Womyn-born womyn
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Womyn-born womyn (WBW) is a term developed during second-wave feminism to designate women who were assigned female at birth, were raised as girls, and identify as women (or womyn, a deliberately alternative spelling that challenges the centering of male as norm).
Events and organizations that have womyn-born-womyn-only policies bar access to anyone who was assigned male at birth: men, trans women, and male children older than a determined age.
Second-wave feminism
The term "womyn-born womyn" gained usage and popularity during the second wave feminist movement. In 1978, the Lesbian Organization of Toronto adopted a womyn-born womyn-only policy in response to a request for admittance by a transgender woman who identified as lesbian. Womyn-born womyn policies held that the nature of the feminine experience over the course of a lifetime could only be experienced by someone who experienced life presenting as a woman.[1] The intent was to create a space for only women, defined not by identity but experience, defined in a way that excluded transgender women.[2]
Second-wave feminism is a period in the feminist movement lasting from the 1960s until around the 1980s.[3][full citation needed] Some feminists of the period such as scholars Sheila Jeffreys, Janice Raymond, and theologian Mary Daly were proponents of womyn-born womyn policies. These policies created controversy and scholarly discussion.
Raymond's The Transsexual Empire (1979) is often seen as the characterizing work of this movement. It is known for its view of trans women as privileged men who did not previously live in the oppression of the patriarchy, stating, "We know who we are. We know that we are women who are born with female chromosomes and anatomy, and that whether or not we were socialised to be so-called normal women, patriarchy has treated and will treat us like women. Transsexuals have not had this same history."[1]
The surgeons and hormone therapists of the transsexual kingdom, in their effort to give birth, can be said to produce feminine persons. They cannot produce women. – Mary Daly[4]
Jeffreys was similarly outspoken in her criticisms of trans women, arguing that the feminine characteristics they were adopting are simply those that women must adopt to avoid punishment from the patriarchy. She believed trans women adopt stereotypical attributes that are enforced by the patriarchy and were political signifiers of the oppression of women.[2] (See Social construction of gender.)
Judith Butler (regarded as the "most significant theorist" of third-wave feminism[5]) is opposed to womyn-born-womyn policies yet is often used as an argument for them by modern second-wave feminists. Butler's 1990 book Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity contained discussion of performativity versus performance, which second-wave feminists used to exclude trans women on account of their performativity through repetition of gender norms, which is "real only to the extent that it is performed", which was used as a separator from experience.[6]
Women-only spaces
A women-only space is an area where only women are allowed, thus providing a place where they do not have to interact with men.[7] Historically and globally, many cultures had, and many still have, some form of female seclusion.[8][9] Organizations and events with womyn-born womyn policies specifically exclude trans women from these spaces, restricting access to only cisgender women.[10]
Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
Throughout the final quarter of the twentieth century, women's music festivals often enacted womyn-born womyn policies. After the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (MichFest) was described as a gathering for "women born as women and living as women", these intentions garnered wider attention in response to the exclusion of trans women from such events.[11]
In 1977, MichFest's primary owner, Lisa Vogel, issued a letter (co-signed by 21 supporters) to the feminist music collective Olivia Records, objecting to the inclusion of production employees at the festival that were not born female, notably Sandy Stone:[12]
We are writing concerning your decision to employ Sandy Stone...as your recording engineer and sound technician. We feel that it was and is irresponsible of you to have presented this person as a woman to the women's community when in fact he is a post-operative transsexual. The decision to work with a transsexual is one issue in itself; but the omission of this information from the public of women who support you was an unwise choice....We do not believe that a man without a penis is a woman any more than we would accept a white woman with dyed skin as a Black woman. Sandy Stone grew up as a white male in this culture, with all the privileges and attitudes that that insures [sic]. It was his white male privilege that gave him access to the recording studio and the opportunity to gain engineering practice in the first place. He has never had to suffer the discrimination, self-hatred or fear that a woman must endure and survive in her life...How can we share feelings of sisterhood and solidarity with someone who has not had a woman's experience?[12]
After 40 years, the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival held its last event in 2015.[13] This final gathering followed the withdrawal of support by the National Center for Lesbian Rights, National LGBTQ Task Force, and The TransAdvocate nonprofit website, for a boycott against MichFest and its womyn-born womyn intention.[14]
The RadFem Collective
The RadFem Collective, a UK-based radical feminist group, describes its membership as "restricted to 'women born women and living as women'" and promotes womyn-born womyn policies.[15] The statement for the 2015 conference was rephrased in explanatory form to read "RadFems Resist is a women only, feminist event. Our conference is a space for women to share our experiences as women, to politically self organise for women's liberation and to celebrate womanhood in a safe environment. We welcome all women who were raised and socialized as girls to join us...We are gender abolitionists who have been raised and socialized as girls and women *because of our female bodies* in the context of patriarchy."[16]
See also
- Feminist views on transgender topics
- Sex segregation
- Third-wave feminism
- Transphobia
- Women-only space
- Womyn's land
References
- ^ a b Raymond, Janice (1994). The Transsexual Empire. p. 114. ISBN 978-0807021644.
- ^ a b Jeffreys, Sheila (1990). Anticlimax: a feminist perspective on the sexual revolution. London: Women's Press. ISBN 9780704342033.
- ^ Sarah Gamble, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism (2001) p. 25
- ^ Daly, Mary (1978). Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (1990 ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0807015100. LCCN 78053790.
- ^ Yenor, Scott (July 31, 2017). "The Rolling Revolution in Sex and Gender: A History". Public Discourse. Witherspoon Institute. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ Disch, Lisa Jane; Hawkesworth, M. E. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-19-932858-1. OCLC 967840756. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ Lewis, Ruth; Sharp, Elizabeth; Remnant, Jenni; Redpath, Rhiannon (November 2015). "'Safe Spaces': Experiences of Feminist Women-Only Space". Sociological Research Online. 20 (4): 105–118. doi:10.5153/sro.3781. ISSN 1360-7804. S2CID 147133694.
- ^ Cohen, David S. (2010). "The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation". Columbia Journal of Gender & Law. 20 (1): 51–140. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1558451. ISSN 1556-5068.
- ^ Spain, Daphne (July 1993). "Gendered Spaces and Women's Status". Sociological Theory. 11 (2): 137–151. doi:10.2307/202139. JSTOR 202139.
- ^ Khayrallah, Nadia (2015-05-01). "Born a Womyn?: Lisa Vogel's Paradigm for Transgender Exclusion". The Morningside Review. 11. ISSN 2333-6536.
- ^ Vitello, Paul (August 20, 2006). "The Trouble When Jane Becomes Jack". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ a b Vogel, Lisa (1977). "Sister, June 1977 Issue (Published Letter)" (PDF). Eminism Archives.
- ^ Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (April 21, 2015). "Dear Sisters, Amazon, Festival family". Facebook. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
- ^ Ring, Trudy (April 21, 2015). "This Year's Michigan Womyn's Music Festival Will Be the Last". The Advocate. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
- ^ Kaveney, Roz (25 May 2012). "Radical feminists are acting like a cult". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
- ^ "RadFems Resist 2015". RadFem Collective. 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
Works cited
- Butler, Judith (January 1990). "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory". In Case, Sue-Ellen (ed.). Performing Feminisms: Feminist Critical Theory and Theatre. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3969-6.
- Hayes, Eileen M. (2010). Songs in Black and Lavender: Race, Sexual Politics, and Women's Music. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03514-2.
Further reading
- Brotman, Barbara (October 23, 1986). "Dictionary For 'Womyn' Says Half Of Society Is A Dirty 3-letter Word". Chicago Tribune.
- Dobkin, Alix; Tatnall, Sally (January 28, 2015). "The Erasure of Lesbians". Gender Identity Watch. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
- Heuchan, Claire (February 22, 2017). "Lezbehonest about Queer Politics Erasing Lesbian Women". Sister Outrider. (Sister Outrider received the 2016 Best Blog award from Write to End Violence Against Women.)
- Kershaw, Sarah (January 30, 2009). "My Sister's Keeper". The New York Times.
- OLOC Boston (Old Lesbians Organizing for Change) (2016). "Erasing Lesbians". The Proud Trust.
- Books and journals
- Anderson, Jacqueline (Winter 1995). "Lesbian Space: Wimmin Born Wimmin/Man Made Wimmin–Whose Space Is It?". Lesbian Ethics. 5 (2).
- Enke, A. Finn (2007). Finding the Movement: Sexuality, Contested Space, and Feminist Activism (1st ed.). Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4062-1.
- Jeffreys, Sheila (2003). Unpacking Queer Politics: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective (1st ed.). Polity. ISBN 978-0745628370.
- Morris, Bonnie J. (2016). The Disappearing L: Erasure of Lesbian Spaces and Culture (1st ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6177-9.
External links
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