. Other feminists disagree, believing that gender identity supersedes biological sex altogether.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Miller, Edie (5 November 2018). "Why Is British Media So Transphobic?". The Outline. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019. The truth is, while the British conservative right would almost certainly be more than happy to whip up a frenzy of transphobia, they simply haven’t needed to, because some sections of the left over here are doing their hate-peddling for them. The most vocal source of this hatred has emerged, sadly, from within circles of radical feminists. British feminism has an increasingly notorious TERF problem.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Dalbey, Alex (12 August 2018). "TERF wars: Why trans-exclusionary radical feminists have no place in feminism". Daily Dot. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Dastagir, Alia (16 March 2017). "A feminist glossary because we didn't all major in gender studies". USA Today. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019. TERF: The acronym for 'trans exclusionary radical feminists,' referring to feminists who are transphobic.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Lewis, Sophie (7 February 2019). "Opinion | How British Feminism Became Anti-Trans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Jeff (23 October 2017). "The Christian right's new strategy: Divide and conquer the LGBT community". www.lgbtqnation.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b "SNP MP criticised for calling trans campaigners at Edinburgh Pride 'misogynistic'". indy100. 24 June 2019. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b O'Connell, Jennifer (26 January 2019). "Transgender for beginners: Trans, terf, cis and safe spaces". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Flaherty, Colleen (29 August 2018). "'TERF' War". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald, Terry (16 February 2015). "Are you now or have you ever been a TERF?". New Statesman America. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c Goldberg, Michelle (4 August 2014). "What Is a Woman?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2015. TERF stands for "trans-exclusionary radical feminist." The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b c Flaherty, Colleen (6 June 2018). "By Any Other Name". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  18. ^ Cattapan, Alana (2008), Open Arms and Crossed Legs? Subjectivity and Trans-Inclusion in Canadian Feminist Organizations (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2010, retrieved 4 August 2019
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Grady, Constance (20 June 2018). "The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  20. ^ Platt, Lisa F.; Szoka, Spring L. (28 January 2021). "Endorsement of Feminist Beliefs, Openness, and Mindful Acceptance as Predictors of Decreased Transphobia". Journal of Homosexuality. 68 (2): 185–202. doi:10.1080/00918369.2019.1651109. PMID 31411935. S2CID 199663381.
  21. ^ Conlin, Sarah E.; Douglass, Richard P.; Moscardini, Emma H. (26 June 2020). "Predicting transphobia among cisgender women and men: The roles of feminist identification and gender conformity". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health. 25 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1080/19359705.2020.1780535. S2CID 225798026.
  22. ^ Brassel, Sheila T.; Anderson, Veanne N. (5 July 2019). "Who Thinks Outside the Gender Box? Feminism, Gender Self-Esteem, and Attitudes toward Trans People". Sex Roles. 82 (7–8): 447–462. doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01066-4. S2CID 198663918.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Koyama, Emi (2001). Transfeminist Manifesto (PDF). p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  24. ^ Bindel, Julie (2 July 2005). "The ugly side of beauty". The Guardian.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Ross, Becki (1995). The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7479-9.
  26. ^ Goldberg, Michelle (5 August 2014). "What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism". New Yorker Magazine. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  27. ^ Stryker, Susan. "Transgender Activism" (PDF). glbtq archives. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  28. ^ Meyerowitz, Joanna J (2009). How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Harvard University Press. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-0-674-04096-0.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c Raymond, Janice G. (1994). The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-male (PDF) (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press. ISBN 978-0807762721. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b Rose, Katrina C. (2004). "The Man Who Would be Janice Raymond". Transgender Tapestry. 104. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b Serano, Julia (2007). Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity. pp. 233–234. ISBN 9781580051545.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Namaste, Viviane K. (2000). Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9780226568102.
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b Hayes, Cressida J. (2003). "Feminist Solidarity after Queer Theory: The Case of Transgender". Signs. 28 (4): 1093–1120. doi:10.1086/343132. JSTOR 10.1086/343132. S2CID 144107471.
  34. ^ Stone, Sandy (1 May 1992). "The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto". Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies. 10 (2): 150–176. doi:10.1215/02705346-10-2_29-150. S2CID 18936678.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b Bettcher, Talia (2014), "Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from the original on 28 March 2019, retrieved 13 April 2019
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b Dworkin, Andrea (1974). Woman Hating. New York City: E. P. Dutton. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-525-47423-4.
  37. ^ Dworkin, Andrea (1974). Woman Hating. New York. pp. 174–193. ISBN 0525474234.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b Yenor, Scott (31 July 2017). "The Rolling Revolution in Sex and Gender: A History". Public Discourse. Witherspoon Institute. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  39. ^ Van Gelder, Lindsy; Brandt, Pamela Robin (3 October 1997). The Girls Next Door: Into the Heart of Lesbian America. Simon and Schuster. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-684-83957-8.
  40. ^ "Michigan Womyn's Music Festival: Community Statements". MichFest. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  41. ^ Riemer, Matthew; Brown, Leighton (2019). We Are Everywhere: A Visual Guide to the History of Queer Liberation, So Far. Ten Speed Press. pp. 308–309. ISBN 978-0-399-58181-6.
  42. ^ Hand, MichaelMichael; Sreedhar, Susanne (2006). "The Ethics of Exclusion: Gender and Politics at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival". In Scott-Dixon, Krista (ed.). Trans/Forming Feminisms: Trans/Feminist Voices Speak Out. Toronto: Sumach Press. pp. 164–65. ISBN 978-1-894-54961-5. OCLC 70839321.
  43. ^ Ring, Trudy (21 April 2015). "This Year's Michigan Womyn's Music Festival Will Be the Last". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  44. ^ Jump up to: a b "National Organization for Women | History, Goals, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b "2018 National NOW Resolutions | National Organization for Women". now.org. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  46. ^ "What do I need to know about trans health care?". Planned Parenthood. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  47. ^ Cattapan, Alana (2008), Open Arms and Crossed Legs? Subjectivity and Trans-Inclusion in Canadian Feminist Organizations (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2010, retrieved 4 August 2019
  48. ^ Williams, Cristan (7 April 2015). "Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The TransAdvocate interviews Catharine A. MacKinnon". The TransAdvocate. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b "Woman accused of transphobia wins landmark employment case". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b "Maya Forstater: Woman wins tribunal appeal over transgender tweets". BBC News. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  51. ^ Smith, Helen-Ann (24 April 2021). "Maya Forstater: Woman who lost job over transgender views warns of 'scary' precedent if her tribunal appeal fails". Sky News. Retrieved 26 June 2021. Ms Forstater is a tax expert and a feminist and is the protagonist in a bitter legal battle about sex, gender and free speech.
  52. ^ Boylan, Jennifer Finney (1 June 2021). "Opinion: A Scottish political party treated trans people like the Loch Ness monster. It won't be the last time". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 June 2021. While Alba supported Scottish independence, it also offered a safe harbor for anti-trans activists and so-called “gender critical” feminists, sometimes also known, especially in Britain, as TERFs (transgender exclusionary radical feminists).
  53. ^ Morgan, John (21 May 2021). "British University Apologizes for Disinviting Academics Over Gender Views". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  54. ^ Jump up to: a b Smythe, Viv (28 November 2018). "I'm credited with having coined the word 'Terf'. Here's how it happened". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  55. ^ Ditum, Sarah (29 September 2017). "What is a Terf? How an internet buzzword became a mainstream slur". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019. On the other hand, if you are a feminist, the bar to being called a "terf" is remarkably low. Woman's Hour presenter Jenni Murray achieved it by writing an article in which she pointed out that someone born and raised male will not have the same experiences of sexism as a woman; novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie likewise made the grade by answering "transwomen are transwomen" when asked whether she believed that "transwomen are women".
  56. ^ Bollinger, Alex (19 December 2018). "Famous lesbian site taken over by anti-trans 'feminists'. Now lesbian media is standing up". www.lgbtqnation.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  57. ^ Wordsworth, Dot (5 May 2018). "Terf wars and the ludicrous lexicon of feminist theory". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  58. ^ Williams, Cristan (1 May 2016). "Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism". TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Duke University Press. 3 (1–2): 254–258. doi:10.1215/23289252-3334463. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  59. ^ Goldberg, Michelle (9 December 2015). "The Trans Women Who Say That Trans Women Aren't Women". Slate. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b Vasquez, Tina (17 February 2014). "It's Time to End the Long History of Feminism Failing Transgender Women". Bitch Media. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  61. ^ Compton, Julie (14 January 2019). "'Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view". NBC News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  62. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bindel, Julie (31 January 2004), "Gender Benders, beware", The Guardian
  63. ^ Perry, Louise (July 2021). "It's still possible to "cancel" gender-critical feminists, but this strategy won't work". New Statesman. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  64. ^ Shrier, Abigail (2020). Irreversible Damage: Teenage Girls and the Transgender Craze. Swift. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-1-80075-034-0. According to Blanchard, the issues surrounding transgender health-care have become so politicized that the underlying mental health problem has become completely obscured. "The gender-critical feminists are using language like 'misogyny', 'patriarchy', 'male domination,' ", he says. And the transgender activists "are happy enough to have the argument in this language, because any language is better than talking about mental illness and clinical management of symptoms."
  65. ^ Last, Jonathan V. (15 June 2017). "Camille Paglia: On Trump, Democrats, Transgenderism, and Islamist Terror". The Weekly Standard. New York City. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  66. ^ Vera, Elena Rose; Greenesmith, Heron (2 April 2019). "How Conservatives Are Using 'Feminism' to Fight Against LGBTQ Equality: A calculated alliance based on transphobia is fueling the fight against the Equality Act". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  67. ^ Michaelson, Jay (4 September 2016). "Radical Feminists and Conservative Christians Team Up Against Transgender People". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  68. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Fitzsimons, Tim (29 January 2019). "Conservative group hosts anti-transgender panel of feminists 'from the left'". NBC News. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  69. ^ Holden, Dominic (2 April 2019). "Republicans Are Trying To Kill An LGBT Bill In Congress By Arguing It Hurts Women". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  70. ^ Probost, Claire; Archer, Nandini (18 October 2018). "Christian right and some UK feminists 'unlikely allies' against trans rights". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  71. ^ Savage, Rachel (11 September 2019). "Conservative Christians, feminists unite to fight transgender rights in Australia". NGlobal News. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  72. ^ Parke, Cole (11 August 2016). "The Christian Right's Love Affair with Anti-Trans Feminists". Political Research Associates. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019. The Right is selectively highlighting and leveraging the scholarship of a fringe group of highly controversial academics collectively labeled "Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminists" (TERFs).
  73. ^ "Christian Right tips to fight transgender rights: separate the T from the LGB". Southern Poverty Law Center. 23 October 2017. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  74. ^ "LGB Alliance founder defends "feminists" working with Heritage Foundation".
  75. ^ Butler, Judith (26 May 2015). "Judith Butler on gender and the trans experience: "One should be free to determine the course of one's gendered life"". Verso Books. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  76. ^ Butler, Judith; Williams, Cristan (May 2014). "Gender Performance: The TransAdvocate interviews Judith Butler". The TransAdvocate. The TransAdvocate. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  77. ^ Jump up to: a b Stryker, Susan (2007). "Transgender Feminism: Queering the Woman Question". In Gillis, Stacey; Howie, Gillian; Munford, Rebecca (eds.). Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration (Expanded second ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 59–70. doi:10.1057/9780230593664_5.
  78. ^ Sheila Jeffreys, Let us be free to debate transgenderism without being accused of 'hate speech' Archived 18 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, published in The Guardian, 29 May 2012. The article was a response to Roz Kaveney, Radical feminists are acting like a cult Archived 27 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 25 May 2012.
  79. ^ Gillespie, James; Griffiths, Sian (1 October 2017). "Linda Bellos barred in Cambridge University row". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.

    Savva, Anna (5 October 2017). "Cambridge University has uninvited this feminist speaker after these comments". Cambridge News. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.

    Loughran, Rachel; Menin, Anna (5 October 2017). "Exclusive: Linda Bellos 'disappointed' by Beard Society ban". Varsity. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.

  80. ^ Ahmed, Sara (2017). Living a Feminist Life (1st ed.). North Carolina, U.S.: Duke University Press Books. ISBN 978-0822363194.
  81. ^ Sara Ahmed, An AFfinity of Hammers Archived 19 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Transgender Studies Quarterly (2016) 3 (1-2): 22-34
  82. ^ Crenshaw, Kimberlé (24 September 2015). "Why intersectionality can't wait". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  83. ^ Hines, Sally (13 July 2018). "Trans and Feminist Rights Have Been Falsely Cast in Opposition". The Economist. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  84. ^ Gunz, Rafaella (16 February 2019). "Roxane Gay: 'A lot of feminists are very comfortable being anti-trans'". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  85. ^ Schmidt, Samantha (13 March 2017). "Women's issues are different from trans women's issues, feminist author says, sparking criticism". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  86. ^ McKay, Finn (2015). "Radical Feminism". Theory, Culture & Society. 32 (7–8): 332–336. doi:10.1177/0263276415616682. S2CID 220719287.
  87. ^ Elliot, Patricia (2004). "Who Gets to Be a Woman?: Feminist Politics and the Question of Trans-inclusion". Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice. 29 (1): 16. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018. The first assumption is that one's socialization as a girl or woman defines "women's experience" as something shared. But this assumption downplays differences among women, as if the sociological norms one identifies as part of a patriarchal gender order are evenly applied to all in one cookie-cutter model, or as if girls and women have the same relationships to those norms. It also fails to ask about possible similarities of experience between trans and non-trans women (both of whom may have been disparaged for their femininity).
  88. ^ Dietert, Michelle; Dentice, Dianne (2012). "Growing up trans: Socialization and the gender binary". Journal of GLBT Family Studies. 9 (1): 24–42. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2013.746053. S2CID 143015502. When individuals deviate from gender binary arrangements by expressing gender norms and roles not associated with their biological assignment at birth, authorities submit control by utilizing gender binary discourse beginning in early socialization and lasting throughout the individual’s life. During early socialization, we suggest that transgender individuals must negotiate their family and peer relationships relative to established, norm-driven gender binary discourse which oftentimes result in anxiety, fear of appraisals for not conforming to gender norms, and differential treatment from both family members and peers.
  89. ^ Dietert, Michelle; Dentice, Dianne (2012). "Growing up trans: Socialization and the gender binary". Journal of GLBT Family Studies. 9 (1): 24–42. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2013.746053. S2CID 143015502.
  90. ^ Crockett, Emily (15 March 2017). "The controversy over Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and trans women, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  91. ^ Smith, David (21 March 2017). "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on transgender row: 'I have nothing to apologise for'". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  92. ^ Stoltenberg, John. "#GenderWeek: Andrea was not transphobic". Feminist Times. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  93. ^ Jump up to: a b Steinem, Gloria (1984). Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 9780805042023. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  94. ^ Vasquez, Tina (17 February 2014). "It's Time to End the Long History of Feminism Failing Transgender Women". Bitch Media. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2014. Steinem was long considered transphobic because of the stance she took in writing about professional tennis player Renée Richards, who transitioned in the 1970's. Steinem's 1983 book Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellion cited Janice Raymond's work and discussed how transsexuals "mutilate their own bodies."
  95. ^ Steinem, Gloria (2 October 2013). "On Working Together Over Time". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014. Years passed the Internet arrived, and words circulated out of time and context. Last year one young transgender student on campus assumed that old essay's use of the word "mutilate" for surgeries performed because of societal pressure meant I was against sexual reassignment surgery altogether. He didn't consider that it had been written two generations before he was born, and also in the context of global protests against routine surgical assaults, called female genital mutilation by some survivors.
    So now I want to be unequivocal in my words: I believe that transgender people, including those who have transitioned, are living out real, authentic lives. Those lives should be celebrated, not questioned. Their health care decisions should be theirs and theirs alone to make. And what I wrote decades ago does not reflect what we know today as we move away from only the binary boxes of "masculine" or "feminine" and begin to live along the full human continuum of identity and expression.
  96. ^ Raymond, Janice. (1980). The Transsexual Empire, p. 104 Archived 18 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  97. ^ "Feminist theologian Mary Daly dies". The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  98. ^ Daly, Mary, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, pbk. [1st printing? printing of [19]90?] 1978 & 1990 (prob. all content except New Intergalactic Introduction 1978 & prob. New Intergalactic Introduction 1990) (ISBN 0-8070-1413-3)).
  99. ^ Chapman, Michael W. (6 September 2017). "Feminist Germaine Greer: Transgender Surgery Does Not Make a Man a Woman". CNS News. Reston, Virginia: Media Research Center. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  100. ^ "Background on Nixon v Vancouver Rape Relief". Egale Canada. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  101. ^ "Excerpt from Proceedings" (PDF). 8 January 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  102. ^ Perelle, Robin (14 February 2007). Rape Relief wins: Supreme Court refuses to hear trans woman's appeal. Archived 30 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Xtra
  103. ^ Garner, Clare (25 June 1997). "Fellows divided over don who breached last bastion". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  104. ^ Featherstone, ed. by Mike (2000). Body Modification (1st publ. ed.). London: Sage. pp. 219–220. ISBN 9780761967958. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2019.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  105. ^ Reynolds, Flo (19 February 2013). "Arts history: Germaine Greer". Concrete. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  106. ^ In the news:1997 Archived 25 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine Press For Change.org.uk
  107. ^ "Brilliant Careers – Germaine Greer". Salon.com. 22 June 1999. Archived from the original on 1 June 2001. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  108. ^ Burwell, Ian (20 November 2015). "Germaine Greer, profile: Writer who has not backed down from fight with transgender community". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  109. ^ Wilkins, Emma (24 June 1997). "Fellow who had sex change divides all-women college". The Times. Dr Greer: "Dr Padman's past was kept secret from us on the governing body. We were told by people outside the college making fun of Newnham and, frankly, we feel we have been made monkeys of."
  110. ^ Bindel, Julie (1 August 2007). "My trans mission". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  111. ^ Burns, Christine (23 November 2004). "Transsexual People and the Press: Collected Opinions from Transsexual People Themselves" (PDF). Press for Change. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  112. ^ Claire McNab Re: UK: Gender benders, beware [The Guardian] McNab's reaction to PfC list on article
  113. ^ Denham, Jess (17 September 2013). "Death threats force feminist campaigner out of university debate". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  114. ^ Wild, Angela (12 April 2019). "OPINION: Lesbians need to get the L out of the LGBT+ community". Openly. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  115. ^ Stern, Jessica (15 April 2019). "OPINION: A new wing of the anti-gender movement". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  116. ^ Berkins, Lohana (February 2012). "Travestis: una identidad política" (PDF). Pensando los Feminismos en Bolivia. Serie Foros 2 (in Spanish). La Paz, Bolivia: Conexión Fondo de Emancipación: 221–228. ISBN 978-9995423032. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  117. ^ Bellucci, Mabel (1 March 2019). ""Acá está Lohana. Díganle en la cara lo que piensan"" (in Spanish). LatFem. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  118. ^ López, Analía Daniela (15 November 2013). "Lohana Berkins: "Se cimentó un feminismo que todavía es muy difícil de correr"" (in Spanish). Revista Furias. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  119. ^ Wayar, Marlene (2019). "No se nace mujer, llega una a serlo". Anfibia (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  120. ^ Peker, Luciana (7 February 2016). "La comandante de las mariposas". Página/12 (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  121. ^ Gupta, Alisha Haridasani; Politi, Daniel (11 May 2021). "These Three Feminists Are Changing Argentina from the Inside". The New York Times.
  122. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2019/12/05/teens-argentina-are-leading-charge-gender-neutral-language/
  123. ^ Politi, Daniel (15 April 2020). "In Argentina, a Bid to Make Language Gender Neutral Gains Traction". The New York Times.
  124. ^ "Victory for Argentina's women as abortion charges are dropped". 10 January 2021.
  125. ^ "Argentine Feminists Are About to Win the Fight for Abortion Rights".
  126. ^ "Five lessons from Argentina's feminist movements' fight for legal abortions".
  127. ^ Macdonald, Neil (13 May 2017). "The far left and far right converge on transgender rights in Canada: Neil Macdonald". CBC.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  128. ^ Catherine Conroy, Margaret Atwood: 'When did it become the norm to expect a porn star on the first date?', in The Irish Times, 1 March 2018
  129. ^ Lisa Allardice, Margaret Atwood: 'I am not a prophet. Science fiction is really about now', in The Guardian, 20 January 2018
  130. ^ "Our Feminism is Trans Inclusive. | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights".
  131. ^ https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/jessica-platt-cwhl-transgender-1.4483428
  132. ^ "After coming out as a transgender person, Canadian soccer player Quinn finds comfort and challenges in sport". 23 September 2020.
  133. ^ "Rugby Canada Provides Update on Feedback to Proposed Transgender Guidelines".
  134. ^ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/counter-rally-diverse-organization-halifax-women-s-march-1.4496892
  135. ^ "This Women's Day, Let's Promote Trans-Inclusive Feminism for All". 8 March 2019.
  136. ^ "Transgenre et féministe : Deux réalités irréconciliables?".
  137. ^ "La première femme trans à la tête de la FFQ veut pousser le féminisme au-delà de la tolérance".
  138. ^ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/city-of-vancouver-to-cut-funding-to-women-s-group-on-basis-of-transgender-discrimination-1.5062688
  139. ^ https://www.rtl.fr/actu/debats-societe/pourquoi-une-tribune-feministe-est-elle-accusee-de-transphobie-7800116510
  140. ^ https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/2020/02/13/pourquoi-le-huffpost-a-t-il-depublie-une-tribune-sur-les-femmes-trans_1778272/
  141. ^ https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/2020/02/13/quel-est-le-point-de-depart-de-la-polemique-sur-la-place-des-trans-dans-le-feminisme_1778259/
  142. ^ https://blogs.mediapart.fr/les-invites-de-mediapart/blog/050220/pour-un-feminisme-inclusif-envers-les-femmes-transgenres
  143. ^ https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2020/02/26/le-debat-sur-la-place-des-femmes-trans-n-a-pas-lieu-d-etre_1779708/
  144. ^ Josephson, Jyl (2012). "Gender Equality and Trans Issues in Iceland". SSRN 2108934. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  145. ^ "When feminism supports trans rights, everybody wins – just like in Iceland | Owl Fisher". 9 September 2019.
  146. ^ Elliott, Alexander (19 June 2019). "New law to help trans and intersex people". RÚV.is.
  147. ^ "On trans issues, Iceland has just put Britain to shame". The Guardian. 21 June 2019.
  148. ^ "Trans People and Feminist Solidarity". 6 November 2020.
  149. ^ "Trans Ísland hluti af Kvenréttindafélaginu". 30 April 2021.
  150. ^ https://gcn.ie/ireland-says-no-to-terfs/
  151. ^ ""Stay away from Ireland," British anti-trans feminists told". 23 January 2018.
  152. ^ "Meeting the diverse groups coming together for abortion rights in Ireland". 9 May 2018.
  153. ^ "'Compassion was a key message'".
  154. ^ https://gcn.ie/irish-lgbtq-community-stand-irishsolidarit-transphobia-trans-day-remembrance/
  155. ^ "Let's Talk About: Bodily Autonomy, Trans Healthcare and the fight for Reproductive Justice". 6 March 2021.
  156. ^ Chironi, Daniela (2019). "Generations in the Feminist and LGBT Movements in Italy: The Case of Non Una di Meno". American Behavioral Scientist. 63 (10): 1469–1496. doi:10.1177/0002764219831745. S2CID 150926700.
  157. ^ "Gender identity bill divides Spain's feminists, left-wing". 20 April 2021.
  158. ^ "Trans women and feminism: The struggle is real".
  159. ^ "To be young, black and transgender in South Africa – Livemag".
  160. ^ Baggs, Michael (17 October 2018). "Gender Recognition Act: 'Why we want transgender rules changed'". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  161. ^ "Gender Recognition Act". Stonewall. 13 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  162. ^ Women and Equalities Committee (8 January 2016). Transgender Equality (Report). House of Commons. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2019. We recommend that the Equality Act be amended so that the occupational requirements provision and / or the single-sex / separate services provision shall not apply in relation to discrimination against a person whose acquired gender has been recognised under the Gender Recognition Act 2004.
  163. ^ "Do trans rights affect women's rights?". BBC. 31 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  164. ^ "Twitter 'bans women against trans ideology', say feminists". BBC News. 30 May 2018.
  165. ^ "UCL Women's Liberation Convenors respond to defamation of WPUK". blogs.ucl.ac.uk. UCL UCL Women's Liberation. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  166. ^ "Trans allies pull out of University of Oxford feminist conference over ties with 'clearly transphobic' Woman's Place UK". PinkNews. 3 March 2020.
  167. ^ Hinsliff, Gaby (10 May 2018). "The Gender Recognition Act is controversial – can a path to common ground be found?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  168. ^ Freedman, Rosa; Auchmuty, Rosemary (17 August 2018). "Women's Rights and the Proposed Changes to the Gender Recognition Act". Oxford Human Rights Hub. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  169. ^ Dunne, Peter; Hewitt, Tara (16 January 2018). "Gender Recognition, Self-Determination and Segregated Space". Oxford Human Rights Hub. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  170. ^ Hasenbush, Amira; Flores, Andrew R.; Herman, Jody L. (1 March 2019). "Gender Identity Nondiscrimination Laws in Public Accommodations: a Review of Evidence Regarding Safety and Privacy in Public Restrooms, Locker Rooms, and Changing Rooms". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 16 (1): 70–83. doi:10.1007/s13178-018-0335-z. ISSN 1553-6610. S2CID 149893864. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  171. ^ Patrick Strudwick, Meet The Feminist Academics Championing Trans Rights Archived 23 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Buzzfeed News, 22 December 2018
  172. ^ "The Guardian view on the Gender Recognition Act: where rights collide". The Guardian. 17 October 2018. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  173. ^ Levin, Sam; Chalabi, Mona; Siddiqui, Sabrina (2 November 2018). "Why we take issue with the Guardian's stance on trans rights in the UK". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  174. ^ Stephen Paton, They do not speak for us: Feminists hit back at trans-exclusionary activists in open letter Archived 3 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, 3 March 2019, The National
  175. ^ Hannah Rodger, Women hit back at 'archaic and damaging' views on transgender rights in scathing open letter Archived 3 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, 3 March 2019, The Herald
  176. ^ "Joint statement by national feminist orgs in support of the Equal Recognition Campaign and reform of the Gender Recognition Act – equal recognition".
  177. ^ "Cambridge Rape Crisis Centre will continue to recruit trans volunteers".
  178. ^ "Rape crisis centre forced to defend gender neutral toilets after Twitter pile on". 4 March 2020.
  179. ^ "Mission and Principles". Feminist Majority Foundation. 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

Further reading[]

  • Califia, Patrick. Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgenderism, San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press, 1997. ISBN 1-573-44072-8
  • Jeffreys, Sheila. Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism. London : Routledge, 2013. ISBN 0-415-53940-4
  • Barrett, Ruth. "Female Erasure." Lebec, CA. Tidal Time Publishing, 2016.
  • Ahmed, Sara (2017). Living a Feminist Life (1st ed.). North Carolina, U.S.: Duke University Press Books. ISBN 978-0822363194.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""