Global Media & Entertainment

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Global
TypePrivately held company
IndustryMedia
Founded2007; 14 years ago (2007)
FounderAshley Tabor-King
HeadquartersLondon, England, UK
Area served
United Kingdom
Key people
The Lord Allen of Kensington (Chairman)
RevenueIncrease £824 million (March 2020)[1]
Increase £59.5 million (March 2020)[1]
Net income
Negative increase £−202.9 million (March 2020)[1]
Total assetsIncrease £1.781 billion (March 2020)[1]
Total equityNegative increase £−555.45 million (March 2020)[1]
Websitewww.global.com

Global (also known as Global Media & Entertainment)[2][3] is a British media company formed in 2007. It is the owner of the largest commercial radio company in Europe having expanded through a number of historical acquisitions, including Chrysalis Radio, GCap Media and GMG Radio. Global owns and operates seven core radio brands, all employing a national network strategy.

Global also owns and operates one of the leading Out-of-home advertising (OOH) companies in the UK through its Outdoor Division.

History[]

Global was founded by Ashley Tabor-King in 2007, with financial backing from his father Michael Tabor,[4] and purchased Chrysalis Radio, where Global took control of the radio brands Heart, Galaxy, LBC and The Arrow. A year later on 31 October 2008 Global Radio officially took control of all GCap Media and its brands. The GCap Media name was dropped at this time. The GCap purchase gave Global the network of FM stations which GCap had operated as The One Network (many of which are now part of the Heart or Capital networks), plus Classic FM, XFM, Choice FM, Gold and Chill.

Following the acquisition of GCap Media, Global was required to sell off a number of stations in the Midlands. The stations were bought by Orion Media, headed by Phil Riley, former Chief Executive of Chrysalis Radio.

Heritage local radio stations in areas not already served by Heart FM were gradually rebranded and incorporated into a larger Heart Network that covers most of southern England and parts of North Wales - the stations which would become Heart in the North were acquired later. The remaining stations briefly formed The Hit Music Network before being merged with the Galaxy network and Capital London into the Capital network.

On 25 June 2012, Global acquired GMG Radio for a sum thought to be between £50 and £70 million; it continued to be run separately while a regulatory review was conducted. In May 2013, the Competition Commission ruled that Global would be required to sell seven stations across the network.[5]

The company initially offered to dispose of three stations, Real XS in Manchester and Scotland, and Gold in the East Midlands,[6] to try to prevent the sale of the seven stations mentioned in the ruling. When this failed Global Radio launched an appeal against the decision.[7]

The appeal was based on three grounds: (a) Real and Smooth as alternatives to the Greater Manchester stations, (b) reliance on "significant adverse effects" in the North-West (c) Global's remedy proposal (see above). The appeal was rejected on all grounds and the company must sell the seven stations it was ordered to in the original judgement,[8] Global said it was disappointed with the decision and was considering it further.[9]

On 6 February 2014, it was announced that a number of stations would be sold to the Irish broadcaster Communicorp, with programming generally to be supplied by Global under contract.[10] The deal involved control of Smooth Radio in the North East, the North West and the West Midlands, of Capital in South Wales and Scotland, of Real Radio in North Wales and Yorkshire, and of Real XS in Manchester. Most stay under their current brands though the Real stations will be renamed Heart and carry the Heart network off-peak programming as provided by Global. Global will retain control of all other stations, relaunching the existing Heart North West and Wales as Capital to allow Real North Wales (under Communicorp) to take on the Heart affiliation. Real XS in Paisley will be retained by Global and join the XFM network; the future branding and direction of Real XS in Manchester, under Communicorp, is unclear at the present time. Most of the Gold stations switched to taking the Smooth London/Network output, with the exception that, in areas where Smooth is available on FM (London, Manchester and the East Midlands), a reduced Gold oldies service will remain, run by Global and taking programmes from London as now.[citation needed]

It was announced in June 2015 that Darren Singer would be appointed as Global's chief financial officer.[11]

In February 2017, Global changed its company name from 'This is Global Limited' to 'Global Media & Entertainment Limited'. It also changed all its social media handles from 'thisisglobal' to 'global' and its web domain to global.com.[12][13] Global also combined the three sub-companies, Global Radio, Global Entertainment and Global Television into just 'Global'.

On 1 March 2018, Global launched a brand new awards show called The Global Awards celebrating the stars of music, news & entertainment across genres in the UK and from around the world. It took place at London's Eventim Apollo.[14]

In September 2018, Global announced the double acquisition of two key outdoor companies, Primesight and Outdoor Plus, creating Global's Outdoor Division. The acquisitions were rumoured to be worth several hundred million pounds.

On 19 September 2018, rival commercial radio group Bauer announced that they were pulling out of the biggest networked commercial radio chart show, The Official Vodafone Big Top 40, produced by Global's Capital. The move led to Global discontinuing the Sunday evening show for all stations outside of their own Heart & Capital networks, which the show continues to air on.

On 26 February 2019, Global Radio announced plans to replace the regional breakfast shows on Capital and Heart with a single national breakfast show for each network, whilst Smooth kept its regional breakfast shows, instead turning its drive time show national. Capital's new breakfast show launched in April with Roman Kemp, Heart breakfast with Jamie Theakston and Amanda Holden launched in June and Smooth Drivetime with Angie Grieves launched in September. [15]

In September 2019, it was announced that Quidem, the owners of Banbury Sound, Rugby FM and Touch FM had entered into a brand-licensing agreement with Global Radio. This change will see the Quidem stations rebrand under the Global brands.[16] At the beginning of October, Ofcom opened a consultation following Quidem's request for its six stations to make significant changes to their formats.[17]

Radio stations[]

Capital[]

Main article: Capital (radio network)

Capital is a network of eleven contemporary hit stations which currently broadcasts in numerous areas of England, Wales and central Scotland, alongside a digital UK-wide version. On 3 January 2011, Capital London, The Hit Music Network and the Galaxy network became part of the nine-station Capital radio network; two former Heart stations became Capital in May 2014. Local news hours were extended as part of the agreement to increase programme-sharing, and local advertising will remain locally sold. However, programming outside local hours originates from Capital's network studios in Leicester Square, London. Unlike its competitor BBC Radio 1, Capital only plays pop music and dance hits and does not play rock music, alternative music or classic hits.

Slogan = The UK's No.1 Hit Music Station

Capital Dance[]

Main article: Capital Dance

Capital Dance is a national digital radio station in the United Kingdom, owned and operated by Global and run as a spin-off from Capital. The station broadcasts from studios at Leicester Square in London alongside its sister stations Capital and Capital XTRA. The station predominantly plays contemporary electronic dance music.

Slogan = The UK's Official Dance Station

Capital XTRA[]

Main article: Capital Xtra

An urban music station based in London, originally named Choice FM. Until Summer 2010 it was sold as part of the Galaxy network for marketing purposes only, but retained its own separate branding and programming. From then on, with Galaxy ultimately absorbed into Capital, Choice sat as its own brand within Global's lineup. On 7 October 2013 Choice FM was rebranded as Capital XTRA and made available nationally via DAB radio.[18]

Slogan = Hip Hop and R&B for the UK

Capital XTRA Reloaded[]

Main article: Capital XTRA Reloaded

Capital XTRA Reloaded is a Global-owned radio station that broadcasts from Birmingham, nationally on DAB Digital Radio, on the Global Player App, on Smart Speaker and Online. Its output consists primarily of hip-hop, dance, garage, R&B and grime classics from the 1990s and 2000s.

Slogan = Non-Stop Old Skool

Heart[]

Main article: Heart (radio network)

Heart is a network of 21 adult-contemporary pop stations which currently broadcasts in numerous areas of England, Wales and central Scotland, alongside a digital UK-wide version. The network began with a single regional station in the West Midlands and subsequently a second station in London. The third station, Heart 106 in the East Midlands (previously Century 106) was sold to Orion Media and run as a franchise retaining the Heart name until the start of 2011 where it was rebranded as Gem 106.

In 2009 many of the heritage CHR stations which had formed part of the One Network were renamed Heart, as were Ocean and South Hams Radio (which were not part of the One Network). Heart Hertfordshire is owned by Adventure Radio and uses the Heart name and format under licence from Global; Heart South Devon is partly owned by UKRD Group; and Heart stations in North Wales and Yorkshire (both formerly Real Radio licences) are operated by Communicorp; all other Heart stations are wholly Global-owned. All of the Real Radio stations were rebranded as Heart on 6 May 2014. Heart is also available on DAB in some areas where there is not a local Heart station on FM; these areas generally receiving Heart Digital, which is a relay of Heart London. Heart has four sister stations: Heart 70s, Heart 80s, Heart 90s and Heart Dance.

Slogan = Turn Up the Feel Good

Classic FM[]

Main article: Classic FM (UK)

Classic FM is a classical music station broadcast nationally on FM and DAB; also available on Freesat, Sky, Freeview and Virgin Media. It is one of three Independent National Radio franchises, and the only one to broadcast on FM.

Slogan = The World's Greatest Music

Smooth[]

Main article: Smooth Radio (2014)

Acquired as part of the takeover of Real & Smooth Ltd, Smooth Radio broadcasts soft adult contemporary music on FM in six areas, and from March 2014 on MW in a number of areas previously served by Gold. After taking over Smooth, Global reversed the "national" format that Smooth had taken in 2010 – whereby a network version of the station was broadcast nationally on DAB with all English FM stations sharing this content – and reintroduced local breakfast and drivetime shows. Two of the Smooth areas had previously been Jazz FM stations, and three had originally been Saga stations; the North-East service launched as Smooth on a licence originally awarded to Saga.

Slogan = Your Relaxing Music Mix

LBC[]

Main articles: LBC and LBC News

LBC is a news and talk radio station, focussing on stories and issues from across the UK and internationally by phone-in discussion programmes. It launched on 8 October 1973 as the UK's first licensed commercial radio station, with Capital Radio launching a week later on 16 October 1973. Since 2014, LBC has been broadcasting nationally on DAB, television and Global Player, and FM in London only.

Slogan = Leading Britain's Conversation

LBC News[]

On 28 October 2019, what had been LBC London News changed its name to LBC News. As well as remaining on 1152AM in the London area it is also available on DAB+ via the D1 multiplex nationwide using the space vacated by Radio X switching to DAB+. It has reverted to a 24-hour station, dropping its simulcast of LBC, but otherwise keeping the same format of 20 minute bulletins but with a UK wide focus. Its news presenters include Lisa Aziz and Martin Stanford, whilst John Kettley is one of the weather presenters.

Slogan = Where the News Never Stops

Radio X[]

Main article: Radio X (United Kingdom)

Radio X (formerly XFM) broadcasts alternative rock and independent music. It began officially in 1997 as an independent London station, it was purchased by Capital Radio Group (now Global) in 1998. The XFM brand was extended in 2006–7 with the launch of stations in central Scotland, Manchester and South Wales. The Scottish station was rebranded to Galaxy Scotland and subsequently Capital Scotland, and the South Wales station was sold to Town & Country Broadcasting, becoming Nation Radio.

From 7 April 2014 96.3 Real Radio XS in Renfrewshire switched to the XFM brand; this saw the station swap from taking Real XS Manchester's networked shows outside local hours, to those of XFM London. The Renfrewshire station was available across central-belt Scotland on DAB radio, giving it the same coverage area as the prior XFM Scotland had done. XFM London was also available outside the capital as a digital service on a number of the local DAB multiplexes around the country.

From September 2015, XFM was replaced with new 'national' station Radio X, which took up the former XFM slots on FM in London and Manchester, and a national DAB berth. (The Paisley FM franchise was returned to Ofcom, and most local-level DAB slots were turned over to Gold.)

Slogan = Get Into the Music

Gold[]

Main article: Gold (radio)

A network of stations principally dedicated to music from the 1950s to the 1980s, there are two different variants of the station; England & Scotland, and Wales. Many of these were the AM sister stations to heritage CHR stations which are now Heart or Capital stations; though Gold Manchester was originally a standalone station Fortune 1458 and Lite AM before becoming part of the Big-AM and later Capital Gold networks. On DAB, Gold is available in some areas which do not have Gold on AM; in these areas Gold UK is carried, though it may carry local branding on the label. Global chose to close some unviable AM relays of Gold, but has continued to serve these areas on DAB. In the West Midlands, after the divesture of some radio holdings to Orion Media, the Gold brand continued as a franchise, however, in late 2012 these stations were rebranded as Free Radio 80s and no longer carried Gold network programming.

Most Gold stations on AM/local DAB transferred to receive their network programming provision from Smooth Radio on 24 March 2014; local news/travel and advertising drop-ins into the network programming feed continue as previously provided under Gold, and the former Gold stations in Wales continue to offer a four-hour local show as Smooth Wales. Three Gold areas where Smooth is already provided on FM – London, Manchester and the East Midlands – retain a reduced Gold service on AM and (bar Manchester, where capacity is unavailable) local DAB, with most presented shows (aside from a daily morning show) ceasing.[19]

A number of areas gained or regained Gold as a DAB service in September 2015 in space vacated by XFM, following XFM's move from local to national transmission as Radio X.

Slogan = The Greatest Hits of All Time

Digital-only stations[]

Global currently operates five stations exclusively broadcast via digital platforms:

Smooth[]

Smooth Extra launched at the end of 2014 to broadcast nationally on Digital One (in the slot previously occupied by the network Smooth Radio service) with a 'melodic music from past decades' format (some programming is simulcast with Smooth London). A previous plan to launch a service of "music from the 70s, 80s and 90s" in the Digital One capacity[20] ultimately did not go ahead. Smooth added two further digital siblings on 3 September 2019; Smooth Country (previously a Global Player stream) and Smooth Chill, the successor to Chill.

A pop-up digital Christmas music station, Smooth Christmas, was operated by R&S in the run-up to Christmas of 2011 and 2012, and having not run in 2013 was revived by Global in 2014 but was in 2015.[21] In 2016, Smooth Christmas was not revived, instead Heart Extra Xmas, a pop-up digital Christmas music station, appeared from 12 November 2016 until 27 December 2016. It returned on 9 November 2017.[22]

Heart[]

Heart Extra launched in February 2016, followed by Heart 80s in March 2017; the conversion of these stations to DAB+ in 2019 permitted the launch of further stations including Heart Dance, Heart 70s and Heart 90s.

PopBuzz[]

PopBuzz is a cultural platform of interviews, articles, podcast, videos, and GIFs, combined with a music stream of the fastest trending tracks in social media with digital goodness from around the web. It also has an online radio station called PopBuzz Radio. PopBuzz podcast is released weekly.[23] PopBuzz Presents, introduced in 2017, is an original live program produced in partnership with Twitter.[24][25] Founded in 2014,[26][27] the site is targeted to millennials and Gen Zs.[28][29]

We The Unicorns[]

is a platform that brings stories from YouTube and online videos. They make specialised content for fans such as videos, quizzes and interviews.[30] The site evolved from PopBuzz.[28]

Events[]

Global produce over 150 events for its radio brands annually. These include Capital's Summertime Ball and Jingle Bell Ball, Heart Live and Classic FM Live at the Royal Albert Hall.[31] It also produces its own Global Awards, which recognizes the most popular songs across its radio stations.[32]

In March 2018, Global launched a new awards show (The Global Awards) celebrating the stars of music, news and entertainment across genres in the UK and from around the world.[14]

Global Academy[]

The Global Academy UTC opened on 12 September 2016 and is sponsored by Global and University of the Arts London. It is located on the site of the Old Vinyl Factory in Hayes, Hillingdon.[33]

On 20 January 2017, The Global Academy was officially opened by the Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry. Two Breakfast shows from the Global brands were broadcasting Live from the academy, Heart London Breakfast with Jamie Theakston and Emma Bunton and Nick Ferrari on LBC.[34]

Global's Newsroom[]

All of Global's stations broadcast news updates under the name of Global's Newsroom. Local and national bulletins are produced and Global's newsroom also provides the news to Global's news station LBC. In terms of weekly audience reach, Global's newsroom is the second largest news broadcaster in the UK, second only to the BBC.[citation needed]

The Global Awards[]

Main article: Global Awards

The Global Awards which started on 1 March 2018 are held by Global and reward music played on its own stations. The Global Awards returned in 2019.[35]

List of ceremonies[]

Year Date Venue Broadcast Hosts
2018 1 March 2018 Hammersmith Apollo Capital
Capital TV
Heart TV 		Roman Kemp Rochelle Humes Kate Garraway
2019 7 March 2019 Capital
Heart

Charity[]

Global's Make Some Noise is Global's in-house charity.

Every year Global's Make Some Noise has an annual appeal day where its radio stations come together to raise money for small projects supporting youngsters and their families living with illness, disability or lack of opportunity, in their local communities.

Before Global's Make Some Noise, some of Global's stations ran their own charity's such as Help a Capital Child, Have a Heart and the Classic FM Foundation.[36]

In 1975, Capital FM's charity Help a London Child was established by the late Sir Richard Attenborough, to help disadvantaged young people in the capital. He once said: “Disadvantaged children don't have less imagination, just less opportunity to express it.”

In 2014, Global's Make Some Noise was formed.[37] 9 October it was Make Some Noise day, where all of Global's brands came together. Make Some Noise raised more than 1 million pounds.[38]

In 2015, Global's Make Some Noise ran its second year on 8 October they came all came together. They raised £1,955,869.[39]

In 2016, Global's Make Some Noise returned on 7 October. In total £2,860,897 was raised.[40] In the financial year 2016-2017 £0.98M was spent by Global Charities on fund raising.[41]

In 2017, Global's Make Some Noise returned on 6 October and raised a record breaking £3,534,628.[42]

Criticism[]

In February 2009, Global and LBC were the subject of criticism by technical and scientific bloggers following their threat of legal action against medical journalist Ben Goldacre for publishing part of an LBC 97.3 broadcast by Jeni Barnett on his website.[43] The move was interpreted as an attempt to suppress criticism and debate rather than enforcement of copyright.

The broadcast was described as irresponsible by David Aaronovitch in The Times, and LBC and Barnett were specifically identified in a critical Early Day Motion by Norman Lamb MP.[citation needed]

In May 2015, Global was criticised for dropping coverage of the HSBC tax story[clarification needed] in February that year. Coverage of the story was resumed "some days later".[44]

See also[]

  • Timeline of Global Radio

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Global Radio annual report 2019". amazonaws.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  2. ^ Radio, Global. "About Us | Global". www.global.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  3. ^ "GLOBAL MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  4. ^ Prosser, David (15 September 2010). "The Business On... Ashley Tabor OBE, Founder and Global Group CEO, Global Radio". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  5. ^ "Global/GMG final report". Competition Commission. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  6. ^ Martin, Roy (8 March 2013). "Global Radio offers to sell XS & Gold EM". RadioToday. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  7. ^ Martin, Roy (14 June 2013). "Global objects Competition Commission rule". RadioToday. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ Martin, Roy (15 November 2013). "Global disappointed at appeal dismissal". RadioToday. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  10. ^ Martin, Roy (6 February 2014). "Communicorp buys 8 Global stations". RadioToday. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  11. ^ Sweney, Mark (26 June 2015). "Global Radio nabs chief financial officer from the Guardian". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016.
  12. ^ "Company's new name". Companies House. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018.
  13. ^ "Heart ends More Music Variety slogan and logo". RadioToday. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b "Global Awards 2018". Global.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  15. ^ "Capital, Heart and Smooth cull local radio shows". BBC News. BBC. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  16. ^ Radio Today - Quidem enters brand licensing agreement with Global, 02 September 2019
  17. ^ OfCom - Banbury Sound, Rugby FM and Touch FM Requests to change Format, 02 October 2019
  18. ^ "Global to change Choice to Capital XTRA". Radio Today. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  19. ^ "Gold drops presenters outside breakfast". RadioToday. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014.
  20. ^ "Radio Broadcast Update January 2014". Ofcom. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  21. ^ "Smooth Christmas returns on national DAB radio – RadioToday". Radiotoday.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  22. ^ "Global's Heart extra switches to Heart extra Xmas – RadioToday". Radiotoday.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 November 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  23. ^ "Privacy Policy". Popbuzz.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  24. ^ Tan, Emily (5 October 2017). "Twitter and Popbuzz are launching an original live show". Campaign. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  25. ^ Haigh, Phil (14 November 2017). "What is PopBuzz Presents? The new Twitter show launching with Liam Payne this week". Metro. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  26. ^ "PopBuzz". Justia. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  27. ^ "PopBuzz". USPTO. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b "'News Feed First': How Global reaches listeners on social media". NewsWhip. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  29. ^ "Advertise with POPBUZZ - GEN Z Social Package and Partnership". Getmemedia.com. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  30. ^ "Contact Us". Wetheunicorns.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  31. ^ "Touring". Global. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017.
  32. ^ "About the 2018 Global awards". Global. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  33. ^ "Global to open the Global Academy in 2016 – RadioToday". Gadiotoday.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  34. ^ Radio, Global. "Global Updates - Global". Global.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  35. ^ "The Global Awards return for second year". RadioToday. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  36. ^ "40 Years Of Changing Lives - Global's Make Some Noise". Makesomenoise.com. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  37. ^ "Global launches Make Some Noise charity – RadioToday". Radiotoday.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  38. ^ "Global 'Makes Some Noise' charity raises £1m". Campaignlive.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  39. ^ "You've Raised £1,955,869 For Global's Make Some Noise". Heart.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  40. ^ "Global's Make Some Noise 2016 - A RECORD BREAKING Year!". Capitalfm.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  41. ^ "Charity Details". Beta.charitycommission.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  42. ^ "Global's Make Some Noise: Thank You So Much For All Of Your Donations, 2017 Was HUGE!". Capitalfm.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  43. ^ "Radio Station Uses Copyright Claim To Try To Silence Bad Science Critic; Guess What Happens?" Archived 9 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, TechDirt, 6 February 2009
  44. ^ Plunkett, John (19 May 2015). "Capital and LBC owner Global Radio advised stations to drop HSBC story". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""