Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's foil

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Men's foil
at the Games of the XXV Olympiad
Philippe Omnès.jpg
Philippe Omnès (2012)
VenuePalau de la Metal·lúrgia
Dates31 July 1992
Competitors59 from 25 nations
Medalists
1st place, gold medalist(s) Philippe Omnès  France
2nd place, silver medalist(s) Serhiy Holubytskiy  Unified Team
3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Elvis Gregory  Cuba
← 1988
1996 →

The men's foil was one of eight fencing events on the fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics programme. It was the twenty-first appearance of the event. The competition was held on 31 July 1992. 59 fencers from 25 nations competed.[1] Nations had been limited to three fencers each since 1928. The event was won by Philippe Omnès of France, the nation's first victory in the men's foil since 1956 and eighth overall (passing Italy for most all-time). Serhiy Holubytskiy of the Unified Team took silver. Elvis Gregory earned Cuba's first medal in the event in 88 years with his bronze.

Background[]

This was the 21st appearance of the event, which has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1908 (when there was a foil display only rather than a medal event). Five of the eight quarterfinalists from 1988 returned: gold medalist (and 1984 bronze medalist) Stefano Cerioni of Italy, silver medalist Udo Wagner of East Germany, fourth-place finisher Ulrich Schreck of West Germany, and fifth-place finishers Zsolt Érsek of Hungary and Mauro Numa (also the 1984 gold medalist) of Italy. Philippe Omnès of France had been a quarterfinalist in 1984 but had been defeated earlier in 1988; he medaled at all three of the world championships between the Seoul and Barcelona Games, including winning in 1990.[2]

The Philippines and Singapore each made their debut in the men's foil; some former Soviet republics competed as the Unified Team. France and the United States each made their 19th appearance, tied for most of any nation; France had missed only the 1904 (with fencers not traveling to St. Louis) and the 1912 (boycotted due to a dispute over rules) foil competitions, while the United States had missed the inaugural 1896 competition and boycotted the 1980 Games altogether.

Competition format[]

The 1992 tournament used a three-phase format roughly similar to prior years in consisting of a group phase, a double-elimination phase, and a single-elimination phase, but each phase was very different from previous formats.

The first phase was a single round (vs. 3 rounds in 1988) round-robin pool play format; each fencer in a pool faced each other fencer in that pool once. There were 9 pools with 6 or 7 fencers each. The fencers' ranks within the pool were ignored; the overall winning percentage (with touch differential and then touches against used as tie-breakers) were used to rank the fencers. The top 46 advanced to the second phase, while the other fencers were eliminated.

The second phase was a modified, truncated double-elimination tournament. 14 fencers received a bye to the second round (round of 32), while the 32 fencers ranked 15–46 played in the round of 64. Fencers losing in the round of 64 were eliminated, while the remaining rounds were double elimination via repechages. The repechages (but not the main brackets) used a complicated reseeding mechanism. Ultimately, the 4 fencers remaining undefeated after the round of 8 advanced to the quarterfinals along with 4 fencers who advanced through the repechages after one loss.

The final phase was a single elimination tournament with quarterfinals, semifinals, and a final and bronze medal match.

All bouts were to 5 touches. In the second and third phases, matches were best-of-three bouts.

Schedule[]

All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)

Date Time Round
Friday, 31 July 1992 Group round
Elimination round
Final round

Results[]

Group round[]

Fencers were ranked by win percent, then touch differential, then touches against. This ranking, with adjustments to ensure that no two fencers of the same nation were in the same bracket (noted in parentheses), was used to seed the elimination round brackets.

Rank Fencer Nation Pool Rank Wins Losses Win % TF TA TF - TA Qual.
1 Stefano Cerioni  Italy 7 1 6 0 1.000 30 8 22 Q
2 Ye Chong  China 1 1 6 0 1.000 30 11 19 Q
3 Dmitry Shevchenko  Unified Team 2 1 6 0 1.000 30 11 19 Q
4 Philippe Omnès  France 7 2 5 1 .833 26 11 15 Q
5 Andrea Borella  Italy 4 1 5 1 .833 27 13 14 Q
6 Zsolt Érsek  Hungary 3 1 5 1 .833 29 15 14 Q
7 Piotr Kiełpikowski  Poland 4 2 5 1 .833 25 15 10 Q
8 Marian Sypniewski  Poland 2 2 5 1 .833 28 19 9 Q
9 Serhiy Holubytskiy  Unified Team 5 1 4 1 .800 24 11 13 Q
10 Guillermo Betancourt  Cuba 9 1 4 1 .800 23 12 11 Q
11 Joachim Wendt  Austria 8 1 4 1 .800 24 13 11 Q
12 (14) Mauro Numa  Italy 8 2 4 1 .800 23 14 9 Q
13 (12) Ulrich Schreck  Germany 6 1 4 1 .800 22 17 5 Q
14 (13) Jonathan Davis  Great Britain 3 2 4 2 .667 27 14 13 Q
15 Thorsten Weidner  Germany 1 2 4 2 .667 27 16 11 Q
16 Elvis Gregory  Cuba 4 3 4 2 .667 24 16 8 Q
17 Udo Wagner  Germany 3 3 4 2 .667 24 19 5 Q
18 Anatol Richter  Austria 3 4 4 2 .667 22 18 4 Q
19 Hiroki Ichigatani  Japan 7 3 4 2 .667 20 17 3 Q
20 Vyacheslav Grigoryev  Unified Team 1 3 4 2 .667 22 19 3 Q
21 Oscar García  Cuba 6 2 3 2 .600 21 15 6 Q
22 Patrick Groc  France 5 2 3 2 .600 20 15 5 Q
23 Patrice Lhôtellier  France 9 2 3 2 .600 19 15 4 Q
24 Yu Bong-Hyeong  South Korea 5 3 3 2 .600 17 14 3 Q
25 Kinya Abe  Japan 9 3 3 2 .600 17 17 0 Q
26 Mike Marx  United States 1 4 3 3 .500 23 17 6 Q
27 (28) István Busa  Hungary 7 4 3 3 .500 24 21 3 Q
28 (27) Ramiro Bravo  Spain 4 4 3 3 .500 21 20 1 Q
29 Kim Yeong-Ho  South Korea 1 5 3 3 .500 20 20 0 Q
30 (31) Róbert Kiss  Hungary 2 3 3 3 .500 22 22 0 Q
31 (30) Wang Haibin  China 4 5 3 3 .500 21 22 -1 Q
32 Nick Bravin  United States 3 5 3 3 .500 19 22 -3 Q
33 Lo Moon Tong  Hong Kong 9 4 2 3 .400 18 19 -1 Q
34 (36) Michael Ludwig  Austria 6 3 2 3 .400 21 22 -1 Q
35 (34) Ola Kajbjer  Sweden 5 4 2 3 .400 18 20 -2 Q
36 (37) José Francisco Guerra  Spain 8 3 2 3 .400 17 20 -3 Q
37 (35) Maged Abdallah  Egypt 8 3 2 3 .400 17 20 -3 Q
38 Wu Xing Yao  Hong Kong 6 4 2 3 .400 18 21 -3 Q
39 Yoshihide Nagano  Japan 6 4 2 3 .400 18 21 -3 Q
40 Bill Gosbee  Great Britain 5 5 2 3 .400 14 18 -4 Q
41 Benoît Giasson  Canada 9 5 2 3 .400 16 20 -4 Q
42 Donnie McKenzie  Great Britain 6 6 2 3 .400 17 21 -4 Q
43 Adam Krzesiński  Poland 8 5 2 3 .400 17 21 -4 Q
44 Zaddick Longenbach  United States 2 4 2 4 .333 21 25 -4 Q
45 Wang Lihong  China 2 4 2 4 .333 21 25 -4 Q
46 Andrés García  Spain 7 5 2 4 .333 16 21 -5 Q
47 Kim Seung-Pyo  South Korea 2 6 2 4 .333 20 28 -8
48 Zahi El-Khoury  Lebanon 9 6 1 4 .200 11 21 -10
49 Tang Kwong Hau  Hong Kong 8 6 1 4 .200 12 22 -10
50 Alberto González  Argentina 5 6 1 4 .200 9 24 -15
51 Hein van Garderen  South Africa 7 6 1 5 .167 14 25 -11
52 José Guimarães  Portugal 2 7 1 6 .167 15 27 -12
53 Walter Torres  Philippines 1 6 1 5 .167 10 26 -16
54 Enzo da Ponte  Paraguay 3 6 1 5 .167 11 29 -18
Dario Torrente  South Africa 4 6 1 5 .167 11 29 -18
56 José Marcelo Álvarez  Paraguay 4 7 0 6 .000 16 30 -14
57 Wong James  Singapore 3 7 0 6 .000 15 30 -15
58 Tan Ronald  Singapore 1 7 0 6 .000 7 30 -23
59 Michel Youssef  Lebanon 7 7 0 6 .000 3 30 -27

Elimination rounds[]

Main brackets[]

Main bracket 1[]

Bravin, Giasson, and Abe were eliminated after the round of 64. The losers in the round of 32 faced off, with Lo beating Wagner and Gosbee beating Abe to advance to the repechage. The losers of the round of 16, Cerioni and Holubytskiy, advanced directly to the first round of the repechage. Gregory, having lost in the round of 8, went to the third round of the repechage. Sypniewski won the bracket, advancing to the quarterfinals.

Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Round of 8
1  Stefano Cerioni (ITA) 5 5
33  Lo Moon Tong (HKG) 5 6 33  Lo Moon Tong (HKG) 2 2
32  Nick Bravin (USA) 3 4 1  Stefano Cerioni (ITA) 3 3
16  Elvis Gregory (CUB) 5 5
17  Udo Wagner (GER) 6 1 4
16  Elvis Gregory (CUB) 4 5 6
16  Elvis Gregory (CUB) 5 3 1
8  Marian Sypniewski (POL) 3 5 5
9  Serhiy Holubytskiy (EUN) 2 6 5
41  Benoît Giasson (CAN) 1 1 24  Yu Bong-Hyeong (KOR) 5 4 0
24  Yu Bong-Hyeong (KOR) 5 5 9  Serhiy Holubytskiy (EUN) 3 5 3
25  Kinya Abe (JPN) 5 0 8  Marian Sypniewski (POL) 5 2 5
40  Bill Gosbee (GBR) 6 5 40  Bill Gosbee (GBR) 5 4 2
8  Marian Sypniewski (POL) 3 6 5
Repechage qualifiers 1[]
Repechage qualifier
     
33  Lo Moon Tong (HKG) 1 0
17  Udo Wagner (GER) 5 5
Repechage qualifier
     
24  Yu Bong-Hyeong (KOR) 5 5 5
40  Bill Gosbee (GBR) 1 6 6
Main bracket 2[]

Guerra, Longenbach, Wang L., and Kim were eliminated after the round of 64. The losers in the round of 32 faced off, with O. García beating Busa and Davis beating Ludwig to advance to the repechage. The losers of the round of 16, Schreck and Grigoryev, advanced directly to the first round of the repechage. Omnès, having lost in the round of 8, went to the third round of the repechage. Borella won the bracket, advancing to the quarterfinals.

Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Round of 8
5  Andrea Borella (ITA) 5 5
37  José Francisco Guerra (ESP) 0 5 5 28  István Busa (HUN) 3 2
28  István Busa (HUN) 5 2 6 5  Andrea Borella (ITA) 6 5
21  Oscar García (CUB) 5 5 12  Ulrich Schreck (GER) 4 3
44  Zaddick Longenbach (USA) 3 2 21  Oscar García (CUB) 6 1 0
12  Ulrich Schreck (GER) 4 5 5
5  Andrea Borella (ITA) 0 6 5
4  Philippe Omnès (FRA) 5 5 2
13  Jonathan Davis (GBR) 1 1
45  Wang Lihong (CHN) 2 1 20  Vyacheslav Grigoryev (EUN) 5 5 0
20  Vyacheslav Grigoryev (EUN) 5 5 20  Vyacheslav Grigoryev (EUN) 2 5 2
29  Kim Yeong-Ho (KOR) 2 5 4 4  Philippe Omnès (FRA) 5 2 5
36  Michael Ludwig (AUT) 5 1 6 36  Michael Ludwig (AUT) 1 3
4  Philippe Omnès (FRA) 5 5
Repechage qualifiers 2[]
Repechage qualifier
     
28  István Busa (HUN) 0 2
21  Oscar García (CUB) 5 5
Repechage qualifier
     
13  Jonathan Davis (GBR) 5 5
36  Michael Ludwig (AUT) 2 3
Main bracket 3[]

Abdallah, Ichigatani, Krzesiński, and Wu were eliminated after the round of 64. The losers in the round of 32 faced off, with A. García beating Wang H. and Groc beating Bravo to advance to the repechage. The losers of the round of 16, Shevchenko and Érsek, advanced directly to the first round of the repechage. Numa, having lost in the round of 8, went to the third round of the repechage. Wendt won the bracket, advancing to the quarterfinals.

Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Round of 8
3  Dmitry Shevchenko (EUN) 5 5
35  Maged Abdallah (EGY) 4 3 30  Wang Haibin (CHN) 3 1
30  Wang Haibin (CHN) 6 5 3  Dmitry Shevchenko (EUN) 2 5 0
19  Hiroki Ichigatani (JPN) 5 0 1 14  Mauro Numa (ITA) 5 1 5
46  Andrés García (ESP) 3 5 5 46  Andrés García (ESP) 2 0
14  Mauro Numa (ITA) 5 5
14  Mauro Numa (ITA) 6 1 2
11  Joachim Wendt (AUT) 5 5 5
11  Joachim Wendt (AUT) 1 5 5
43  Adam Krzesiński (POL) 3 1 22  Patrick Groc (FRA) 5 1 3
22  Patrick Groc (FRA) 5 5 11  Joachim Wendt (AUT) 5 2 5
27  Ramiro Bravo (ESP) 6 3 5 6  Zsolt Érsek (HUN) 3 5 3
38  Wu Xing Yao (HKG) 4 5 3 27  Ramiro Bravo (ESP) 1 6 2
6  Zsolt Érsek (HUN) 5 5 5
Repechage qualifiers 3[]
Repechage qualifier
     
30  Wang Haibin (CHN) 3 1
46  Andrés García (ESP) 5 5
Repechage qualifier
     
22  Patrick Groc (FRA) 5 4 6
27  Ramiro Bravo (ESP) 1 6 4
Main bracket 4[]

Marx, Lhôtellier, and Kiss were eliminated after the round of 64. The losers in the round of 32 faced off, with Nagano beating McKenzie and Ye beating Weidner to advance to the repechage. The losers of the round of 16, Kiełpikowski and Richter, advanced directly to the first round of the repechage. Kajbjer, having lost in the round of 8, went to the third round of the repechage. Betancourt won the bracket, advancing to the quarterfinals.

Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Round of 8
7  Piotr Kiełpikowski (POL) 5 5
39  Yoshihide Nagano (JPN) 5 5 39  Yoshihide Nagano (JPN) 2 3
26  Mike Marx (USA) 2 3 7  Piotr Kiełpikowski (POL) 1 4
23  Patrice Lhôtellier (FRA) 2 3 10  Guillermo Betancourt (CUB) 5 6
42  Donnie McKenzie (GBR) 5 5 42  Donnie McKenzie (GBR) 1 0
10  Guillermo Betancourt (CUB) 5 5
10  Guillermo Betancourt (CUB) 5 3 5
34  Ola Kajbjer (SWE) 3 5 3
15  Thorsten Weidner (GER) 5 5 4
18  Anatol Richter (AUT) 6 3 6
18  Anatol Richter (AUT) 5 3 1
31  Róbert Kiss (HUN) 5 1 34  Ola Kajbjer (SWE) 3 5 5
34  Ola Kajbjer (SWE) 6 5 34  Ola Kajbjer (SWE) 2 6 5
2  Ye Chong (CHN) 5 4 3
Repechage qualifiers 4[]
Repechage qualifier
     
39  Yoshihide Nagano (JPN) 5 5
42  Donnie McKenzie (GBR) 3 0
Repechage qualifier
     
15  Thorsten Weidner (GER) 2 3
2  Ye Chong (CHN) 5 5

Repechage rounds 1 and 2[]

The fencers were reseeded: the eight fencers who had lost in the round of 16 were reseeded as 1–8 while the eight fencers who had lost in the round of 32 but won the repechage qualifiers were reseeded as 9–16. For example, original seed #2 Ye was reseeded as #9 because he was the top-seeded fencer who had advanced through the repechage qualifiers. Original seeds are shown in parentheses in the brackets.

R1 seed O seed Fencer Nation
From round of 16
1 1 Stefano Cerioni  Italy
2 3 Dmitry Shevchenko  Unified Team
3 6 Zsolt Érsek  Hungary
4 7 Piotr Kiełpikowski  Poland
5 9 Serhiy Holubytskiy  Unified Team
6 12 Ulrich Schreck  Germany
7 18 Anatol Richter  Austria
8 20 Vyacheslav Grigoryev  Unified Team
From round of 32 and qualifiers
9 2 Ye Chong  China
10 13 Jonathan Davis  Great Britain
11 17 Udo Wagner  Germany
12 21 Oscar García  Cuba
13 22 Patrick Groc  France
14 39 Yoshihide Nagano  Japan
15 40 Bill Gosbee  Great Britain
16 46 Andrés García  Spain
Repechage rounds 1 and 2 bracket 1[]

García faced the top two fencers from the group round, beating Cerioni before falling to Ye.

Repechage round 1 Repechage round 2
1 (1)  Stefano Cerioni (ITA) 1 6 4
16 (46)  Andrés García (ESP) 5 4 6 16 (46)  Andrés García (ESP) 2 2
9 (2)  Ye Chong (CHN) 5 3 5 9 (2)  Ye Chong (CHN) 5 5
8 (20)  Vyacheslav Grigoryev (EUN) 0 5 0
Repechage rounds 1 and 2 bracket 2[]
Repechage round 1 Repechage round 2
5 (9)  Serhiy Holubytskiy (EUN) 6 5
12 (21)  Oscar García (CUB) 5 0 5 (9)  Serhiy Holubytskiy (EUN) 5 5
13 (22)  Patrick Groc (FRA) 1 5 3 4 (7)  Piotr Kiełpikowski (POL) 3 2
4 (7)  Piotr Kiełpikowski (POL) 5 2 5
Repechage rounds 1 and 2 bracket 3[]
Repechage round 1 Repechage round 2
3 (6)  Zsolt Érsek (HUN) 5 5 5
14 (39)  Yoshihide Nagano (JPN) 6 3 3 3 (6)  Zsolt Érsek (HUN) 5 4
11 (17)  Udo Wagner (GER) 5 5 6 11 (17)  Udo Wagner (GER) 6 6
6 (12)  Ulrich Schreck (GER) 2 6 5
Repechage rounds 1 and 2 bracket 4[]
Repechage round 1 Repechage round 2
7 (18)  Anatol Richter (AUT) 5 6
10 (13)  Jonathan Davis (GBR) 1 4 7 (18)  Anatol Richter (AUT) 6 6
15 (40)  Bill Gosbee (GBR) 0 6 2 2 (3)  Dmitry Shevchenko (EUN) 4 5
2 (3)  Dmitry Shevchenko (EUN) 5 5 5

Repechage round 3[]

The fencers were reseeded again. Seeds 1–4 were given to round 8 losers, based on their original seeds. Seeds 5–8 were given to the winners of the second round of the repechage, based on their original seeds—except that Ye was moved from #5 to #6 to avoid a rematch with Kajbjer.

R3 seed R1 seed O seed Fencer Nation
From round of 8
1 4 Philippe Omnès  France
2 14 Mauro Numa  Italy
3 16 Elvis Gregory  Cuba
4 34 Ola Kajbjer  Sweden
From repechage round 2
5 5 9 Serhiy Holubytskiy  Unified Team
6 9 2 Ye Chong  China
7 11 17 Udo Wagner  Germany
8 7 18 Anatol Richter  Austria
Repechage round 3 bracket 1[]
Repechage round 3
     
1 (4)  Philippe Omnès (FRA) 5 5
8 (18)  Anatol Richter (AUT) 1 3
Repechage round 3 bracket 2[]
Repechage round 3
     
5 (9)  Serhiy Holubytskiy (EUN) 5 6
4 (34)  Ola Kajbjer (SWE) 1 5
Repechage round 3 bracket 3[]
Repechage round 3
     
3 (16)  Elvis Gregory (CUB) 5 5
6 (2)  Ye Chong (CHN) 1 1
Repechage round 3 bracket 4[]
Repechage round 3
     
7 (17)  Udo Wagner (GER) 6 2 5
2 (14)  Mauro Numa (ITA) 5 5 3

Final rounds[]

The fencers were reseeded a final time. Seeds 1–4 were given to the round of 8 winners, based on their original seeds. Seeds 5–8 were given to the winners of the third round of the repechage, based on their original seeds.

F seed R3 seed R1 seed O seed Fencer Nation
From round of 8
1 5 Andrea Borella  Italy
2 8 Marian Sypniewski  Poland
3 10 Guillermo Betancourt  Cuba
4 11 Joachim Wendt  Austria
From repechage round 3
5 1 4 Philippe Omnès  France
6 5 5 9 Serhiy Holubytskiy  Unified Team
7 3 16 Elvis Gregory  Cuba
8 7 11 17 Udo Wagner  Germany
Quarterfinals Semifinals Final
               
1 (5)  Andrea Borella (ITA) 6 4 0
8 (17)  Udo Wagner (GER) 4 6 5
8 (17)  Udo Wagner (GER) 3 6 3
5 (4)  Philippe Omnès (FRA) 5 5 5
5 (4)  Philippe Omnès (FRA) 5 5
4 (11)  Joachim Wendt (AUT) 3 3
5 (4)  Philippe Omnès (FRA) 6 3 5
6 (9)  Serhiy Holubytskiy (EUN) 5 5 2
3 (10)  Guillermo Betancourt (CUB) 2 0
6 (9)  Serhiy Holubytskiy (EUN) 5 5
6 (9)  Serhiy Holubytskiy (EUN) 3 5 5 Bronze match
7 (16)  Elvis Gregory (CUB) 5 2 1
7 (16)  Elvis Gregory (CUB) 5 6 8 (17)  Udo Wagner (GER) 3 5 3
2 (8)  Marian Sypniewski (POL) 0 5 7 (16)  Elvis Gregory (CUB) 5 2 5

Final classification[]

Fencer Nation
Philippe Omnès  France
Serhiy Holubytskiy  Unified Team
Elvis Gregory  Cuba
Udo Wagner  Germany
Andrea Borella  Italy
Marian Sypniewski  Poland
Guillermo Betancourt  Cuba
Joachim Wendt  Austria
Ye Chong  China
Mauro Numa  Italy
Anatol Richter  Austria
Ola Kajbjer  Sweden
Dmitry Shevchenko  Unified Team
Zsolt Érsek  Hungary
Piotr Kiełpikowski  Poland
Andrés García  Spain
Stefano Cerioni  Italy
Ulrich Schreck  Germany
Jonathan Davis  Great Britain
Vyacheslav Grigoryev  Unified Team
Oscar García  Cuba
Patrick Groc  France
Yoshihide Nagano  Japan
Bill Gosbee  Great Britain
Thorsten Weidner  Germany
Yu Bong-Hyeong  South Korea
István Busa  Hungary
Ramiro Bravo  Spain
Wang Haibin  China
Lo Moon Tong  Hong Kong
Michael Ludwig  Austria
Donnie McKenzie  Great Britain
Hiroki Ichigatani  Japan
Patrice Lhôtellier  France
Kinya Abe  Japan
Mike Marx  United States
Kim Yeong-Ho  South Korea
Róbert Kiss  Hungary
Nick Bravin  United States
José Francisco Guerra  Spain
Maged Abdallah  Egypt
Wu Xing Yao  Hong Kong
Benoît Giasson  Canada
Adam Krzesiński  Poland
Zaddick Longenbach  United States
Wang Lihong  China
Kim Seung-Pyo  South Korea
Zahi El-Khoury  Lebanon
Tang Kwong Hau  Hong Kong
Alberto González  Argentina
Hein van Garderen  South Africa
José Guimarães  Portugal
Walter Torres  Philippines
Enzo da Ponte  Paraguay
Dario Torrente  South Africa
José Marcelo Álvarez  Paraguay
Wong James  Singapore
Tan Ronald  Singapore
Michel Youssef  Lebanon

References[]

  1. ^ "Fencing: 1992 Olympic Results - Men's foil". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  2. ^ "Foil, Individual, Men". Olympedia. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
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