Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation

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Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation
Free Jazz - A Collective Improvisation.jpg
Studio album by
Ornette Coleman
ReleasedSeptember 1961
RecordedDecember 21, 1960
GenreFree jazz
Avant-garde jazz
Length37:10
LabelAtlantic SD 1364
ProducerNesuhi Ertegün
Ornette Coleman chronology
This Is Our Music
(1961) 		Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation
(1961) 		Ornette!
(1961)
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Down Beat5/5 stars[1]
Allmusic5/5 stars[2]
The Penguin Guide to Jazz4/4 stars[3]
Yahoo! Music(favorable)[4]
The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide5/5 stars[5]
Tom HullA–[6]

Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation is the sixth album by jazz saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman, released on Atlantic Records in 1961, his fourth for the label. Its title established the name of the then-nascent free jazz movement. The recording session took place on December 21, 1960, at A&R Studios in New York City. The sole outtake from the album session, "First Take," was later released on the 1971 compilation Twins.

The music[]

The music is a continuous free improvisation with only a few brief pre-determined sections. The music was recorded in one single “take” with no overdubbing or editing.[7]

The album features what Coleman called a “double quartet,” i.e., two self-contained jazz quartets, each with two wind instruments and each with a rhythm section consisting of bass and drums.[8] The two quartets are heard in separate channels with Coleman’s regular group in the left channel and the second quartet in the right.[9]

The two quartets play simultaneously with the two rhythm sections providing a dense rhythmic foundation over which the wind players either solo or provide freeform commentaries that often turn into full-scale collective improvisation interspersed with pre-determined composed passages. The composed thematic material can be considered a series of brief, dissonant fanfares for the horns which serve as interludes between solos. Not least among the album's achievements was that it was the first album-length improvisation, nearly forty minutes, which was unheard of at the time.

The original LP package incorporated Jackson Pollock's 1954 painting The White Light.[10] The cover was a gatefold with a cutout window in the lower right corner allowing a glimpse of the painting; opening the cover revealed the full artwork, along with liner notes by critic Martin Williams. Coleman was a fan of Pollock as well as a painter, and his 1966 LP The Empty Foxhole features Coleman's own artwork.[11][12]

Reception[]

In the January 18, 1962 issue of Down Beat magazine, in a special review titled "Double View of a Double Quartet," Pete Welding awarded the album Five Stars while John A. Tynan rated it No Stars.[9][13]

The album was identified by Chris Kelsey in his Allmusic essay "Free Jazz: A Subjective History" as one of the 20 Essential Free Jazz albums.[14] It served as the blueprint for later large-ensemble free jazz recordings such as Ascension by John Coltrane and Machine Gun by Peter Brötzmann.

On March 3, 1998, Free Jazz was reissued on compact disc by Rhino Records as part of its Atlantic 50 series. The "Free Jazz" track, split into two sections for each side of the LP, appeared here in continuous uninterrupted form, along with a bonus track of the previously issued "First Take."

Personnel[]

Left channel
Right channel

Track listing of the original LP[]

Composition by Ornette Coleman. On compact disc "Free Jazz" is presented as one continuous track with a running time listed as 37:03.

Side one[]

No.TitleLength
1."Free Jazz (part one)"19:55

Side two[]

No.TitleLength
1."Free Jazz (part two)"16:28

1998 reissue bonus track[]

No.TitleLength
2."First Take"17:06

Timing of the various sections[]

  • 00:00 Polyphonic introduction
  • 00:07 Ensemble introduction to Eric Dolphy
  • 00:22 Eric Dolphy – bass clarinet solo (right channel)
  • 05:12 Ensemble introduction to Freddie Hubbard
  • 05:40 Freddie Hubbard – trumpet solo (right channel)
  • 09:54 Ensemble introduction to Ornette Coleman
  • 10:05 Ornette Coleman alto saxophone solo (left channel)
  • 19:36 Ensemble Introduction to Don Cherry
  • 19:48 Don Cherry – pocket trumpet solo (left channel)
  • 25:21 Ensemble Introduction to Charlie Haden
  • 25:26 Charlie Haden – bass solo (right channel)
  • 29:51 Ensemble introduction to Scott LaFaro
  • 30:00 Scott LaFaro – bass solo (left channel)
  • 33:47 Polyphonic ensemble introduction to Ed Blackwell
  • 34:00 Ed Blackwell – drum solo (right channel)
  • 35:19 Ensemble pitch introduction to Billy Higgins
  • 35:28 Billy Higgins – drum solo (left channel)

Production[]

References[]

  1. ^ Down Beat: January 18, 1962 vol. 29, no. 2
  2. ^ Allmusic Review
  3. ^ Richard Cook and Brian Morton, The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD, 7th ed. (Penguin, 2004), p. 322.
  4. ^ Yahoo! Music review
  5. ^ Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. p. 45. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.
  6. ^ Hull, Tom (n.d.). "Jazz (1940–50s) (Reference)". tomhull.com. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  7. ^ Liner notes to Atlantic Records album 1364.
  8. ^ Bailey, C. Michael (September 30, 2011). "Ornette Coleman: Free Jazz". All About Jazz. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b "Happy 55th: Ornette Coleman, Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation". Rhino. December 21, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  10. ^ Jazz: A Film By Ken Burns, Episode 9, 2001.
  11. ^ Borgerson, Janet (2017). Designed for hi-fi living : the vinyl LP in midcentury America. Schroeder, Jonathan E., 1962-, Miller, Daniel, 1954-. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780262036238. OCLC 958205262.
  12. ^ "Ornette Coleman and Jackson Pollock: Black Music, White Light |". federaljazzpolicy.com. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
  13. ^ Down Beat: January 18, 1962 vol. 29, no. 2
  14. ^ Kelsey, C. Free Jazz: A Subjective History accessed December 7, 2009
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