LGBT rights in the Americas
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Status | Legal in 26 out of 35 states Legal in all 21 territories |
Gender identity | Legal in 13 out of 35 states Legal in 8 out of 21 territories |
Military | Allowed to serve openly in 14 out of 29 states that have an army Allowed in all 21 territories |
Discrimination protections | Protected in 22 out of 35 states Protected in 14 out of 21 territories |
Family rights | |
Recognition of relationships | Recognized in 10 out of 35 states Recognized in 18 out of 21 territories |
Restrictions | Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 7 out of 35 states |
Adoption | Legal in 7 out of 35 states Legal in 13 out of 21 territories |
Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex marriages have been legal in Canada (nationwide) since 2005, in Argentina since 2010, in both Brazil (nationwide) and Uruguay since 2013, in the United States (nationwide) since 2015, in Colombia since 2016, in Ecuador since 2019 and in Costa Rica since 2020. In Mexico, same-sex marriages are performed in Mexico City and in the states of Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa and Tlaxcala, as well as in certain municipalities in Guerrero, Querétaro and Zacatecas. Those unions are recognized nationwide.
Among non-independent states, same-sex marriage is also legal in Greenland, the British Overseas Territories of Bermuda, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, all French territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, French Guiana, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and in the Caribbean Netherlands, while marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. More than 700 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.
In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights recognizes same-sex marriage as a human right. This has made the legalization of such unions mandatory in the following countries: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay are also under the court's jurisdiction but had already same-sex marriage before the ruling was handed down.
Furthermore, some other nations have laws recognizing other types of same-sex unions, like Chile.
However, nine other nations still have criminal punishment for "buggery" on their statute books.[1] These nine countries are Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Guyana, the last of which is on mainland South America and the rest of which are Caribbean islands. They are all former parts of the British West Indies.
Religion and LGBT acceptance[]
The British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought Christianity from Europe. In particular, the [Roman Catholic Church] and the Protestants, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships followed by Eastern Orthodox church,[2] the Methodist Church,[3][4] and some other Mainline (Protestant) denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[5] and the American Baptist Church,[6] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance. The Southern Baptist Convention.[7][8][9] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[10] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is sinful.[11][12]
However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and the Society of Friends (Quakers), and some congregations of the Presbyterian Church (U. S. A.). Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. Furthermore, many churches in the United Methodist Church in the US are choosing to officiate and bless same-sex marriage despite denomination-wide restrictions.[13] In addition, in the United States Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Reconstructionist Judaism now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.
Country | Pollster | Year | For | Against | Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other |
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Ipsos | 2021 | 73%[14] | 21% | 6% |
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Ipsos | 2021 | 69%[14] | 25% | 7% |
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Ipsos | 2021 | 81%[14] | 13% | 6% |
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CADEM | 2021 | 61%[15] | 37% | 2% |
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Ipsos | 2021 | 46%[14] | 44% | 8% |
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Ipsos | 2021 | 59%[14] | 34% | 7% |
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Ipsos | 2021 | 41%[14] | 52% | 7% |
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Ipsos | 2021 | 72%[14] | 22% | 6% |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/State_recognition_of_same-sex_relationships_%28North_America%29.svg/200px-State_recognition_of_same-sex_relationships_%28North_America%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Homosexuality_laws_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_Islands.svg/280px-Homosexuality_laws_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_Islands.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Same-sex_legislation_Lesser_Antilles_%28named%29.svg/250px-Same-sex_legislation_Lesser_Antilles_%28named%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/State_recognition_of_same-sex_relationships_%28South_America%29.svg/300px-State_recognition_of_same-sex_relationships_%28South_America%29.svg.png)
Legislation by country or territory
North America[]
LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
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![]() Civil unions in Quebec (2002);[21] Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003);[22] Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004)[23] |
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![]() joint adoption since 2016[34] |
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![]() ![]() All states are obliged to recognise same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[41][43][44] The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[45] but as state laws were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the courts[46][47] |
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![]() Civil unions in Vermont (2000), Connecticut (2005), New Jersey (2007), New Hampshire (2008), Illinois (2011), Rhode Island (2011), Delaware (2012), Hawaii (2012) and Colorado (2013). |
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![]() ![]() Transgender people have been allowed to serve openly since 2021.[60] Transvestites are currently banned from the military since 2012.[61] Most openly Intersex people may be banned from the military under the Armed Forces ban of "hermaphrodites".[62] |
![]() ![]() More extensive protections exist in 23 states, DC, and some municipalities. Conversion therapy for minors is banned in 20 states, DC, and some municipalities. Sexual orientation is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009. |
![]() ![]() Nonbinary gender markers are available, under varying circumstances, in 25 states + DC. Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity is prohibited nationwide since 2020. More extensive protections exist in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities. Gender identity is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009. |
Central America[]
LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
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Has no military | ![]() |
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Caribbean[]
LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
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![]() Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign.[1] |
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![]() Penalty: Life imprisonment (Not enforced).[1] Legalization proposed |
![]() ![]() Civil Unions proposed.[86] |
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![]() Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution (Not enforced). + UN decl. sign.[1] |
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![]() Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (Rarely enforced).[100] ![]() |
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Has no military | ![]() |
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Has no military | ![]() |
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![]() Penalty: 10 years and/or hard labor (Not enforced). Legalization proposed ![]() |
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![]() Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced). Legalization proposed ![]() |
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Has no military | ![]() |
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![]() Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[1] Legalization proposed |
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Has no military | ![]() |
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South America[]
LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
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![]() + UN decl. sign.[1] |
![]() Cohabitation unions nationwide since 2015[111] |
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![]() ![]() pending nationwide. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010 |
![]() Transgender persons have a law reserving 1% of Argentina's public sector jobs. Economic incentives included in the new law aim to help trans people find work in all sectors. [116] |
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![]() Family life agreement pending[118][119] |
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![]() Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999[137][138] |
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![]() Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign.[1] |
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![]() Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021 |
![]() No surgeries or judicial order since 2019.[148] |
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![]() Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2014 |
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![]() Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[1] |
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![]() Age of consent discrepancy |
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![]() Proposed |
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See also[]
- LGBT rights in Africa
- LGBT rights in Asia
- LGBT rights in Europe
- LGBT rights in Oceania
- Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
- Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
- Travesti (gender identity)
References[]
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Further reading[]
- Corrales, J. (2021). The Politics of LGBT Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge University Press.
- Díez, Jordi. The politics of gay marriage in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Mexico (Cambridge University Press, 2015).
- Dion, Michelle L., and Jordi Díez. "Democratic values, religiosity, and support for same-sex marriage in Latin America." Latin American Politics and Society 59.4 (2017): 75–98.
- Encarnación, Omar G. "Latin America's gay rights revolution." Journal of Democracy 22.2 (2011): 104–118.
- Encarnación, Omar Guillermo. Out in the periphery: Latin America's gay rights revolution ( Oxford University Press, 2016).
- Navarro, María Camila, et al. "Tolerance of Homosexuality in South American Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of Related Individual and Sociocultural Factors." International Journal of Sexual Health (2019): 1-12.
- LGBT rights in the Americas