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Pansexuality

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Pansexuality
Pansexual symbol.svg
Symbol of pansexuality
EtymologyAncient Greek: πᾶν, romanized: pan, meaning "all"
DefinitionSexual or romantic attraction to people regardless of gender
ClassificationSexual identity
Parent categoryBisexuality
Other terms
Associated termsPolysexual, queer, heteroflexibility
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Pansexual pride flag
Flag namePansexual pride flag
Sexual orientation
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Sexual orientations
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  • Homosexual
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Pansexuality is sexual, romantic, or emotional attraction towards people regardless of their sex or gender identity.[1][2] Pansexual people may refer to themselves as gender-blind, asserting that gender and sex are not determining factors in their romantic or sexual attraction to others.[3][4]

Pansexuality may be considered a sexual orientation in its own right or a branch of bisexuality, to indicate an alternative sexual identity.[2][5][6] Because pansexual people are open to relationships with people who do not identify as strictly men or women, and pansexuality therefore rejects the gender binary,[2][7] it is considered by some to be a more inclusive term than bisexual.[8] The extent to which the term bisexual is inclusive when compared with the term pansexual is debated within the LGBT community, especially the bisexual community.[8]

History of the term

Pansexuality is also sometimes called omnisexuality.[9][8][10] Omnisexuality may be used to describe those "attracted to people of all genders across the gender spectrum", and pansexuality may be used to describe the same people, or those attracted to people "regardless of gender".[11] The prefix pan- comes from the Ancient Greek word for "all, every", πᾶν; omni- comes from the Latin word for "all", omnis.

The hybrid words pansexual and pansexualism were first attested in 1914 (spelled pan-sexualism), coined by opponents of Sigmund Freud[12] to denote the idea "that the sex instinct plays the primary part in all human activity, mental and physical".[13][14] The term was translated to German as pansexualismus in Freud's work Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.[15]

The word pansexual is attested as a term for a variety of attraction, alongside omnisexual and the earlier bisexual, by the 1970s.[16] Bi Any Other Name states that "pansexual people have been actively involved in the bisexual community since the 1970s."[17] The term pansexuality emerged as a term for a sexual identity or sexual orientation in the 1990s, "to describe desires that already existed for many people".[18][11] Social psychologist Nikki Hayfield states that the term saw early use in BDSM communities.[11]

Comparison to bisexuality and other sexual identities

Definitions

A literal dictionary definition of bisexuality, due to the prefix bi-, is sexual or romantic attraction to two sexes (males and females), or to two genders (men and women).[8][19] Pansexuality, however, composed with the prefix pan-, is the sexual attraction to a person of any sex or gender. Using these definitions, pansexuality is defined differently by explicitly including people who are intersex, transgender, or outside the gender binary.[2][8]

Volume 2 of Cavendish's Sex and Society states that "although the term's literal meaning can be interpreted as 'attracted to everything,' people who identify as pansexual do not usually include paraphilias, such as bestiality, pedophilia, and necrophilia, in their definition" and that they "stress that the term pansexuality describes only consensual adult sexual behaviors."[2]

The definition of pansexuality can encourage the belief that it is the only sexual identity that covers individuals who do not cleanly fit into the categories of male or man, or female or woman.[1][7][8] However, bisexual-identified people and scholars may object to the notion that bisexuality means sexual attraction to only two genders, arguing that since bisexual is not simply about attraction to two sexes and encompasses attraction to different genders as well, it includes attraction to more than two genders.[8][20] Gender is considered more complex than the state of one's sex, as gender includes genetic, hormonal, environmental and social factors.[2] Furthermore, the term bisexual is sometimes defined as the romantic or sexual attraction to multiple genders.[8] The Bisexual Resource Center, for example, defines bisexuality as "an umbrella term for people who recognize and honor their potential for sexual and emotional attraction to more than one gender",[21] while the American Institute of Bisexuality states that the term bisexual "is an open and inclusive term for many kinds of people with same-sex and different-sex attractions"[22] and that "the scientific classification bisexual only addresses the physical, biological sex of the people involved, not the gender-presentation."[20]

Scholar Shiri Eisner states that terms such as pansexual, omnisexual, polysexual, queer, etc. are being used in place of the term bisexual because "bisexuality, it's been claimed, is a gender binary, and therefore oppressive, word" and that "the great debate is being perpetuated and developed by bisexual-identified transgender and genderqueer people on the one hand, and non-bi-identified transgender and genderqueer people on the other." Eisner argues that "the allegations of binarism have little to do with bisexuality's actual attributes or bisexual people's behavior in real life" and that the allegations are a political method to keep the bisexual and transgender movements separated, because of those who believe that bisexuality ignores or erases the visibility of transgender and genderqueer people.[8]

The American Institute of Bisexuality argues that "terms like pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, and ambisexual also describe a person with homosexual and heterosexual attractions, and therefore people with those labels are also bisexual" and that "by replacing the prefix bi – (two, both) with pan- (all), poly- (many), omni- (all), ambi- (both, and implying ambiguity in this case), people who adopt these labels seek to clearly express the fact that gender does not factor into their own sexuality", but "this does not mean, however, that people who identify as bisexual are fixated on gender."[22] The institute believes that the idea that identifying as bisexual reinforces a false gender binary "has its roots in the anti-science, anti-Enlightenment philosophy that has ironically found a home within many Queer Studies departments at universities across the Anglophone world," and that, "while it is true that our society's language and terminology do not necessarily reflect the full spectrum of human gender diversity, that is hardly the fault of people who choose to identify as bi. ... The Latin prefix bi- does indeed indicate two or both, however the 'both' indicated in the word bisexual are merely homosexual (lit. same sex) and heterosexual (lit. different sex)." The institute argues that heterosexuality and homosexuality, by contrast, "are defined by the boundary of two sexes/genders. Given those fundamental facts, any criticism of bisexuality as reinforcing a gender binary is misplaced. Over time, our society's concept of human sex and gender may well change."[20]

Umbrella term

Social psychologist Corey Flanders said the "bisexual umbrella" is a term used to describe a range of sexual identities and communities that express attraction to multiple genders, often grouping together those who identify as bisexual, pansexual, queer, and fluid, as well as other identities. The term faces issues of balancing inclusivity with cohesiveness where, on one hand, the term can bring together many disparate identities and gather their experiences, and on the other, it can lead to too many sub-groupings and exclude those who identify with more than one sexual identity.[23]

The term pansexuality is sometimes used interchangeably with bisexuality, and, similarly, people who identify as bisexual may "feel that gender, biological sex, and sexual orientation should not be a focal point in potential [romantic/sexual] relationships."[2] Additionally, pansexuality is often used in conjunction with bisexuality, which can pose difficulties in studying differences and similarities in experiences between those who identify as pansexual and those who identify as bisexual and not pansexual.[11] In one study analyzing sexual identities described as alternative terms for bisexual or bi-self labels, "half of all bisexual and bisexual-identified respondents also chose alternative self-labels such as queer, pansexual, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, polysexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic."[5] In a 2017 study, identifying as pansexual was found to be "most appealing to nonheterosexual women and noncisgender individuals."[24] Polysexuality is similar to pansexuality in definition, meaning "encompassing more than one sexuality", but not necessarily encompassing all sexualities. This is distinct from polyamory, which means more than one intimate relationship at the same time with the knowledge and consent of everyone involved. The American Institute of Bisexuality stated, the term fluid (not to be mistaken with genderfluid) "expresses the fact that the balance of a person's homosexual and heterosexual attractions exists in a state of flux and changes over time."[22]

Eisner states that "the idea of bisexuality as an umbrella term can emphasize a multiplicity of identities, forms of desire, lived experiences, and politics," and "resist a single standard" of defining bisexual-umbrella identities and communities, including pansexuality and pansexuals. Eisner also says that only those who want to be included under the bisexual umbrella should be included.[25] The term plurisexualities is used by social psychologist Nikki Hayfield over bisexuality as an umbrella term "to capture additional identities relating to attraction to multiple genders", while also referring to specific identities like bisexual, asexual, and pansexual.[11]

In contrast to the idea of a bisexual umbrella, scholars Christopher Belous and Melissa Bauman propose that pansexuality might be considered more of an umbrella term than bisexuality, arguing that because pansexuality is often defined more broadly than bisexuality, bisexuality may exist under the umbrella of "pansexual orientations". They noted that more research is necessary to clarify which of the two terms might be more appropriate as an umbrella term.[26] Scholar Emily Prior questions the use of bisexuality as an umbrella term, noting that "the empirical evidence just isn't there" to determine whether bisexuality can effectively act as an umbrella term.[27] Social psychologist Joye Swan argues that including other orientations under the bisexual umbrella contributes to bisexual invisibility, invisibility for other sexualities, and presumes that "all or most bisexual people agree with being categorized" under the bisexual umbrella.[27]

Demographics

A 2016 Harris Poll survey of 2,000 US adults commissioned by GLAAD[28] found that among 18-34 year-olds, about two percent self-identify as pansexual[29] and approximately one percent in all other age groups.[30] In 2017, 14% of a sample of 12,000 LGBTQ youth between 13 and 17 years of age declared themselves pansexual in a Human Rights Campaign/University of Connecticut survey.[31][32]

According to the National Center for Transgender Equality, 25% of American transgender people identify as bisexual.[33] A 2017 study published in the Journal of Bisexuality found that when bisexuals and pansexuals described gender and defined bisexuality, "there were no differences in how pansexual and bisexual people ... discussed sex or gender", and that the findings "do not support the stereotype that bisexual people endorse a binary view of gender while pansexual people do not."[34] One New Zealand 2019 study of a nationally representative group of bisexual and pansexual participants found that younger, gender-diverse, and Maori people were more likely to self-identify as pansexual compared to bisexual.[35] Educational psychologist Barbara Gormley states that "bi+ people may embody more than one gender/sex as well as romantically love more than one gender/sex; therefore, we [bi+ people] have no reference point in a binary-gendered universe."[36]

Pansexual & Panromantic Awareness Day

The internationally recognised LGBT awareness period is the annual Pansexual & Panromantic Awareness Day (24 May[37]), first celebrated in 2015, to promote awareness of and celebrate pansexual and panromantic identities.

See also

References

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Hill, Marjorie J.; Jones, Billy E. (2002). Mental health issues in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-58562-069-2. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sex and Society. 2. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 593. ISBN 978-0-7614-7907-9. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  3. ^ Diamond, Lisa M.; Butterworth, Molly (September 2008). "Questioning gender and sexual identity: dynamic links over time". Sex Roles. New York City: Springer. 59 (5–6): 365–376. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9425-3. S2CID 143706723. Pdf.
  4. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of English defines pansexual as: "Not limited in sexual choice with regard to biological sex, gender, or gender identity"."definition of pansexual from Oxford Dictionaries Online". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2015-02-10. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Firestein, Beth A. (2007). Becoming Visible: Counseling Bisexuals Across the Lifespan. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-231-13724-9. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  6. ^ Sherwood Thompson (2014). Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 98. ISBN 978-1442216068. There are many other identity labels that could fall under the wider umbrella of bisexuality, such as pansexual, omnisexual, biromantic, or fluid (Eisner, 2013).
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Soble, Alan (2006). "Bisexuality". Sex from Plato to Paglia: a philosophical encyclopedia. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-313-32686-8. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Eisner, Shiri (2013). Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution. New York City: Seal Press. pp. 27–31. ISBN 978-1580054751. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  9. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Fourth Edition. Retrieved February 9, 2007, from Dictionary.com website
  10. ^ McAllum, Mary-Anne (2017). Young Bisexual Women's Experiences in Secondary Schools. Routledge. p. 2034. ISBN 978-1-351-79682-8.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hayfield, Nikki (2020). Bisexual and Pansexual Identities: Exploring and Challenging Invisibility and Invalidation. Routledge. pp. 1–17. ISBN 9780429875410.
  12. ^ "pansexual, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2021, www.oed.com/view/Entry/136944. Accessed 3 May 2021.
  13. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  14. ^ Another early definition was "the pervasion of all conduct and experience with sexual emotions"; as in The Free Dictionary.
  15. ^ Dot, Wordsworth (January 18, 2020). "Pansexuality has been around longer than you think". The Spectator. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  16. ^ Klemesrud, Judy (1 April 1974). "The Bisexuals". New York Magazine. Vol. 7 no. 13. p. 37.
  17. ^ Ka'ahumanu, Lani; Hutchins, Loraine, eds. (2015). Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out (2nd ed.). New York: Riverdale Avenue Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1626011991.
  18. ^ Goldberg, Abbie, ed. (13 April 2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies. SAGE Publications. p. 833. ISBN 9781483371290.
  19. ^ "GLAAD Media Reference Guide". Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Doesn't identifying as bisexual reinforce a false gender binary?". American Institute of Bisexuality. 2014. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  21. ^ Bisexual Resource Council/Bisexual Resource Center (2010). "BRC Brochure 2010" (PDF). Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b c "What is the difference between bisexual and terms like pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, ambisexual, and fluid?". American Institute of Bisexuality. 2014. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  23. ^ Flanders, Corey E. (January 2017). "Under the Bisexual Umbrella: Diversity of Identity and Experience". Journal of Bisexuality. 17 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1080/15299716.2017.1297145. S2CID 149216319.
  24. ^ Morandini, James S.; Blaszczynski, Alexander; Dar-Nimrod, Ilan (2017). "Who Adopts Queer and Pansexual Sexual Identities?". The Journal of Sex Research. 54 (7): 911–922. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1249332. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 27911091. S2CID 5113284.
  25. ^ Eisner, Shiri (2013). Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution. New York City: Seal Press. pp. 27–31. ISBN 978-1580054751. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  26. ^ Belous, Christopher K.; Bauman, Melissa L. (January 2017). "What's in a Name? Exploring Pansexuality Online". Journal of Bisexuality. 17 (56): 58–72. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1224212. S2CID 152208083 – via LGBTQ+ Source, EBSCOhost.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Swan, Joye D. (2018). Bisexuality: Theories, Research, and Recommendations for the Invisible Sexuality. New York, NY: Springer. pp. ix–xiii, 49–56. ISBN 9783319715353.
  28. ^ "Accelerating Acceptance: GLAAD Study Reveals Twenty Percent of Millennials Identify as LGBTQ". GLAAD. 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  29. ^ Murphy, Brian (31 March 2017). "1 in 5 millennials identifies as LGBTQ, according to new survey". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  30. ^ "Accelerating Acceptance 2017. A Harris Poll survey of Americans' acceptance of LGBTQ people" (PDF). GLAAD. 2017. p. 4. Retrieved 8 April 2021. Sexual orientation by age group (...) Pansexual 2% [age group 18-34], 1% [35-51], 1% [52-71], 1% [72+]
  31. ^ "2018 LGBTQ Youth Report". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  32. ^ Sherouse, Beth (12 June 2018). "More youth are identifying as 'pansexual.' Here's what the term means". Think Progress. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  33. ^ Harrison, Jack (5 June 2013). "Wonky Wednesday: Trans people & sexual orientation". Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  34. ^ Flanders, Corey E. (January–March 2017). "Defining Bisexuality: Young Bisexual and Pansexual People's Voices". Journal of Bisexuality. 17 (1): 39–57. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1227016. S2CID 151944900.
  35. ^ Greaves, Lara M. (2019). "Comparing Pansexual- and Bisexual-Identified Participants on Demographics, Psychological Well-Being, and Political Ideology in a New Zealand National Sample". Journal of Sex Research. 56 (9): 1083–1090. doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1568376. PMID 30724611. S2CID 73436199.
  36. ^ Gormley, Barbara (April 2018). "Liberation of Bisexual Consciousness: Maneuvering Through Hostile Life Environments". Journal of Bisexuality. 18 (2): 230–248. doi:10.1080/15299716.2018.1450174. S2CID 149476908 – via LGBTQ+ Source, EBSCOhost.
  37. ^ "Pansexual and Panromantic Awareness & Visibility Day 2020". Gendered Intellengence. Retrieved 31 December 2020.

Further reading

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