Francesco Morosini
Francesco Morosini | |
|---|---|
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| Doge of Venice | |
| In office 1688–1694 | |
| Preceded by | Marcantonio Giustinian |
| Succeeded by | Silvestro Valier |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 26 February 1619 Venice, Republic of Venice |
| Died | 6 January 1694 (aged 74) Nauplia, Republic of Venice |
| Spouse(s) | celibate |
Francesco Morosini (26 February 1619 – 16 January 1694) was the Doge of Venice from 1688 to 1694, at the height of the Great Turkish War. He was a member of a famous noble Venetian family (the Morosini family) which produced several Doges and generals.[1] He "dressed always in red from top to toe and never went into action without his cat beside him."[2]
Early career[]
Morosini first rose to prominence as Captain-General of the Venetian forces on Crete during the siege of Candia by the Ottoman Empire. He was eventually forced to surrender the city, and was accused of cowardice and treason on his return to Venice; however, he was acquitted after a brief trial.[1]
In 1685, at the outbreak of the Morean War, Morosini took command of a fleet against the Ottomans. Over the next several years, he captured the Morea with the help of Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck, as well as Lefkada and parts of western Greece. He also briefly captured Athens but was unable to hold it, and attempted a failed siege of the former Venetian fortress of Negroponte. His fame reached such heights that he was given the victory title Peloponnesiacus, and was the first Venetian citizen to have a bronze bust placed during his own lifetime in the Great Hall, with the inscription Francisco Morosini Peloponnesiaco, adhuc viventi, Senatus.[3]
Destruction of the Parthenon and loot of sculptures from Athens[]
During the siege of Athens in 1687 at the Morean War, his artillery turned the Parthenon from a functioning building to a simple ruin, and he personally oversaw the looting of some of the surviving sculptures. The Parthenon was used as a powder magazine by the Ottomans when on September 26, 1687, Morosini's cannon scored a direct hit on the edifice. An attaché of the Swedish field commander General Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck wrote later: "How it dismayed His Excellency to destroy the beautiful temple which had existed three thousand years!". By contrast Morosini, who was the commander in chief of the operation, described it in his report to the Venetian government as a "fortunate shot".
When he conquered Acropolis in early 1688, Morosini tried to loot Athena's and Poseidon's horses and chariots from the west pediment of the Parthenon but the sculptures fell on the ground and smashed.[4][5] This was the first documented attempt to remove sculptures from the pediments.[6] The Ottoman Empire regained possession of the monument in the following year and, having noticed the damage, began to sell souvenirs to Westerners.[7]
Morosini also looted from the port of Piraeus the famous Piraeus Lion which is on display at the Venetian Arsenal.
Doge[]
In the summer of 1688, Morosini, now having been proclaimed Doge of Venice, attacked Negropont but was unable to capture it and was forced to return to Venice when plague broke out among his troops. He embarked on a final campaign in 1693, but was again unsuccessful in taking Negropont, and returned to Venice after sacking some minor coastal towns. After his death in 1694, a large marble arch was placed in his honor at the Doge's Palace, and his cat, of which Morosini was notably fond, was embalmed and taken to the Museo Correr.
Commemoration[]
- The Scuola Navale Militare Francesco Morosini is named for him.
- The Ruggiero di Lauria-class ironclad Francesco Morosini, launched on 30 July 1885, completed in 1889, and stricken in 1909, was named for him.
- The Francesco Caracciolo-class battleship Francesco Morosini, laid down in 1915 but scrapped in 1921 prior to launching, was named for him.
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopædia Britannica, Morosini Family, 2008, O.Ed.
- ^ Jan Morris. The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage. (Kindle Locations 976-977). Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle Edition.
- ^ Finlay, George (1856). The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. London: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 220.
- ^ Lindsay, Ivan (2013). The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day. Unicorn Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1906509217.
- ^ Waldstein, Charles (1883). "Views of Athens in the Year 1687". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 4: 86–89. doi:10.2307/623357. ISSN 0075-4269. JSTOR 623357.
- ^ Palagia, Olga (1998). The Pediments of the Parthenon. Brill Academic Publishers; 2nd ed. edition. p. 10. ISBN 978-9004111981.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Athens, The Acropolis, p.6/20, 2008, O.Ed.
See also[]
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- Republic of Venice generals
- 1619 births
- 1694 deaths
- House of Morosini
- People of the Great Turkish War
- People acquitted of treason
- Ottoman Athens
- Ottoman Peloponnese
- Republic of Venice people of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars
- Cretan War (1645–1669)
- 17th-century Italian nobility
- 17th-century Doges of Venice
- Dukes of Crete