Game physics
Computer animation physics or game physics involves the introduction of the laws of physics into a simulation or game engine, particularly in 3D computer graphics, for the purpose of making the effects appear more realistic to the observer. Typically, simulation physics is only a close approximation to actual physics, and computation is performed using discrete values. Additionally, games may intentionally deviate from actual physics for gameplay purposes; a common example is allowing the player to double jump when there is nothing to jump from, or changing the values of certain physical parameters, such as the amount of gravity present.
There are several elements that form components of simulation physics including the physics engine, program code that is used to simulate Newtonian physics within the environment, and collision detection, used to solve the problem of determining when any two or more physical objects in the environment cross each other's path.
Physics simulations[]
There are two central types of physics simulations: rigid body and soft-body simulators. In a rigid body simulation objects are grouped into categories based on how they should interact and are less performance intensive. Soft-body physics involves simulating individual sections of each object such that it behaves in a more realistic way.[1]
Particle systems[]
in each circumstance. However, in the real world an explosion can vary depending on the terrain, altitude of the explosion, and the type of solid bodies being impacted. Depending on the processing power available, the effects of the explosion can be modeled as the split and shattered components propelled by the expanding gas. This is modelled by means of a particle system simulation. A particle system model allows a variety of other physical phenomena to be simulated, including smoke, moving water, precipitation, and so forth. The individual particles within the system are modelled using the other elements of the physics simulation rules, with the limitation that the number of particles that can be simulated is restricted by the computing power of the hardware. Thus explosions may need to be modelled as a small set of large particles, rather than the more accurate huge number of fine particles.[2]
Ragdoll physics[]
This is a procedural animation and simulation technique to display the movement of a character when killed. It treats the character's body as a series of rigid bones connected together with hinges at the joints. The simulation models what happens to the body as it collapses to the ground. More sophisticated physics models of creature movement and collision interactions require greater level of computing power and a more accurate simulation of solids, liquids, and hydrodynamics. The modelled articulated systems can then reproduce the effects of skeleton, muscles, tendons, and other physiological components.[3] Some games, such as Boneworks and Half-Life 2, apply forces to individual joints that allow ragdolls to move and behave like humanoids with fully procedural animations. This allows to, for example, knock an enemy down or grab each individual joint and move it around and the physics-based animation would adapt accordingly, which wouldn't be possible with conventional means. This method is called active ragdolls and is often used in combination with inverse kinematics.
Projectiles[]
Projectiles, such as arrows or bullets, often travel at very high speeds. This creates problems with collisions - sometimes the projectile travels so fast that it simply goes past a thin object without ever detecting that it has collided with it. Before this was solved with ray-casting, which doesn't require the creation of a physical bullet. However, simply shooting a ray in the direction that the weapon is aiming at is not particularly realistic, which is why modern games often create a physical projectile that can be affected by gravity and other forces. This projectile uses a form of continuous collision detection to make sure that the above-stated problem doesn't happen at a cost of decreased performance, since more calculations are required to perform such task.
Games such as FIFA 18 require correct projectile physics for objects such as the soccer ball. In FIFA 18, developers were required to fix code related to the drag coefficient which had been incorrect in previous games, leading to a much more realistic simulation of a real ball.[4]
Books[]
- Eberly, David H. (2003). Game Physics. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-740-8.
- Millington, Ian (2007). Game Physics Engine Development. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0-12-369471-3.
- Bourg, David M. (2001). Physics for Game Developers. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00006-6.
- Szauer, Gabor (2017). Game Physics Cookbook. Packt Publishing. ISBN 978-1787123663.
- Conger, David (2004). Physics Modeling for Game Programmers. Course Technology PTR. ISBN 978-1592000937.
See also[]
- Physics engine
- Physics game
- Real-time simulation
References[]
- ^ Reilly, Luke (30 September 2013). "The Most Impressive Physics Engine You've Never Seen". IGN. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ van der Burg, John (23 June 2000). "Building an Advanced Particle System". Gamasutra. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ Brown, Eric (29 January 2009). "Ragdoll Physics On The DS". Gamasutra. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ Chiaet, Julianne (27 September 2013). "Getting on the Ball: How the FIFA 14 Soccer Video Game Finally Got Its Physics Right". Scientific American. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
External links[]
- "Math and Physics". GameDev. Archive. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011.
- "Physics Engines List". Database. Digital Rune. Mar 30, 2015 [2010]. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016.
- Computer physics engines
- Video game development