LGBT rights in the Americas

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"LGBT rights in America" redirects here. For for the same topic in the United States of America, see LGBT rights in the United States.

LGBT rights in the Americas
LGBT rights Americas.svg
StatusLegal in 26 out of 35 states
Legal in all 21 territories
Gender identityLegal in 13 out of 35 states
Legal in 8 out of 21 territories
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in 14 out of 29 states that have an army
Allowed in all 21 territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 22 out of 35 states
Protected in 14 out of 21 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognized in 10 out of 35 states
Recognized in 18 out of 21 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 7 out of 35 states
AdoptionLegal in 7 out of 35 states
Legal in 13 out of 21 territories

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex marriages have been legal in Canada (nationwide) since 2005, in Argentina since 2010, in both Brazil (nationwide) and Uruguay since 2013, in the United States (nationwide) since 2015, in Colombia since 2016, in Ecuador since 2019 and in Costa Rica since 2020. In Mexico, same-sex marriages are performed in Mexico City and in the states of Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa and Tlaxcala, as well as in certain municipalities in Guerrero, Querétaro and Zacatecas. Those unions are recognized nationwide.

Among non-independent states, same-sex marriage is also legal in Greenland, the British Overseas Territories of Bermuda, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, all French territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, French Guiana, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and in the Caribbean Netherlands, while marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. More than 700 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.

In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights recognizes same-sex marriage as a human right. This has made the legalization of such unions mandatory in the following countries: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay are also under the court's jurisdiction but had already same-sex marriage before the ruling was handed down.

Furthermore, some other nations have laws recognizing other types of same-sex unions, like Chile.

However, nine other nations still have criminal punishment for "buggery" on their statute books.[1] These nine countries are Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Guyana, the last of which is on mainland South America and the rest of which are Caribbean islands. They are all former parts of the British West Indies.

Religion and LGBT acceptance[]

The British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought Christianity from Europe. In particular, the [Roman Catholic Church] and the Protestants, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships followed by Eastern Orthodox church,[2] the Methodist Church,[3][4] and some other Mainline (Protestant) denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[5] and the American Baptist Church,[6] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance. The Southern Baptist Convention.[7][8][9] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[10] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is sinful.[11][12]

However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and the Society of Friends (Quakers), and some congregations of the Presbyterian Church (U. S. A.). Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. Furthermore, many churches in the United Methodist Church in the US are choosing to officiate and bless same-sex marriage despite denomination-wide restrictions.[13] In addition, in the United States Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Reconstructionist Judaism now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Americas
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Argentina Ipsos 2021 73%[14] 21% 6%
 Brazil Ipsos 2021 69%[14] 25% 7%
 Canada Ipsos 2021 81%[14] 13% 6%
 Chile CADEM 2021 61%[15] 37% 2%
 Colombia Ipsos 2021 46%[14] 44% 8%
 Mexico Ipsos 2021 59%[14] 34% 7%
 Perù Ipsos 2021 41%[14] 52% 7%
 USA Ipsos 2021 72%[14] 22% 6%
State recognition of same-sex relationships in North America & Hawaii.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Same-sex marriages recognized, but not performed
  Binding judicial ruling against a ban on same-sex marriage
Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced
  • v
  • t
Recognition of same-sex unions in the Lesser Antilles
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but penalties not enforced
  Island subject to IACHR ruling, penalty not enforced
  • v
  • t
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage and other type of partnership
  Other type of partnership
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal, though penalties not enforced
  • v
  • t


Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
Tables:
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North America[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda Bermuda
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1994
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Domestic partnerships since 2018[16] Yes Legal since November 2018 and between May 2017 and June 2018 Yes Legal since 2015[17] Yes UK responsible for defence No Bans all anti-gay discrimination[18] No
Canada Canada Yes Legal since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[1][19] 		Yes Domestic partnerships in Nova Scotia (2001);[20]
Civil unions in Quebec (2002);[21]
Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003);[22]
Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004)[23] 		Yes Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005[24] Yes Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2011[25] Yes Since 1992[26]; Includes transgender people[27] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Manitoba (2015), Ontario (2015), Vancouver (2018), Nova Scotia (2018), Prince Edward Island (2019), Quebec (2020) and Yukon (2020) Yes Transgender people can change their gender and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017[28][29][30][31]
Greenland Greenland
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark) 		Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Registered partnerships between 1996 and 2016 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[32] Yes Legal since 2016 Yes Stepchild adoption since 2009;[33]
joint adoption since 2016[34] 		Yes The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[1] Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[35][36]
Mexico Mexico Yes Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes/No Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[37] Colima (between 2013 and 2016),[38] Campeche (2013),[39] Jalisco (between 2014 and 2018),[40] Michoacán (2015), Tlaxcala (2017), and Veracruz (2020) Yes/No Legal in Mexico City (2010),[41] Quintana Roo (2012),[42] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Nayarit (2015), Jalisco (2016), Campeche (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017), Baja California (2017), Nuevo León (2019), Aguascalientes (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Hidalgo (2019), Baja California Sur (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2020), Sinaloa (2021), and Yucatán (2021)
All states are obliged to recognise same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[41][43][44]
The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[45] but as state laws were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the courts[46][47] 		Yes/No Legal in Mexico City (2010),[48] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Jalisco (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Querétaro (2017), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017),[49][50] Aguascalientes (2018), Nuevo León (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019)[51] and Hidalgo (2019)[52] Emblem-question.svg (ambiguous) Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[53] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Mexico City (2020), México (2020), Baja California Sur (2020), Yucatán (2021) and Zacatecas (2021) Yes/No Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008),[54] Michoacán (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Colima (2019), Baja California (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2019), Chihuahua (2019), Sonora (2020), Jalisco (2020), Quintana Roo (2020), Puebla (2021), Baja California Sur (2021), and México (2021)
Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg Saint Pierre and Miquelon
(Overseas collectivity of France) 		Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[55] Yes Legal since 2013[56] Yes Legal since 2013[57] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[58] Yes Under French law[59]
United States United States Yes Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Domestic partnerships in California (1999), the District of Columbia (2002), Maine (2004), Washington (2007), Maryland (2008), Oregon (2008), Nevada (2009) and Wisconsin (2009).
Civil unions in Vermont (2000), Connecticut (2005), New Jersey (2007), New Hampshire (2008), Illinois (2011), Rhode Island (2011), Delaware (2012), Hawaii (2012) and Colorado (2013). 		Yes Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015 Yes Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016 Yes/No Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the U.S. military since 2011, following the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy.
Transgender people have been allowed to serve openly since 2021.[60]
Transvestites are currently banned from the military since 2012.[61]
Most openly Intersex people may be banned from the military under the Armed Forces ban of "hermaphrodites".[62] 		Yes/No Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 23 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Conversion therapy for minors is banned in 20 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Sexual orientation is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009. 		Yes/No Gender change is legal, under varying conditions, in 48 states + DC.
Nonbinary gender markers are available, under varying circumstances, in 25 states + DC.
Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Gender identity is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009.

Central America[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize Belize Yes Legal since 2016[63] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64][65][66] No[67]
Costa Rica Costa Rica Yes Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2014[68][69] Yes Legal since May 2020 Yes Legal since May 2020[70] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[1] Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018[71]
El Salvador El Salvador Yes Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No No Yes[72][73] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[72] No[74] Bans discrimination based on gender identity.
Guatemala Guatemala Yes Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No Pending No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No[75]
Honduras Honduras Yes Legal since 1899
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 2005 No Constitutional ban since 2005;[76][77] court decision pending No Constitutional ban since 2005 No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[78] No
Nicaragua Nicaragua Yes Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[1] No
Panama Panama Yes Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No Court decision pending No Court decision pending No Court decision pending Has no military Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[79][80] Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006[81][82]

Caribbean[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla Anguilla
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No No Yes UK responsible for defence No Emblem-question.svg
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda No Illegal
Penalty: 15-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[1] 		No No No No No No
Aruba Aruba
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) 		Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2016[83] No/Yes Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[84] No Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence No Emblem-question.svg
The Bahamas Bahamas Yes Legal since 1991;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No No Yes[1] No No
Barbados Barbados No Illegal
Penalty: Life imprisonment (Not enforced).[1] Legalization proposed 		No/Yes Foreign Domestic Partnerships recognized for immigration purposes "Welcome Stamp"[85]

Civil Unions proposed.[86]

No No No Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[87] No
Bonaire Bonaire
(a special municipality of the Netherlands) 		Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes[88] Yes Legal since 2012[89] Yes[90] Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Emblem-question.svg No
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No No Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[91] No
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 2001; Age of consent discrepancy[1]
+ UN decl. sign. 		Yes Civil Partnerships since 2020[92] No Yes Legal since 2020 Yes UK responsible for defence No No
Cuba Cuba Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No Legalization pending [93] No Yes[1][94] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [95][96][97] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender after sex change operations[98]
Curaçao Curaçao
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) 		Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No Pending No/Yes Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[84] No Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence No Emblem-question.svg
Dominica Dominica No Illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution (Not enforced).
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No No No No No
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Yes Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2010[citation needed] No No[99] No No
Grenada Grenada No Male illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (Rarely enforced).[100]
Yes Female always legal[1] 		No No No Has no military No No
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe
(Overseas department of France) 		Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[55] Yes Legal since 2013[56] Yes Legal since 2013[57] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[58] Yes Under French law[59]
Haiti Haiti Yes Legal since 1791 (as Saint-Domingue)[1] No No No Has no military No No
Jamaica Jamaica No Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years and/or hard labor (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
Yes Female always legal.[1] 		No No Constitutional ban since 1962 No No No No
Martinique Martinique
(Overseas department of France) 		Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[55] Yes Legal since 2013[56] Yes Legal since 2013[57] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[58] Yes Under French law[59]
Montserrat Montserrat
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2010[101] No Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[102] Emblem-question.svg
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
(Commonwealth of the United States) 		Yes Legal since 2003 Yes Legal since 2015 Yes Legal since 2015[103] Yes Legal since 2015 Yes United States responsible for defense[104][105] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Gender change legal since 2018; does not require surgery
Saba Saba
(a special municipality of the Netherlands) 		Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes[88] Yes Legal since 2012[89] Yes[90] Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Saint Barthelemy (local).svg Saint Barthélemy
(Overseas collectivity of France) 		Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[55] Yes Legal since 2013[56] Yes Legal since 2013[57] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[58] Yes Under French law[59]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis No Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years (Not enforced).
Yes Female always legal[1] 		No No No No No Emblem-question.svg
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia No Male illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
Yes Female always legal[1] 		No No No Has no military Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No
Flag of France.svg Saint Martin
(Overseas collectivity of France) 		Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[55] Yes Legal since 2013[56] Yes Legal since 2013[57] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[58] Yes Under French law[59]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines No Illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[1] Legalization proposed 		No No No Has no military No Emblem-question.svg
Sint Eustatius Sint Eustatius
(a special municipality of the Netherlands) 		Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes[88] Yes Legal since 2012[89] Yes[90] Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Emblem-question.svg No
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) 		Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No/Yes Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[84] No Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence No Emblem-question.svg
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Yes Legal since 2018[106] No No No No No No
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2011[107] No Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[1] No
United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands
(Territory of the United States) 		Yes Legal since 1985 Yes Legal since 2015[108] Yes Legal since 2015[108] Yes Legal since 2015[108] Yes United States responsible for defense[104][105] No No

South America[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina Argentina Yes Legal since 1887
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Civil unions in Buenos Aires (2003),[109] Río Negro Province (2003),[110] Villa Carlos Paz (2007) and Río Cuarto (2009)
Cohabitation unions nationwide since 2015[111] 		Yes Legal since 2010[112] Yes Legal since 2010 Yes Since 2009[113] Yes/No Legal protection in some cities;[114]
pending nationwide.
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010 		Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2012[115]

Transgender persons have a law reserving 1% of Argentina's public sector jobs. Economic incentives included in the new law aim to help trans people find work in all sectors. [116]

Bolivia Bolivia Yes Legal since 1832
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No[117]
Family life agreement pending[118][119] 		No Constitutional ban since 2009[120] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[121] Yes Since 2015[122][123][124]; Includes transgender people[125] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[1] Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2016[126][127][128][129]
Brazil Brazil Yes Legal since 1831
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes "Stable unions" legal in some states since 2004; all rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011[130][131] Yes Legal in some states since 2012, nationwide since 2013[132][133] Yes Legal since 2010[134] YesSince 1969[135] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[136]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999[137][138] 		Yes Transgender people can change their legal gender and name before a notary without the need of surgeries or judicial order since 2018[139][140][141]
Chile Chile Yes Legal since 1999;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Civil unions since 2015[142] No Pending[143] No Pending[144] Yes Since 2012[145]; Includes transgender people[146] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[147]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021 		Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 1974.
No surgeries or judicial order since 2019.[148]
Colombia Colombia Yes Legal since 1981
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes De facto marital union since 2007[149] Yes Legal since 2016[150] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2014;[151] joint adoption since 2015[152] Yes Since 1999[1] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[153] Yes Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notar, no surgeries or judicial order required[154]
Ecuador Ecuador Yes Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes De facto unions since 2009[155][156] Yes Legal since 2019[157] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[158] Emblem-question.svg[159] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[160]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2014 		Yes Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity; no surgeries or judicial order required[161][162][163]
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2017[164] Yes Legal since 2017[164] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[165] No
French Guiana French Guiana
(Overseas department of France) 		Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[55] Yes Legal since 2013[56] Yes Legal since 2013[57] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[58] Yes Under French law[59]
Guyana Guyana No Illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[1] 		No No Emblem-question.svg[166] Yes[167] No No
Paraguay Paraguay Yes Legal since 1880; Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No Constitutional ban since 1992[168] No Constitutional ban since 1992[169] No Yes[170] No No
Peru Peru Yes Legal since 1924
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No Proposed[171] No Proposed No Yes Since 2009[172] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[173][174][175][176][177] Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without the need for the completion of medical intervention since 2016. Judicial order required.[178][179]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign. 		Yes Legal since 2014[180] Yes Legal since 2014[180] Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Emblem-question.svg No
Suriname Suriname Yes Legal since 1869 (as Dutch Guiana);
Age of consent discrepancy 		No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[181] No Court decision pending[182][183]
Uruguay Uruguay Yes Legal since 1934
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		Yes Concubinage union since 2008[184] Yes Legal since 2013[185] Yes Legal since 2009[186] Yes Since 2009[187] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[188] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2017 Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order required since 2009.[189] Self-determination since 2018.
Venezuela Venezuela Yes Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[1] 		No Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 1999;
Proposed 		No Constitutional ban since 1999;
court decision pending[190] 		No No Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[1] No


See also[]

References[]

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Further reading[]

  • Corrales, J. (2021). The Politics of LGBT Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge University Press.
  • Díez, Jordi. The politics of gay marriage in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Mexico (Cambridge University Press, 2015).
  • Dion, Michelle L., and Jordi Díez. "Democratic values, religiosity, and support for same-sex marriage in Latin America." Latin American Politics and Society 59.4 (2017): 75–98.
  • Encarnación, Omar G. "Latin America's gay rights revolution." Journal of Democracy 22.2 (2011): 104–118.
  • Encarnación, Omar Guillermo. Out in the periphery: Latin America's gay rights revolution ( Oxford University Press, 2016).
  • Navarro, María Camila, et al. "Tolerance of Homosexuality in South American Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of Related Individual and Sociocultural Factors." International Journal of Sexual Health (2019): 1-12.
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