Folkeslunda Limestone

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Folkeslunda Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Darriwilian
()
463.5–460.9 Ma
↓
TypeFormation
Underlies
Overlies
Thickness0.99–3.51 m (3.2–11.5 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryCalcarenitic limestone
OtherMudstone
Location
Coordinates58°00′N 15°00′E / 58.0°N 15.0°E / 58.0; 15.0Coordinates: 58°00′N 15°00′E / 58.0°N 15.0°E / 58.0; 15.0
Approximate paleocoordinates36°00′S 8°18′W / 36.0°S 8.3°W / -36.0; -8.3
RegionIn situ: Dalarna, Jämtland, Öland & Östergötland
Ex situ: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lubusz & Kuyavia-Pomerania
Country Sweden
Ex situ:
 Germany
 Poland
ExtentPatches from Jämtland (N) via Siljan (C) to Öland (SE)
Type section
Named for, Öland
Named byJaanusson
Location & Runsten, Öland
Year defined1960
Coordinates56°43′38.4″N 16°43′01.9″E / 56.727333°N 16.717194°E / 56.727333; 16.717194
Folkeslunda Limestone is located in Sweden
Folkeslunda Limestone
Folkeslunda Limestone
Folkeslunda Limestone
Folkeslunda Limestone
Folkeslunda Limestone
Folkeslunda Limestone (Sweden)

The Folkeslunda Limestone is a thin limestone and mudstone geologic formation of Sweden. The formation crops out on the island of Öland to the east of Kalmar, where Folkeslunda is located. Other exposures of the formation are in Dalarna, Jämtland and Östergötland. The Folkeslunda Limestone was deposited in an open marine environment with an estimated water depth of 150 to 200 metres (490 to 660 ft) in a eustatically transgressive phase.

The formation preserves fossils dating back to the late Darriwilian ( stage in the regional stratigraphy) of the Middle Ordovician period, dating to 463.5 to 460.9 Ma. Several genera of nautiloids, trilobites, brachiopods and ostracods were found in the maximum 3.51 metres (11.5 ft) thick formation.

Erratic blocks of the same formation are also found in Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) and along the Vistula River in Bydgoszcz and in Żary, Lower Silesia, Poland.

Description[]

Ordovician sedimentary rocks are exposed in patches across the southern half of Sweden. The northernmost exposure is surrounding the Siljan Ring, a Devonian in Dalarna. Other outcrops are found west and south of Örebro, northeast of [clarification needed], west and southwest of Skövde and surrounding Falköping. Underlying the Granby crater, west of Linköping, the Ordovician has a larger exposure. The southernmost Ordovician outcrops are situated in Skåne, due east of Lund and at the southeastern tip of Sweden.[1]

Most of the island of Öland consists of Ordovician sediments, where is located, the namesake for the formation.[2] Previous names for the formation were Upper Grey Orthoceratite Limestone, Chiron Limestone, Centaurus Limestone and Schroeteri Limestone (lower part). The type section is located in the southeastern part of the parish of and the northeastern part of the parish of Runsten on Öland. The best section of the unit on Öland is in a quarry close to the road from Vedby to , east of Hornsjön.[3]

The formation is the uppermost unit in the traditional Orthoceras Limestone of Sweden, overlying the and the Folkesunda Limestone is overlain by the .[4] The Folkeslunda Limestone dates to the stage, part of the Purtse, belonging to the Virunian in the regional stratigraphy of Sweden, corresponding to a late Darriwilian age of the Middle Ordovician.[5]

The unit is 2 metres (6.6 ft) thick in the Vikarby section and 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) thick in the Kårgärde section of the western Siljan Ring.[6] In the Lunne section of Jämtland the unit is between 0.99 and 3.51 metres (3.2 and 11.5 ft) thick.[3][7]

Lithologies[]

Eustatic sea level of the Ordovician

The base of the formation is formed by a 15 centimetres (5.9 in) thick grey calcarenitic limestone bed, which is overlain by thin-bedded calcarenitic and calcilutitic limestones. The upper half of the formation consists of thick-bedded calcarenitic limestones. In Kårgärde, the formation comprises medium-bedded, coarse-grained, grey to dark grey limestones with chamositic grains in some beds.[8] Other parts of the formation contain finely nodular lime mudstones and mudstones,[9] and thick-bedded, coarse grained, in part coquinoid grey to dark grey limestones.

The depositional environment of the limestone has been interpreted as reef platform facies.[10] The eustatic sea level change globally during deposition of the Folkeslunda Limestone was a transgression,[11] and based on the low implosion rate of fossil shells during fossilization, the water depth at time of deposition of the Folkeslunda Limestone has been estimated at 150 to 200 metres (490 to 660 ft).[12]

Erratic boulders[]

Erratic boulders belonging to the formation have been found in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,[13] Germany and Lubusz and Kuyavia-Pomerania, Poland.[14][15] The German boulder was described by Schlotheim (1820) and Boll (1857). Boll's collection is fortunately preserved at the regional of Waren, Mecklenburg. Dzik (1984) described and illustrated Ordovician nautiloids of the erratic boulders in Poland.[16]

Paleontology[]

With respect to both fauna and lithology, the unit in the Siljan District resembles its development on Öland. The fauna shares many common species with the Seby Limestone, but is also distinct with respect to the cephalopods and hyolithids. Faunal differences with respect to the underlying formation were notes in the phosphatic brachiopod fauna, although the dominant species is the same as in the Seby Limestone. Trilobites from the Folkeslunda Limestone were described by Holm (1883) and Törnquist (1884), while Janusson (1957) described ostracods. Species of nautiloid cephalopods were reported by Holm in 1896, Troedsson (1931, 1932), and Kröger (2004). Biostratigraphically, the Folkeslunda Limestone spans the conodont zone and the subzone.[3]

Correlations[]

The subzone extends from the lowermost part of the Folkeslunda Limestone into the lower part of the Furudal Limestone. The subzone index species is not common outside Baltoscandia but has been recorded from a few localities in eastern North America (Bergström 1973), Argentina (Albanesi & Ortega 2002), and China (Zhang 1998).[17]

Fossil content[]

Interpretation of Orthoceras
Paleogeography of the late Middle Ordovician. The Folkeslunda Limestone was deposited around 30°S

The following fossils have been found in the rocks belonging to the formation:

Group Genus Species Location Status Notes
Cephalopods A. folkeslundense Öland In situ [18]
Arionoceras A. lotskirkense , Öland In situ [19]
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Erratic block [20]
Bactroceras B. angustisiphonatum Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Erratic block [13]
C. hircus Öland In situ [21]
N. latisiphonatum Öland In situ [22]
Orthoceras O. bifoveatum Öland In situ [23]
O. regulare Öland In situ [24]
O. scabridum , Öland In situ [25][26][27]
Oonoceras O. priscum Vistula River, Bydgoszcz Erratic block [15]
P. ellipticum Lerkaka, Kalmar In situ [28]
Vistula River, Bydgoszcz Erratic block [15]
Żary, Lower Silesia [14]
Plagiostomoceras P. fragile Böda, Stora Mossen, Öland In situ [29]
Polygrammoceras P. oelandicum , Öland In situ [30][31]
R. gerhardi Lerkaka, Kalmar [28]
T. endoceroides Öland In situ [32]
sp. Vistula River, Bydgoszcz Erratic block [15]
Cochlioceras sp. , Öland In situ [33][34]
Vistula River, Bydgoszcz Erratic block [15]
Żary, Lower Silesia [14]
Lituites sp. Kårgärde, Dalarna In situ [35]
Trilobites Illaenus I. chiron Kårgärde, Dalarna In situ [36]
P. aciculatus
P. ?brachyrachis
P. plicicostis [35]
P. patagiata [37]
Ampyx (Cnemidopyge) sp.
Asaphus sp. Żary, Lower Silesia Erratic block [14]
?Lonchodomas sp. Żary, Lower Silesia Erratic block [14]
sp. Kårgärde, Dalarna In situ [37]
Remopleurides sp. Östergötland In situ [38]
Kårgärde, Dalarna [35]
Gastropods E. alatus Lerkaka, Kalmar In situ [28]
E. declivis
P. vaginati
S. vetustus
Ostracods E. bursa Kårgärde, Dalarna In situ [37]
E. effusus
S. linnarssoni
sp. Östergötland [38]
Kårgärde, Dalarna [37]
Östergötland [38]
Lingulata B. holmi Kårgärde, Dalarna In situ [35][36][37]
C. mica
C. siljanensis
E. cf. clivosus
E. robustus
H. unguicula
M. dalecarlica
R. cf. lamellosa
S. mica
S. radiolamellosa
T. deformis
sp.
sp.
sp.
indet.
indet.
Rhynchonellata sp. Östergötland In situ [38]
Strophomenata Christiania sp. Kårgärde, Dalarna In situ [35]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Bergman et al., 2012
  2. ^ Folkeslunda, Öland
  3. ^ a b c Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.17
  4. ^ Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.10
  5. ^ Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.11
  6. ^ Holmer, 1989, p.11
  7. ^ Karis & Larsson, 1982, p.70
  8. ^ Kårgärde at Fossilworks.org
  9. ^ Vikarbyn at Fossilworks.org
  10. ^ Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.44
  11. ^ Chen & Lindström, 1991, p.7
  12. ^ Chen & Lindström, 1991, p.14
  13. ^ a b Erratic block Mecklenburg-Vorpommern at Fossilworks.org
  14. ^ a b c d e Erratic block Lubusz at Fossilworks.org
  15. ^ a b c d e Erratic block Kuyavia-Pomerania at Fossilworks.org
  16. ^ Kröger, 2004, p.58
  17. ^ Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.32
  18. ^ Kröger, 2004, p.68
  19. ^ Kröger, 2004, p.72
  20. ^ Kröger, 2004, p.73
  21. ^ King, 1993, p.172
  22. ^ Kröger, 2004, p.70
  23. ^ Kröger, 2004, p.61
  24. ^ Kröger, 2004, p.60
  25. ^ Mutvei, 2002, p.158
  26. ^ Kröger, 2004, p.62
  27. ^ Södra Bäck at Fossilworks.org
  28. ^ a b c Lerkaka, Kalmar at Fossilworks.org
  29. ^ Kröger, 2004, p.64
  30. ^ Mutvei, 2002, p.160
  31. ^ Folkeslunda at Fossilworks.org
  32. ^ King, 1993, p.174
  33. ^ Mutvei, 2002, p.161
  34. ^ Sjöstorp, Öland at Fossilworks.org
  35. ^ a b c d e Kårgärde 4.1-5.5, Dalarna at Fossilworks.org
  36. ^ a b Kårgärde 6.34-6.5, Dalarna at Fossilworks.org
  37. ^ a b c d e Kårgärde 5.5-6.34, Dalarna at Fossilworks.org
  38. ^ a b c d Östergötland at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography[]

  • Bergman, S.; M.B. Stephens; J. Andersson; B. Kathol, and T. Bergman. 2012. Bedrock map of Sweden, scale 1:1 million, K.423. Sveriges geologiska undersökning.
  • Ebbestad, Jan Ove; Linda Wickström, and Anette Högström (eds.). 2007. 9th meeting of the Working Group on Ordovician Geology of Baltoscandia IGCP503 Ordovician Palaeogeography and Palaeoclimate Regional Meeting, 1–112. Sveriges geologiska undersökning. ISSN 0349-2176 ISBN 978-91-7158-788-6
  • Kröger, Björn. 2004. Revision of Middle Ordovician orthoceratacean nautiloids from Baltoscandia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49. 57–74. Accessed 2020-05-30.
  • Mutvei, Harry. 2002. Connecting ring structure and its significance for classification of the orthoceratid cephalopods. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47. 157–168. Accessed 2020-05-30.
  • King, A.H. 1993. The Fossil Record - Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Nautiloidea), 169–188. Chapman & Hall, London. ISBN 0-412-39380-8
  • Chen, Jun-yuan, and Maurits Lindström. 1991. Cephalopod Septal Strength lndices (SSI) and depositional depth of Swedish Orthoceratite limestone. 25. 5–18.
  • Holmer, Lars E. 1989. Middle Ordovician phosphatic inarticulate brachiopods from Våstergotland and Dalarna, Sweden. 26. 1–172. ISBN 82-00-37425-4
  • Karis, Lars, and Kent Larsson. 1982. Jämtland Road Log, 64–76. N.N..

Further reading[]

  • B. Kröger, Y. Zhang, and M. Isakar. 2009. Discosorids and Oncocerids (Cephalopoda) of the Middle Ordovician Kunda and Aseri Regional Stages of Baltoscandia and the early evolution of these groups. Geobios 42:273-293
  • D. H. Evans. 2005. The Lower and Middle Ordovician cephalopod faunas of England and Wales. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society 623:1-81
  • J. Dzik and G. N. Kiselev. 1995. The Baltic nautiloids Cyrtoceras ellipticum Lossen 1860, C. priscum Eichwald 1861, and Orthoceras damesi Krause 1877. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 69(1/2):61-71
  • V. Jaanusson. 1963. Lower and Middle Viruan (Middle Ordovician) of the Siljan district. Bulletin of Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala 42(3):1-40
  • V. Jaanusson. 1962. The Lower and Middle Viruan sequence in two borings in Östergotland, central Sweden. Bulletin of Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala 38(9):1-30
  • V. Jaanusson. 1960. The Viruan (Middle Ordovician) of Öland. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala 38:207-287
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