Ghana Army

Ghana Army
Founded	29 July 1959 (62 years ago)
Country	Ghana
Allegiance	Constitution of Ghana
Branch	Ghana Armed Forces
Type	Army
Role	Ground Warfare
Part of	GAF; Ghanaian Ministry of Defence and GA Central Defence Headquarters
Colors	Scarlet, Black and Dartmouth Green
Commanders
Chief of the Defence Staff	Vice Admiral Seth Amoama
Chief of the Army Staff	Major General Thomas Oppong Peprah

The Ghana Army (GA) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces (GAF). In 1959, two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana, the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force, and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army. Together with the Ghanaian air force (GHF) and Ghanaian navy (GN), the Ghanaian army (GA) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces (GAF), controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Central Defence Headquarters, both located in Greater Accra.

History[]

The command structure for the army forces in Ghana originally stemmed from the British Army's West Africa Command. Lieutenant General Lashmer Whistler was the penultimate commander holding the command from 1951 to 1953. Lt Gen Sir Otway Herbert, who left the West Africa Command in 1955, was the last commander.^[1] The command was dissolved on 1 July 1956.^[2]

In 1957, the Ghana Army consisted of its headquarters, support services, three battalions of infantry and a reconnaissance squadron with armoured cars. Total strength was approximately 5,700 men.^[3] Partially due to an over-supply of British officers after the end of the Second World War, only 12 per cent of the officer corps in Ghana, 29 officers out of 209, were black Ghanaians at independence.^[4] Under Major General Alexander Paley, there were almost 200 British Ghanaian officers and 230 warrant officers and senior commissioned officers posted throughout the Ghanaian Army.

Trophies taken by Gold Coast troops from Japanese forces in Burma during the Second World War

The Ghanaian Prime Minister, Kwame Nkrumah, wished to rapidly expand and Africanise the army to support his Pan-African and anti-colonial ambitions. In 1961, the 4th and 5th Battalions were established and the 6th Battalion in 1964, from a parachute unit originally raised in 1963.^[5] The Second Infantry Brigade Group was established in 1961 to command the two battalions raised that year. The 3rd Battalion was disbanded in February 1961 after a mutiny in August 1960 while on Operation des Nations Unies au Congo service at Tshikapa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.^[6] The changeover from British to Ghanaian officers meant a sudden lowering of experience levels, training and professionalism.

The Ghanaian commanding officer of 3rd Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel David Hansen, had on appointment as battalion commander only seven years of military experience, compared to the more normal twenty years' for battalion commanders in Western armies. He was badly beaten by his troops during the mutiny.^[7] The 4th Battalion was raised under a British commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Douglas Cairns, from the company of the 3rd Battalion that had not mutinied. Initial British planning by Paley before his departure in 1959 had provided for all British officers to be withdrawn by 1970. Under pressure from Nkrumah, Paley's successor Major General Henry Alexander revised the plans, for all British personnel to depart by 1962. In September 1961, Alexander and all other British officers and men serving with the Ghanaian armed forces were abruptly dismissed.^[8] Nkrumah was determined fully to create all-Ghanaian armed forces, after some years of accelerated promotion of Ghanaian personnel.

Ghanaian WZ523 armoured personnel carriers on parade.

Simon Baynham says that "the wholesale shambles which surely must have resulted from simply expelling the expatriate contract and seconded officers was averted by the arrival of Canadian military technicians and training officers".^[9] Canadian training team personnel were assigned to the Military Academy (1961−1968), the Military Hospital, as Brigade Training Officers (1961−1968), to the air force and later the Ministry of Defence (1963−1968), Ghana Army Headquarters (1963−1968) and the Airborne School.^[10]

Matters deteriorated further after the coup that deposed Nkrumah. Colonel James Bond, the Canadian military attaché, asked to write a report on how Canada could further assist the Ghanaian armed forces, wrote that "during 1966 the preoccupation of.. senior officers with their civilian duties as members of the National Liberation Council and as regional administrators, resulted in an unconscious neglect of the welfare of the Army".^[11] Able intermediate level officers had been assigned civilian administrative duties, leaving the army short.

Ghana has contributed forces to numerous UN and ECOWAS operations, including in the Balkans, Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lebanon and Liberia (ECOMOG and UNMIL). Ghana contributed UN peacekeeping in UNAMIR during the Rwandan genocide. In his book Shake Hands with the Devil, Canadian UNAMIR Force Commander Romeo Dallaire gave the Ghanaian soldiers high praise for their work during the conflict, in which the Ghanaian contingent lost three soldiers. In accordance with an official statement issued on Wednesday, 22 March 2000 by the Secretary to the President, the commanders of the 1st Infantry Brigade Group in the south and the 2nd Infantry Brigade Group in the north were appointed General Officers Commanding the Southern and the Northern Commands of the Ghana Army.^[12]

Structure[]

1st Bn, Ghana Regt 2nd Bn, Ghana Regt 3rd Bn, Ghana Regt 4th Bn, Ghana Regt 5th Bn, Ghana Regt 6th Bn, Ghana Regt Infantry battalions of the Ghana Army

Structure of the GA (Ghana Army)

The Ghana army is divided into three brigade sized "commands":

• Northern Command (Tamale)
  • 6th Battalion, Ghana Regiment
  • 69th Airborne Force (One company sized formation each in Upper West and Upper East regions respectively).
  • 155th Armoured Recce Regiment (planned)
• Central Command (Kumasi)
  • 3rd Battalion, Ghana Regiment (Sunyani)
  • 4th Battalion, Ghana Regiment (Kumasi)
  • 154th Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (Sunyani)
  • 2nd Signal Squadron (Kumasi)
  • 2nd Field Workshop (Kumasi)
  • 49th Engineer Regiment (Kumasi)
  • 2nd Field Ambulance (Kumasi)
  • 2nd Transport Company (Kumasi)
  • 2nd Field Operations Center (Kumasi)
• Southern Command (Accra)
  • 1st Battalion, Ghana Regiment (Tema)
  • 2nd Battalion, Ghana Regiment (Takoradi)
  • 5th Battalion, Ghana Regiment (Accra)
  • 64th Infantry Regiment (Accra)
  • 153rd Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (Accra)
  • 66th Artillery Regiment (Ho)
  • 48th Engineer Regiment (Teshie)
  • 1st Field Workshop (Accra)
  • 1 Motor Transport Battalion (Accra)

Equipment[]

Small arms[]

Name	Origin	Notes	Images
Browning Hi-Power[13]	United States Belgium	Semi-automatic fire arm
AK-47	Soviet Union	Assault rifle, used by honor guards.
Type 81 assault rifle[14]	China	Assault rifle
CAR-15	United States	Carbine rifle, used by paratroopers.
M16A2[15]	United States	Standard issue rifle.
M4 carbine[15]	United States	Used by paratroopers.
HK G3[16]	West Germany	Battle rifle
FN FAL[13]	Belgium	Battle rifle
MP5[17]	West Germany	Submachine gun
Sterling submachine gun	United Kingdom	Submachine gun
FN MAG[18]	Belgium	General purpose machine gun
Rheinmetall MG 3	West Germany	General purpose machine gun
M60 machine gun[19]	United States	General purpose machine gun
Bren[13]	Czechoslovakia and  United Kingdom	Light machine gun
DShK[13]	Soviet Union	Heavy machine gun
M2 Browning[13]	United States	Heavy machine gun
9K32 Strela-2[20]	Soviet Union	Man-portable air-defense system
Carl Gustaf[13]	Sweden	Anti-tank recoilless rifle

Artillery[]

Name	Image	Type	Origin	Caliber	Numbers
Tampella 120 Krh/40		Mortar	Finland	120mm	28[21]
D-30 towed artillery		Howitzer	Soviet Union	122mm	6[21]
Type 63		Multiple rocket launcher	China	106.7mm	uncertain[21]
Type 81		Self-propelled rocket launcher	China	122mm	3[21]
ZU-23-2		Anti-aircraft twin autocannon	Soviet Union	23mm	4[21]
ZPU 2 and 4		Anti-aircraft gun	Soviet Union	14.5mm	4[21]

Armoured fighting vehicles[]

Name	Image	Type	Origin	Numbers
Casspir		MRAP	South Africa	4[22]
STREIT Group Typhoon		MRAP	United Arab Emirates	50[15]
EE-9 Cascavel		Armoured car	Brazil	3[21][23]
Alvis Saladin		Armoured car	United Kingdom	15 as of 2015[24]
Alvis Tactica		Armoured vehicle	United Kingdom	20
Ratel IFV		Infantry fighting vehicle	South Africa	39[21][25]
Otokar Cobra[26][27]		Infantry mobility vehicle	Turkey	73 (Both versions of Otokar Cobra I - II)[28]
VBTP-MR Guarani		Armoured personnel carrier	Brazil	11[29]
Mowag Piranha I[30][31]		Armoured personnel carrier	Switzerland	63 Piranha I 4×4,6×6 and 8×8
ZFB-05		Armoured personnel carrier	China	48[32]
WZ-523		Armoured personnel carrier	China	58 delivered in 2009-2010 4 ambulance version delivered in 2012 and 24 others in 2013

Infantry[]

The Ghanaian Army consists of three distinct infantry elements:

• Ghana Regiment – The major element of the army is the six light infantry battalions of the Ghana Regiment. Three battalions are assigned to each brigade.
• Airborne Force – The Airborne Force (ABF) is a battalion sized formation including a parachute trained company assigned to the Northern Command.
• 64 Infantry Regiment – 64 Infantry Regiment is the commando trained rapid reaction force assigned to the Southern Command (formerly known as President's Own Guard Regiment).

Combat support[]

Ghanaian combat engineers assemble in a riot control formation known as a "flying wedge".

The Ghanaian Army has a number of units designated as combat support, including its armour, artillery, engineers and signals:

• Reconnaissance Armoured Regiment
• 154 Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (fondation in 2020)^[33]
• 48 Engineer Regiment (Teshie, Greater Accra Region)
• 49 Engineer Regiment
• 66 Artillery Regiment (Volta Barracks, Ho; formed 2004 from previous Medium Mortar Regiment)
• Signals Regiment (Accra)
• Logistics Group

Most are under the command of the .

Rank structure[]

A Ghanaian Army sergeant directs his troops forward

The GA rank structure is similar to the British army ranks structure.

Commissioned officers

Rank group	General/flag officers										Field/senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet
Ghana Army v t
	Field marshal		General		Lieutenant general		Major general		Brigadier		Colonel		Lieutenant colonel		Major		Captain		Lieutenant			Second lieutenant

Enlisted

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Ghana Army v t																													No insignia
	Warrant Officer Class 1						Warrant Officer Class 2		Staff Sergeant		Sergeant												Corporal				Lance Corporal		Private (or equivalent)

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Christopher R. Kilford, The Other Cold War: Canada's Military Assistance to the Developing World 1945-75, Canadian Defence Academy Press, Kingston, Ontario, 2010
• Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.

Further reading[]

• Lt Col Festus B Aboagye, The Ghana Army: A Concise Contemporary Guide to its Centennial Regimental History, 1897–1999, Sedco Publishing, Accra, 1999
• William F. Gutteridge, "The Military in African Politics," Methuen, 1969

External sources[]

• Official Website of the Ghana Armed Forces
• Media related to Ghana Army at Wikimedia Commons