Funding of Hezbollah

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Part of a series on
Hezbollah
Political activities
Military activities
Organizations
People
  • v
  • t

The funding of Hezbollah comes from Lebanese business groups, private persons, businessmen, the Lebanese diaspora involved in African diamond exploration, other Islamic groups and countries, and the taxes paid by the Shia Lebanese.[1] Hezbollah says that the main source of its income comes from its own investment portfolios and donations by Muslims.

Western sources maintain that Hezbollah receives most of its financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran and Syria.[2][3] Iran is said to have given $400 million between 1983 and 1989 through donation. The situation changed due to economic problems, but Iran still funds humanitarian efforts carried on by Hezbollah.[1] According to reports released in February 2010, Hezbollah received $400 million from Iran.[4][5][6] In 2011, Iran earmarked $7 million to Hezbollah's activities in Latin American.[7] Hezbollah also receives financial and political assistance, as well as weapons and training, from Iran.[8][6][9] Iranian support to Hezbollah varied over the years,[10][11] but as of 2018 US officials estimate Iran transfers $700 million annually.[12][13]

Hezbollah has relied also on funding from the Shi'ite Lebanese Diaspora in West Africa, the United States and, most importantly, the Triple Frontier, or tri-border area, along the junction of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.[14] U.S. law enforcement officials have identified an illegal multimillion-dollar cigarette-smuggling fund raising operation[15] and a drug smuggling operation.[16][17][18] However, Nasrallah has repeatedly denied any links between the South American drug trade and Hezbollah, calling such accusations "propaganda" and attempts "to damage the image of Hezbollah".[19][20]

International sanctions[]

As at October 2019, Hezbollah is subject to sanctions from a number of countries and international organisations that seek to stop funding to designated terrorist organisations, that includes Hezbollah. Banks, including Lebanese banks, are required to comply with these sanctions.[21][22] Banks that deal with parties that provide funds for Hezbollah (or other terrorist organisation) are liable to be barred from dealing in dollars,[23] besides other sanctions.

The countries that ban transfers of funds to Hezbollah include: Argentina, Australia, Canada, Egypt, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom (partly), and the United States. Germany and the European Union outlawed only Hezbollah's military wing, and work with Hezbollah's political wing and allow it to raise funds in Europe.[24][25]

The United States has accused members of the Venezuelan government of providing financial aid to Hezbollah.[26] According to the testimony of a former Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, Roger Noriega, Hugo Chávez's government gave "indispensable support" to Iran and Hezbollah in the Western Hemisphere.[27] In an article by the conservative think tank the American Enterprise Institute, Noriega explained how two witnesses alleged that Ghazi Atef Nassereddine, a Venezuelan diplomat in Syria, was an operative of Hezbollah who used Venezuelan entities to launder money for Hezbollah with President Nicolás Maduro's personal approval.[28]

Money laundering[]

Countries where Hezbollah operates or has financing connections.

Hezbollah has been accused of engaging in various illegal activities for the purpose of securing funds for its own activities. For example, Matthew Levitt told a committee of the US Senate that Hezbollah engages in a "wide variety of criminal enterprises" worldwide in order to raise funds.[29] The U.S. Treasury Department has accused Hezbollah of raising funds by counterfeiting U.S. currency.[30] In 2008, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration launched Project Cassandra to track and undercut fundraising via illicit drugs.

Hezbollah has categorically denied all allegations of drug trafficking, illegal banking and money laundering. In a statement in 2011, the party said "The United States' allegations that Hezbollah is funding its activities illegitimately is merely another attempt to tarnish the image of the resistance in Lebanon ... after the failure and exposure of U.S. intelligence operations in our country".[31] In a 2012 speech, Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah said "Time and again they speak about the drug networks in Latin America and Europe and they say Hezbollah is financing these activities. This is forbidden for us."[32] Al-Akhbar Newspaper argued that there is no evidence supporting the claim of Hezbollah's drug trafficking because no court have been provided evidence for that claim [33]

Asia and Middle East[]

In the Golden Triangle region of South-East Asia, Hezbollah generates funding with the heroin trade and reportedly the smuggling of rare or precious items or materials.[34] Mohammed Raad, at one time leader of Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc, said money from Iran came only through private charities to be used for health care, education and the support of war widows. Hezbollah's main sources of income, he said, are the party's investment portfolios and wealthy Shiites.[10]

Lebanon[]

In July 2014, The Daily Beast reported that Hezbollah owns marijuana plantations and produces Hashish in the Bekaa Valley, in eastern Lebanon, and exports the produce to countries such as Iraq, Jordan and Syria. Prior to the Syrian civil war, the Lebanese Army patrolled the fields, though the Lebanese government has recently adopted a laissez-faire attitude towards illegal drug production.[35] According to Arab media reports, Hezbollah has a number of Lebanese front companies that deal in counterfeit medicine.[36]

Hezbollah is known to be involved in the Cocaine trade,[37] and the Hashish trade.[38] Hezbollah uses the drug trade as well as other "criminal enterprises" to fund its military excursions in Lebanon.[39] Hezbollah also uses its illicit profits to fund other terrorist organisations like the Taliban,[40] while some of their funds go to education and health assistance for the poor.[41]

In September 2020, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned two Lebanese ministers Ali Hassan Khalil and Yusuf Finyanus, due to their "material support to Hezbollah" and other corruption charges.[42] It also sanctioned Lebanon-based Arch Consulting and Meamar Construction for being owned, controlled, or directed by Hezbollah, in addition to Hezbollah Executive Council official Sultan Khalifah Asaad.[43]

Europe[]

On January 9, 2010, Der Spiegel reported that drug dealers, on behalf of Hezbollah, transfer millions to Lebanese groups via European narcotics transactions.[44]

On November 2018, following an investigation by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) called “Operation Cedar”, Lebanese nationals, accused of having links to Hezbollah went on trial for laundering millions of euros in South American drug money to Europe and Lebanon.[45] According to a research conducted by the Abba Eban Institute as part of an Initiative called Janus, some of the individuals arrested in “Operation Cedar” were Hezbollah operatives involved in money laundering and narcotics trafficking. The research also found that Hezbollah is financed through non-profit organizations such as the “Orphans Project Lebanon”, a German-based charity for Lebanese orphans. It found that it had been donating portions of its contributions to a foundation which finances the families of Hezbollah members who commit suicide bombings.[46] The European Foundation for Democracy published that the “Orphans Project Lebanon” organization directly channels financial donations from Germany to the Lebanese Al-Shahid Association, which is part of the Hezbollah network and promotes suicide bombings in Lebanon, particularly among children. In Germany, financial donations to the Orphans Project Lebanon are tax-deductible and thus subsidized by the German State's tax policy.[47]

Latin America[]

Colombia[]

On October 21, 2008, the Los Angeles Times reported that an international cocaine smuggling and money laundering ring with alleged connections to Hezbollah was dismantled in Colombia. It is claimed that 12% of the group's profits went to fund Hezbollah, although no dollar figure was specified.[48] A separate report claimed that the joint operations between the United States and Colombia resulted in the arrest of nearly 130 individuals suspected of being members of a cell formed from an alliance among a famous Colombian drug syndicate known as "North Valley", an armed leftist militant organisation composed by former and current members of FARC, and a group of smugglers of Lebanese origin. Two years before, the United States and Colombia had launched a joint investigation, known by the operational codename "Titan", with the goal of pursuing networks that smuggled drugs from Colombia to the US, Europe and the Middle East. The investigation soon centred on the leader of the "North Valley" group, an individual of Lebanese origin called "Shukri Harb." Harb's network supplied 12 per cent of its revenues in cash directly to Hezbollah.[49]

A June 25, 2009 article published by the Jamestown Foundation, a Washington, D.C. think tank, reported on the allegations connecting Hezbollah to drug trafficking and money laundering incidents in Curaçao in April 2009 and previous incidents linking Hezbollah to cocaine and money laundering rings dismantled in Colombia and 2008 and a similar ring dismantled in June 2005. The article takes a critical approach to these allegations by questioning the veracity of accusations linking Hezbollah to the drug trade in the Americas. The article also reported that Lebanese organized crime groups are likely to be responsible for drug-related activities in the region and that solid evidence proving the Hezbollah angle to drug-related activities never emerges.[50]

Mexico[]

Other sources of Hezbollah funding became evident during a review of the Lebanese-Mexican smuggling network that smuggled 200 illegal Lebanese immigrants in the United States of America. Specifically, after Mahmoud Youssef Kourani, a Lebanese who infiltrated into the United States through the Lebanese-Mexican smuggling network was captured, Mahmound Youssef Kourani admitted spending part of his time in the United States raising money to support Hezbollah—at least $40,000, according to an FBI affidavit. A further check of court records indicated that Kourani told the FBI his brother is the group's (Hezbollah) chief of military security in southern Lebanon.[51]

Venezuela[]

Members of the Bolivarian Venezuelan government have also been accused of providing financial aid to Hezbollah by the United States Department of the Treasury[26] and according to the testimony of a former Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs of the United States Department of State Roger Noriega, Hugo Chávez's government gave "indispensable support" to Iran and Hezbollah in the Western Hemisphere.[52] In an article by the conservative think tank American Enterprise Institute, Noriega explained how two witnesses alleged that , a Venezuelan diplomat in Syria, was an operative of Hezbollah who used Venezuelan entities to launder money for Hezbollah with President Nicolas Maduro's personal approval.[28]

In a study by the Center for a Secure Free Society (SFS), at least 173 people from the Middle East were caught with Venezuelan documentation. The majority passed through Caracas security improperly and traveled to Canada. The SFS states that the Venezuelan government has been instrumental in providing documents to "Iran and other extremists seeking to enter North America without being detected. According to Joseph Humire, Executive Director of SFS, those caught were from "Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon" and that "most were from Iran, Lebanon and Syria. 70% came from those countries and had some connection with Hezbollah". The majority allegedly had Venezuelan passports, IDs, visas and in some cases, even Venezuelan birth certificates. Anthony Daquin, former security advisor involved in the modernization of the Venezuelan identity system stated in the report that the Venezuelan government will "be able to issue the Venezuelan document without any problem, from the University of Computer Sciences, because they have the equipment and supplies, including polycarbonate sheets, electronic signature that goes into passports and encryption certificates, which are those that allow the chip to be read at the airports". One of the key figures of the Venezuelan government noted in the SFS report was the Lebanese born former Minister of the Interior, Tarek El Aissami, who allegedly "developed a sophisticated financial network and multi-level networks as a criminal-terrorist pipeline to bring Islamic militants to Venezuela and neighboring countries, and to send illicit funds from Latin America to the Middle East". The "pipeline" consists of 40 shell companies which have bank accounts in Venezuela, Panama, Curaçao, St. Lucia, Miami and Lebanon. Tarek El Aissami's father Zaidan El Amin El Aissami, who is also known as Carlos Zaidan, was a military associate of Saddam Hussein.[53][54]

North America[]

In 2011, the United States Treasury designated Lebanese Canadian Bank a "primary money laundering concern" for its role in money laundering for Hezbollah funder and drug kingpin Ayman Joumaa.[55] The US Treasury banned LCB from dealing in dollars, resulting in the sale of the bank.[23]

Operation Smokescreen identified an illegal multimillion-dollar cigarette smuggling fundraising operation in the United States.[56] Mohammed Hammoud was convicted in the United States for "violating a ban on material support of groups designated as terrorist organizations". The amount was US$3,500, which Hammoud claimed was to "support Hezbollah's efforts to distribute books at schools and improve public water systems."[57]

Military funding[]

Iran[]

Hezbollah has also received Iranian-supplied weaponry, including 11,500 missiles already in place in southern Lebanon. 3,000 Hezbollah militants have undergone training in Iran, which included guerrilla warfare, firing missiles and rocket artillery, operating unmanned drones, naval warfare, and conventional war operations.[58]

Mahmoud Ali Suleiman, the Hezbollah operative captured in August 2006 by the IDF for his role in the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers in a cross-border raid on July 12, admitted during his interrogation that he received weapons-training and religious instruction in Iran. He told his interrogators that he rode in a civilian car to Damascus, from where he flew to Iran.[59] Other than the Russian-made Katyusha, Hezbollah's reported artillery cache is entirely Iranian-made.

On August 4, 2006, Jane's Defence Weekly, a defense industry magazine, reported that Hezbollah asked Iran for "a constant supply of weapons to support its operations against Israel" in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. The report cited Western diplomatic sources as saying that Iranian authorities promised Hezbollah a steady supply of weapons "for the next stage of the confrontation".[60]

Iran long denied supplying Hezbollah with weapons,[61][62] despite persistent reports to the contrary.[60][63][64][65] However, "Mohtashami Pur, a one-time ambassador to Lebanon who currently holds the title of secretary-general of the 'Intifada conference,' told an Iranian newspaper that Iran transferred the missiles to the Shi'ite militia, adding that Hezbollah has his country's blessing to use the weapons in defense of Lebanon".[66] The Israel Defense Forces regard Hezbollah as virtually an arm of the Iranian armed forces; a senior Israeli defence official told Jane's Defence Weekly that "we should consider that what we are facing in Lebanon is not a militia but rather a special forces brigade of the Iranian Army."[67] In an interview in 2007, Hezbollah Deputy Secretary-General Naim Kassem told the Iranian Arabic-language TV station al-Qawthar that all terrorist attacks and suicide bombings in Lebanon must be approved by the ayatollahs in Tehran; in 2008 Iran issued a stamp commemorating a recently killed Hezbollah leader.[68][69]

As of 2018, annual Iranian monetary support for Hezbollah is estimated at 700 million dollars according to US estimates.[12][13]

Syria[]

Similar claims and denials regarding supply of weapons have been made with respect to Syria.[61][64][70] Many have accused Syria of funneling the weapons to Hezbollah from its border with Lebanon. Hassan Khalil, a top political adviser to Nasrallah, said that the group "firmly opposes the supervision of the Syrian-Lebanese border," adding that "Hezbollah has enough weapons to defend Lebanon against [an] Israeli aggression, even if borders with Syria are completely closed".[71]

Iraq[]

Due to a modification of terrorist funding laws the U.S. government placed financial sanctions on an Iraqi military leader named Al-Zaydi who allegedly was linked to Hezbollah financial activities and military support which was coordinated by Iran.[72][73]

Qatar[]

A private security contractor, Jason G., claimed that Qatar sponsored Hezbollah as early as 2017, in which he was offered €750,000 by Abdulrahman bin Mohammed Sulaiman al-Khulaifi, Qatar's ambassador to Belgium, to hush up the supply of money and weapons to the organization.[74]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Engeland, Dr Anisseh Van; Rudolph, Ms Rachael M (2013). From Terrorism to Politics. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1-4094-9870-4.
  2. ^ "In the Party of God: Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? by Jeffrey Goldberg". The New Yorker. 14 October 2002. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
  3. ^ Levitt, Matthew. "Hezbollah Finances – Funding the Party of God." The Washington Institute. February 2005. 1 February 2015.
  4. ^ UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (29 March 2006). "LEBANON: The many hands and faces of Hezbollah". Retrieved 17 August 2006.
  5. ^ Harel, Amos; Stern, Yoav (4 August 2006). "Iranian official admits Tehran supplied missiles to Hezbollah". Haaretz. Israel. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Edward Cody and Molly Moore (2006-08-14). "The Best Guerrilla Force in the World". The Washington Post.
  7. ^ Soibel, Leah. "Iran in our own backyard". Daily News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  8. ^ UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2004-12-22). "UN creates buffer zone in east, but regional administrator objects". irinnews.org. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
  9. ^ "Why Is Iran Shipping Arm to Hamas and Hezbollah?". TheBlaze. April 9, 2014.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Washington Post, December 20, 2004 Lebanese Wary of a Rising Hezbollah Accessed August 8, 2006
  11. ^ CNN, November 7, 2001 Sources: Terrorists find haven in South America Archived 2007-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Accessed August 17, 2006
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b Iran pays Hezbollah $700 million a year, US official says, The National, 5 June 2018
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Hezbollah paying the price of Iranian obstinance, YNET, 27 May 2019
  14. ^ Labaki, Boutros. "The Role of Transnational Communmities in Fostering Development in Countries of Origin." United Nations. 12 May 2006: 15–16. 31 July 2010.
  15. ^ "Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism". The Washington Post. 8 June 2004.
  16. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2007). Hamas. Yale University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-300-12258-9.
  17. ^ Giraldo, Jeanne (2007). Terrorism Financing and State Responses. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5565-8.
  18. ^ "US Treasury takes action against Hezbollah funders". Jerusalem Post. 24 April 2013.
  19. ^ "Nasrallah decries 'propaganda'". Al Jazeera. 25 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  20. ^ "Hezbollah denies drugs and money laundering claims". Agence France Presse. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  21. ^ "Hezbollah seeks 'to attack and storm banks' in Lebanon - report". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.
  22. ^ Reuters Staff (September 12, 2019). "New sanctions could extend to allies of Hezbollah in Lebanon: U.S. envoy" – via www.reuters.com.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Karouny, Mariam. "Lebanon's LCB to merge with Societe Generale unit", Reuters website, 3 March 2011. (Retrieved 10 July 2016).
  24. ^ "German youth: Classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.
  25. ^ "Free Democratic Party urges Merkel to place full ban on Hezbollah". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b "Treasury Targets Hizballah in Venezuela". Press Release. United States Department of Treasury. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  27. ^ Noriega, Roger F. "Hezbollah in Latin America: Implications for U.S. Homeland Security" (PDF). The House Committee on Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b Noriega, Roger F. "Hezbollah in the streets of Caracas?". AEIdeas. American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  29. ^ Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate Testimony of Dr. Matthew Levitt Accessed August 8, 2006 (archived from the original on 2005-05-25)
  30. ^ US Treasury Department, June 10, 2004 Treasury Designates Islamic Extremist, Two Companies Supporting Hizballah in Tri-Border Area Archived 2007-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2006-07-26
  31. ^ "Hezbollah denies drugs and money laundering claims". Al Arabiya. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  32. ^ "Nasrallah calls for unconditional dialogue in Syria". Al Ahkbar. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  33. ^ "الحَراك والشفافيّة". الأخبار.
  34. ^ Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban (2008). Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-57607-337-7.
  35. ^ Mucci, Alberto (9 July 2014). "Hezbollah Profits From Hash as Syria Goes to Pot". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  36. ^ "Hezbollah maintains complex network of front companies trading in counterfeit medicine". Jerusalem Post. August 1, 2013.
  37. ^ Lev, David (9 January 2010). "Hizbullah Sells Drugs in Europe". Israel National News. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  38. ^ Marshall, Jonathan (16 May 2012). The Lebanese Connection Corruption, Civil War, and the International Drug Traffic. Stanford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9780804782562. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  39. ^ Levitt, Matthew (25 May 2005), Hezbollah: Financing Terror Through Criminal Enterprise (PDF), Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs United States Senate, p. 8, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2005, retrieved 19 January 2021
  40. ^ Hernández, Joel (August 2013). "Terrorism, Drug Trafficking, and the Globalization of Supply". Perspectives on Terrorism. 7 (4): 42. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  41. ^ Deeb, Lara (31 July 2006). "Hizballah: A Primer". Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  42. ^ "Treasury Targets Hizballah's Enablers in Lebanon | U.S. Department of the Treasury". home.treasury.gov.
  43. ^ "US sanctions Lebanon companies for funnelling millions to Hezbollah". The National. 17 September 2020.
  44. ^ "Report: Hezbollah funded by drug trade". Ynetnews. January 9, 2010.
  45. ^ “Hezbollah on Trial in Europe”, Foundation for Defense of Democracies, November 19, 2018
  46. ^ "Janus Initiative Research" (PDF).
  47. ^ EFD Report: Hezbollah fundraising in Germany tax-deductible, European Foundation for Democracy, July 13, 2009
  48. ^ Kraul, Chris; Rotella, Sebastian (October 22, 2008). "Drug probe finds Hezbollah link". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  49. ^ "Lebanese Hezbollah's Illicit Activities and International Networks". Strategy Nord.[permanent dead link]
  50. ^ Jamestown Foundation, Mystery Surrounds Alleged Hezbollah Links to Drug Arrests in Curacao [1] Accessed June 29, 2009
  51. ^ Perri, Frank S., Lichtenwald, Terrance G. and MacKenzie, Paula M. (2009). "Evil Twin Towers: The Crime Terror Nexus" Forensic Examiner Volume 18 Number 4 Winter 2009.
  52. ^ Noriega, Roger F. "Hezbollah in Latin America: Implications for U.S. Homeland Security" (PDF). The House Committee on Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  53. ^ "Venezuela, el principal nexo de Hezbollah para su ingreso a América del Norte". Infobae. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  54. ^ Maria Delgado, Antonio (10 September 2014). "Venezuela, trampolin del Hezbola". El Nuevo Herald. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  55. ^ "U.S. Treasury: Lebanese bank laundering millions to Hezbollah-linked group." Reuters, 10 February 2011.
  56. ^ Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism, The Washington Post
  57. ^ Washington Post, June 22, 2002 N.C. Man Convicted Of Aiding Hezbollah Accessed August 6, 2006
  58. ^ "Iran Provider of Hezbollah's Weaponry". Asharq Alawsat. July 16, 2006. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007.
  59. ^ "Hizbollah fighter tells Israel he trained in Iran". 2006-08-07. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b "Missiles neutralizing Israeli tanks". 4 August 2006. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
  61. ^ Jump up to: a b "atimes.com". www.atimes.com. Archived from the original on 2006-07-20.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  62. ^ "Iran denies giving aid to Hizbullah", Jerusalem Post, July 28, 2006[permanent dead link]
  63. ^ AFP, August 4, 2006 Iran to supply Hezbollah with surface-to-air missiles Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Accessed August 5, 2006
  64. ^ Jump up to: a b Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism (2006-04-28). "Country Reports on Terrorism: State Sponsors of Terror Overview". Retrieved 2006-07-17.
  65. ^ "CastUP: 387 Abd al rahim murad final-3". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
  66. ^ Haaretz, August 5, 2006 Iranian official admits Tehran supplied missiles to Hezbollah Accessed August 5, 2006
  67. ^ "Israel to counter Hizbullah forces", Jane's Defence Weekly, 26 July 2006
  68. ^ Separating Mullahs From Their Moolah Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, Investor's Business Daily, April 25, 2007; accessed September 22, 2008.
  69. ^ Iran unveils Hezbollah commander stamp, USA Today, March 10, 2008; accessed September 22, 2008.
  70. ^ "Hezbollah: Violence mixed with social mission". CNN. 2006-06-13. Archived from the original on 2006-07-17. Retrieved 2006-06-15.
  71. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Hizbullah Has Enough Arms to Defend Country
  72. ^ Wroughton, Lesley & McKeef, Clive. (13 November 2018). "U.S. designates son of Hezbollah leader a terrorist." Reuters website Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  73. ^ United States Department of Treasury. (November 13, 2018. Press Release) "Treasury Sanctions Key Hizballah, IRGC-QF Networks in Iraq." US Treasury website Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  74. ^ "Qatari diplomat allegedly covered up Hezbollah terror funding - exclusive". The Jerusalem Post. 30 July 2020.
Retrieved from ""