Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill
King of Dublin
A photograph of the remains of an eleventh-century Viking ship
The remains of Skuldelev II may be evidence that Gofraid aided Anglo-Danish forces against the Norman King of England.
Reign1072–1075
PredecessorToirdelbach Ua Briain
SuccessorDomnall mac Murchada
Died1075
Houseprobably Uí Ímair

Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill (died 1075) was a late eleventh-century King of Dublin.[note 1] Although the precise identities of his father and grandfather are uncertain, Gofraid was probably a kinsman of his royal predecessor, Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles. Gofraid lived in an era when control of the Kingdom of Dublin was fought over by competing Irish overlords. In 1052, for example, Echmarcach was forced from the kingdom by the Uí Chennselaig King of Leinster, Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó. When the latter died in 1072, Dublin was seized by the Uí Briain King of Munster, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, a man who either handed the Dublin kingship over to Gofraid, or at least consented to Gofraid's local rule.

Gofraid appears to have had little independence from his Uí Briain overlord, as evidence by surviving correspondence between him, Toirdelbach, and Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury. Gofraid's reign came to an end in 1075, when Toirdelbach drove him overseas from Ireland, perhaps to the Kingdom of the Isles, after which he died within the year. On one hand, it is possible that Gofraid was ejected for involving himself in the Anglo-Danish insurrection against the recently established Norman regime of the Kingdom of England. On the other hand, another possibility is that Gofraid was plotting with the Uí Chennselaig against their Uí Briain overlords. Whatever the case, Gofraid was succeeded in Dublin by Domnall mac Murchada, an Uí Chennselaig dynast. Whether the later ruled with Toirdelbach's consent is likewise uncertain. There is reason to suspect that Gofraid may be identical to Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles.

Background[]

Map of Britain and Ireland
Locations relating to Gofraid's life and times.

Gofraid seems to have been a close kinsman of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles.[16] The familial background of the latter is uncertain. He could have been a member of the Waterford dynasty descended from Ímar, King of Waterford, and thus a descendant of Ímar's son, Ragnall, or the latter's son, Ragnall.[17] Alternately, Echmarcach could have been a member of the Meic Arailt dynasty, and a descendant of Ragnall mac Gofraid, King of the Isles.[18]

In the eleventh- and twelfth-centuries, four candidates to the high-kingship of Ireland managed to gain control of the Kingdom of Dublin, and appoint their intended heirs as its rulers. In effect, control of this Norse-Gaelic coastal kingdom, and the exploitation of its military strength and remarkable wealth, had become a prerequisite for any Irish ruler wishing to stake a claim to the high-kingship.[19]

Refer to caption
The name of Echmarcach mac Ragnall as it appears on folio 42v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the Annals of Ulster).[20]

In 1052, Echmarcach was driven overseas from Ireland by Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster, who thereupon assumed the kingship of Dublin.[21] For the next twenty years, Diarmait controlled the realm,[22] and the town itself served as his capital.[23] About ten years after Diarmait's victory in Dublin, Echmarcach apparently fell prey to Diarmait again, as Mann was raided by Diarmait's son, Murchad, who received tribute from a defeated mac Ragnaill, perhaps Echmarcach himself.[24] Echmarcach eventually died in Rome, in 1064[25] or 1065.[26] On his death, the contemporary chronicler Marianus Scotus described him in Latin as "rex Innarenn",[27] a title that could either mean "King of the Isles",[28] or "King of the Rhinns".[29] If it represents the latter, it could be evidence that Echmarcach's once expansive sea-kingdom had gradually eroded to territory in Galloway only.[30]

On Diarmait's unexpected death in 1072, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster gained overlordship of Leinster,[31] and took control of Dublin.[32] The eleventh- to fourteenth-century Annals of Inisfallen claims that the kingship of Dublin was offered to Toirdelbach by the Dubliners.[33] Although this record may be mere Uí Briain propaganda, it could instead be evidence of the Dubliners' preference for a distant overlord from Munster rather than one from neighbouring Leinster.[34]

King of Dublin[]

Simplified family tree illustrating possible lines of kinship between Gofraid and other contemporaries. It is not certain whether the three Ragnalls were the same individual. Whilst this is possible,[35] the fathers of Echmarcach and Cacht could have been any of three known contemporaries with the name.[36] Also shown is a possible line of kinship between Gofraid and Sitriuc mac Amlaíb.[37] Also shown is a possible line of kinship between Gofraid and two "sons of the son of Ragnall" slain in 1087; alternately, these unnamed men could have been sons of Echmarcach or Gofraid himself.[38]
RagnallRagnallRagnallBrian Bóruma
K of Ireland (d. 1014)
Echmarcach (d. 1064/1065)
K of Dublin and the Isles		AmlaíbCacht (d. 1054)Donnchad (d. 1064)
K of Munster		Tadc (d. 1023)
Gofraid (d. 1075)
K of Dublin		Sitriuc (d. 1073)unnamed (died 1087)Toirdelbach (d. 1086)
K of Munster
MórTadc (d. 1086)

Accession and attempted consolidation[]

Refer to caption
The name of Toirdelbach Ua Briain as it appears on folio 18v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488 (the Annals of Tigernach): "Toirrdelbach h-Úa m-Briain".[39] Toirdelbach was Gofraid's predecessor in Dublin.

Within the year of Toirdelbach's takeover, the Annals of Inisfallen reveals that Gofraid himself held the kingship of Dublin.[40] Toirdelbach evidently consented to this arrangement,[41] or may have even appointed Gofraid himself,[42] perhaps on account of the considerable distance between the kingdoms of Dublin and Munster.[43]

Uí Briain involvement in the Kingdom of the Isles soon followed their acquisition of Dublin. In 1073, an unsuccessful Irish-based invasion of Mann was apparently repulsed by Fingal mac Gofraid, King of the Isles.[44] The incursion is recorded by the sixteenth-century Annals of Loch Cé[45] and the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster, the latter of which states that the expedition was led by a certain Sitriuc mac Amlaíb and two grandsons of Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland.[46] The precise identity of these three slain raiders is uncertain, as are the circumstances of the expedition itself.[47] It is very likely, however, that the incursion was closely connected to the recent Uí Briain takeover of Dublin.[48]

Refer to caption
The name of Sitriuc mac Amlaíb as it appears on folio 43v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.[49]

There is reason to suspect that Sitriuc was a brother of Gofraid.[50] It is further possible that these two were not only closely related to Echmarcach, but that their family also included Cacht ingen Ragnaill, wife of Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster.[35] Certainly, Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, married Toirdelbach's son, Tadc.[51] If the Uí Briain were indeed bound to a kindred comprising Gofraid, Sitriuc, Cacht, and Echmarcach, it is possible that—following the Dublin ascendancy of the Uí Briain—Sitriuc and his Uí Briain allies attempted to take what they regarded as his family's patrimony in the Isles.[52]

Ecclesiastical affairs[]

Manuscript illumination of a mediaeval churchman
Lanfranc as depicted on folio 1r of Oxford Bodleian Library Bodleian 569.[53]

Significant ecclesiastical appointments in Ireland were generally subject to the endorsement of local kings.[54] Therefore, when Dúnán, Bishop of Dublin died in 1074, Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury was petitioned by Gofraid, on behalf of the clergy and people of Dublin, to consecrate Gilla Pátraic as Dúnán's successor.[55] Lanfranc seems to have used Gilla Pátraic as an intermediary with the Irish,[56] since when he sent Gilla Pátraic to Ireland, Lanfranc dispatched a letter to Gofraid which urged the king to correct moral laxities among his people (practices such as divorce, remarriage, and concubinage). The archbishop also sent a similar letter to Toirdelbach. These Latin letters call Gofraid gloriosius Hiberniae rex ("the glorious King of Ireland"), and Toirdelbach magnificus Hiberniae rex,[57] and appear to indicate that Lanfranc was aware Gofraid had little independence during his kingship, and that the latter was closely bound to the authority of his Uí Briain overlord.[58] At the time, Lanfranc seems to have envisioned Dublin as a metropolitan see, subject to the authority of Canterbury, but with jurisdiction over the entire Irish Church.[59] In the eyes of contemporary Gregorian reformers, the eleventh- and twelfth-century Irish Church was remarkably old-fashioned.[60] One such reformer was Lanfranc, who proceeded to reorganise the Church in the Norse-Gaelic enclaves of Ireland—Dublin in particular.[61] Although the Synod of Cashel, convened in 1101 by Toirdelbach's son Muirchertach, has sometimes been regarded as the first of the reforming Irish synods, it is likely that there were earlier such assemblies. The deliberations concerning the appointment of Gilla Pátraic, a monk with links to Worcester, may well have been one such congregation.[62] Whatever the case, Gofraid's endorsement of Gilla Pátraic, and the ecclesiastical actions of Toirdelbach and Muirchertach, indicate that—in comparison to other contemporary rulers in Scotland and Ireland—the rulers of the Irish Sea region were remarkably receptive to religious reforms.[63]

Expulsion overseas[]

Refer to caption
Gofraid's name as it appears on folio 27v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 503 (the Annals of Inisfallen): "Goffraid".[64]

Unfortunately for Gofraid, his reign appears to have been rather brief, as the Annals of Innisfallen,[65] the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach,[66] the Annals of Ulster,[67] the Annals of Loch Cé,[68] and the twelfth-century Chronicon Scotorum reveal that his reign and life came to an end in 1075.[69][note 2] Specifically, the Annals of Innisfallen relates that he was banished overseas by Toirdelbach, and that he died "beyond sea", having assembled a "great fleet" to come to Ireland.[65] Gofraid, therefore, appears to have fled to the Isles, and died whilst gathering a fleet to invade Dublin.[71] At some point after his departure, the kingship was taken up by the Uí Chennselaig, in the person of Diarmait's grandson, Domnall mac Murchada. Whether Domnall ruled with the consent of the Uí Briain is uncertain. What is certain is that he died of illness within the year,[72] after which Toirdelbach appointed his eldest son, Muirchertach, as King of Dublin.[73]

Anglo-Danish insurrections in England[]

Refer to caption
Gofraid's title as it appears on folio 43v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.[74]

The precise reason for Gofraid's ejection from Dublin is uncertain.[75] Domnall's brief rise to power immediately after Gofraid's fall could suggest that the latter was involved with the Uí Chennselaig in a revolt against the Uí Briain.[76] Another possibility is that Gofraid may have been involved in the ongoing native resistance to the regime of William I, King of England.[77] In 1066, the latter had toppled the regime of Harold Godwinson, King of England, and dramatically consolidated his control throughout the kingdom.[78] In effect, the Norman Conquest of England resulted in the virtual extirpation of the native Anglo-Danish aristocracy.[79] Even before Harold had succeeded to the throne, Diarmait—Gofraid's predecessor in Dublin—had acted as a close ally of Harold's family.[80] With the fall of Anglo-Saxon England, Diarmait continued to support the Godwinsons, and sheltered several of his sons.[81] From Ireland, the sons launched two significant sea-borne assaults on England's south-western coast. One in 1068, and one 1069.[82] The later attack coincided with a northern English revolt and Danish invasion in the same year.[83][note 3]

Photograph of a Viking ship replica
Havhingsten fra Glendalough, a modern Danish reconstruction of Skuldelev II. The original warship, built in Dublin and deliberately sunk in Denmark, dates to Gofraid's floruit.

In 1075, an English revolt against the Norman regime was led by Roger de Breteuil, Earl of Hereford, Ralph de Gael, Earl of East Anglia, and Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. The uprising was timed to take place when William was away on the continent. The revolt was also strengthened by Danish support, in the form of a fleet of two hundred ships, led by Knútr Sveinsson, brother of Haraldr hein Sveinsson, King of Denmark.[85] Unfortunately for the rebels, the uprising was quelled, largely due to the actions of Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, and by the time Knútr's fleet reached the English coast, the revolt was utterly crushed.[86] The Irish dimension in previous insurrections against the Norman regime suggests that Gofraid may have been involved in the revolt of 1075.[77] A twelfth-century eulogy composed for Knútr states that Knútr's fame was known as far as Ireland, and could be evidence of relations between Ireland and Denmark during Toirdelbach's overlordship.[76] In fact, there may be physical evidence of Gofraid's involvement in the form of an eleventh-century longship, Skuldelev II, recovered from Roskilde Fjord in Denmark.[87] Apparently built in Dublin in about 1042,[88] and later repaired in about 1060[89] or 1075, the ship may be evidence that Gofraid was at least supplying the Danes with warships.[87][note 4]

Refer to caption
Gofraid's name and title as it appears on folio 18v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: "Gofraidh rí Gall".[97]

Whilst Diarmait supported William's English opponents, Toirdelbach appears to have ushered in an era of close co-operation with William's regime.[98] If Dubliners were indeed involved in the English revolt of 1075, this may well have led to Gofraid's expulsion by his Uí Briain overlord.[99] In fact, it may be relevant that Wulfstan, who played a leading role in repelling the uprising of 1075, was a close associate of the recently consecrated Gilla Pátraic, who was in turn on good terms with Toirdelbach.[100] Whatever the case, the record of Gofraid's supposed "great fleet" of 1075 may actually refer to Knútr's assembled fleet of the same year—an armada which may have been regarded by the Irish annalist to have been affiliated with the exiled Gofraid.[101]

Gofraid mac Sitriuc[]

Further information: Fingal mac Gofraid
Refer to caption
The name of Gofraid mac Sitriuc as it appears on folio 32v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Godredus filius Sytric rex Manniæ".[102]

A like-named contemporary of Gofraid was Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles. The latter is attested in 1066 by the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann, which states that he gave sanctuary to Gofraid Crobán following the Norwegian rout at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.[103] According to the chronicle, Gofraid mac Sitriuc died in 1070, and was succeeded in the Isles by his son, Fingal.[104] Not long after the latter's accession, Gofraid Crobán conquered Mann and seized the kingship for himself.[105] Whether he accomplished this feat at the expense of Fingal is uncertain.[106]

If Gofraid is identical to Gofraid mac Sitriuc,[107] it could be evidence that Gofraid succeeded Echmarcach in Dublin and the Isles.[108] If this identification is correct, and these men were furthermore descendants of Ragnall mac Gofraid, it would mean that the latter's family—the Meic Arailt—controlled the Isles in the 1070s. If that was indeed the case, it would mean that Sitriuc—slain in the ill-fated invasion of Mann in 1073—was unlikely a member of this kindred, and more likely a member of the Meic Amlaíb, a rival family descended from Amlaíb Cuarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin.[109] Furthermore, if Gofraid and Gofraid mac Sitriuc are indeed identical, it would mean that Gofraid almost certainly fled to Mann after his expulsion from Dublin,[110] and that Gofraid Crobán—an apparent member of the rival Meic Amlaíb[111]—seized the kingship of the Isles at some point after his death.[105] Nevertheless, there is reason to suspect that Gofraid and Gofraid mac Sitriuc were in fact different individuals, and that the latter was a Meic Amlaíb kinsmen of Gofraid Crobán.

Notes[]

  1. ^ Since the 2000s, academics have accorded Gofraid various patronyms in English secondary sources: Godfrey Olafsson,[1] Godred Olafsson,[2] Goffraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill,[3] Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill,[4] Gofraid mac Amlaíb,[5] Gofraid mac Amlaim meic Ragnaill,[6] Gofraid ua Ragnaill,[7] and Guðrøðr Óláfsson.[8] Likewise, since the 1980s, academics have accorded Gofraid various personal names in English secondary sources: Godfrey,[9] Godred,[10] Goffraid,[3] Gofraid,[11] Gofraidh,[12] Gothric,[13] Guðrøðr,[14] and Guthric.[15]
  2. ^ The notice of Gofraid's death preserved by the Annals of Ulster appears to be the earliest notice of the title rí Atha Cliath ("king of Dublin"). This title is uncommon in primary sources, and the men regarded by historians as kings of Dublin are more usually styled rí Gall ("king of the foreigners").[70]
  3. ^ Specifically, in regards to the latter Irish-based invasion, Diarmait is stated by Orderic Vitalis to have supplied a fleet of sixty-six ships. Of this, only two small boatloads are said to have come back alive.[84]
  4. ^ Another possibility is that Skuldelev II arrived in Denmark in the context of the Godwinsons' preparing the Danish and Dublin-based invasion of England in 1069.[90] The ship was originally about thirty metres (98 ft) long,[91] with thirty pairs of oars,[92] and a crew of about sixty to eighty men.[93] The remarkable size of the ship suggests it was the property of a pre-eminent lord, and was likely a class of warship known in Old Norse as skeið[94] (scegð in Old English).[95] The ship may have been commissioned during the reign of Ímar mac Arailt, King of Dublin.[96]

Citations[]

  1. ^ Hudson, B (2006).
  2. ^ Woolf (2018).
  3. ^ a b Candon (1991); Candon (1988).
  4. ^ Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005); Beuermann (2002).
  5. ^ Boyle (2016).
  6. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Oram (2000).
  7. ^ Duffy (2006); Ó Corráin (n.d.).
  8. ^ Downham (2004).
  9. ^ Hudson, B (2006); Hudson, BT (2005).
  10. ^ Woolf (2018); Hudson, B (2006); Hudson, B (2005b).
  11. ^ Boyle (2016); Flanagan (2008); Duffy (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005); Cowdrey (2004); Flanagan (2004); Beuermann (2002); Ó Corráin (2001a); Ó Corráin (2001b); Holland (2000); Oram (2000); Duffy (1992); Flanagan (1989); Richter (1985); Ó Corráin (n.d.).
  12. ^ Gillingham (2003).
  13. ^ Irwin (1998); Richter (1974).
  14. ^ Duffy (2006); Downham (2004); Hudson, B (1994).
  15. ^ McDonald (2019); Wyatt (2018); Weiler (2017); Flanagan (2010); Cubitt (2009); Wyatt (2009); Cowdrey (2004); Flanagan (2004); Golding (1994).
  16. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
  17. ^ Downham (2013) p. 147; Woolf (2007) p. 246; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 227–228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35, 181–182; Duffy (1992) pp. 96, 97; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 355.
  18. ^ Downham (2013) p. 147; Woolf (2007) p. 246; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 130 fig. 4; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35, 181–182; Hudson, BT (1992) pp. 355–356.
  19. ^ Ó Corráin (2001b) p. 26; Duffy (1992).
  20. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1064.9; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1064.9; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  21. ^ Hudson, BT (2004a); Duffy (2002) p. 53; Duffy (1993a) p. 32; Duffy (1992) p. 94; Candon (1988) p. 399.
  22. ^ Duffy (1993b) p. 13.
  23. ^ Duffy (2009) p. 291.
  24. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Hudson, BT (2004a); Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1993a) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1993b) p. 14; Duffy (1992) p. 100.
  25. ^ Downham (2007) p. 193 fig. 12; Duffy (2006) p. 57.
  26. ^ Clancy (2008) p. 28; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 57; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 130 fig. 4.
  27. ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 573; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Downham (2007) p. 171; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 138; Duffy (2002) pp. 53–54; Etchingham (2001) p. 160; Oram (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1993a) p. 32; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2; Waitz (1844) p. 559.
  28. ^ Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57.
  29. ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 573; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Clancy (2008) p. 28; Downham (2007) p. 171; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 138; Duffy (2002) pp. 53–54; Etchingham (2001) p. 160; Oram (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1993a) p. 32; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99.
  30. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 245; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 143; Duffy (1992) p. 100.
  31. ^ Duffy (1992) pp. 101–102.
  32. ^ Downham (2017) p. 100; Bracken (2004b); Hudson, BT (2004a); Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Duffy (1993b) pp. 14–15; Duffy (1992) p. 101; Candon (1988) p. 399.
  33. ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1072.4; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1072.4; Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1993a) p. 33, 33 n. 11; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
  34. ^ Duffy (1992) p. 101.
  35. ^ a b Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19.
  36. ^ Downham (2013) p. 147.
  37. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, B (2005b); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4, 172; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
  38. ^ Oram (2011) p. 32; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 233; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 130 fig. 4; Oram (2000) p. 19.
  39. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1063.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1063.4; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  40. ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1072.6; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1072.6; Duffy (2006) p. 57; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1988) p. 399.
  41. ^ Hudson, B (2006) p. 113; Ó Corráin (2001a) p. 102; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1991) p. 4; Ó Corráin (1971) p. 21; Ó Corráin (n.d.) p. 34.
  42. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Candon (1991) p. 4; Candon (1988) p. 399.
  43. ^ Duffy (1993b) p. 15.
  44. ^ Duffy (2006) pp. 57–58; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) pp. 100–101; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19.
  45. ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1073.3; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1073.3; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Candon (1988) p. 403.
  46. ^ Downham (2017) p. 100; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1073.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1073.5; Candon (2006) p. 116; Duffy (2006) pp. 57–58; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, B (2005b); Duffy (2002) p. 54; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19; Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 375; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Candon (1988) p. 403.
  47. ^ Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
  48. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 57; Candon (2006) p. 116; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Duffy (2002) p. 54; Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 375; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1988) p. 403.
  49. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1073.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1073.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  50. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, B (2005b); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4, 172; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19.
  51. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Duffy (1992) p. 105, 105 n. 59.
  52. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172.
  53. ^ Cowdrey (2004).
  54. ^ Candon (1991) p. 4.
  55. ^ Gilbert (2012) pp. 249–250; Hudson, B (2006) pp. 113–114; Cowdrey (2004); Flanagan (2004); Gillingham (2003) p. 211; Hudson, B (1994) pp. 149–150; Duffy (1992) p. 102 n. 45; Candon (1991) p. 4; Elrington; Todd (n.d.) pp. 488–489.
  56. ^ Golding (1994) p. 153.
  57. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 63; Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) p. 147; Ó Clabaigh (2018) p. 356; Wyatt (2018) p. 749; Weiler (2017) pp. 570–571; Boyle (2016) pp. 279–280 n. 40; Flanagan (2010) p. 185; Cubitt (2009) p. 382; Wyatt (2009) p. 344; Flanagan (2008) pp. 904–905; Candon (2006) p. 108; Hudson, B (2006) pp. 114, 221; Cowdrey (2004); Cowdrey (2003) pp. 145–146; Flanagan (2004); Holland (2000) pp. 114–115, 114–115 n. 16, 117 nn. 22–23; Irwin (1998) p. 94; Golding (1994) p. 153; Hudson, B (1994) p. 150; Duffy (1992) p. 102 n. 45; Flanagan (1989) pp. 14, 17; Clover; Gibson (1979) pp. 66–69 § 9, 70–73 § 10; Richter (1974) p. 199 n. 16; Munch; Goss (1874b) pp. 266–268; Elrington; Todd (n.d.) pp. 490–491 § 26, 492–494 § 27.
  58. ^ Flanagan (2008) pp. 904–905; Duffy (1992) p. 102 n. 45; Hudson, B (1994) p. 150; Flanagan (1989) p. 17.
  59. ^ Holland (2000) p. 112; Richter (1974) p. 199.
  60. ^ Ó Corráin (1998) pp. 41–42.
  61. ^ Hudson, B (2006) p. 114; Ó Corráin (1998) pp. 41–42.
  62. ^ Candon (2006) p. 106; Candon (1991) pp. 4–8.
  63. ^ Gillingham (2003) p. 213.
  64. ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1075.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1075.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503 (n.d.).
  65. ^ a b Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1075.2; Duffy (2009) pp. 295–296; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1075.2; Duffy (2006) p. 58; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Hudson, B (1994) p. 152, 152 n. 41; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1988) p. 399; Richter (1985) p. 336.
  66. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1075.2; Duffy (2006) p. 58; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1075.2.
  67. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1075.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1075.1; Duffy (2006) p. 58; Candon (1988) p. 399.
  68. ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1075.1; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1075.1; Candon (1988) p. 399.
  69. ^ Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1075; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1075; Duffy (2006) p. 58; Candon (1988) p. 399.
  70. ^ Woolf (2018) p. 118.
  71. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Ó Corráin (1971) p. 21.
  72. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Duffy (1993b) p. 15; Duffy (1992) pp. 102–103; Candon (1988) p. 399; Ó Corráin (1971) p. 21.
  73. ^ Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) p. 154; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Bracken (2004a); Duffy (1993a) p. 34; Duffy (1993b) p. 15; Duffy (1992) pp. 102–103; Candon (1988) p. 399.
  74. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1075.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1075.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  75. ^ Hudson, B (2006) p. 116; Hudson, B (2005b); Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Hudson, B (1994) p. 152.
  76. ^ a b Hudson, B (2006) p. 116; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Hudson, B (1994) p. 152.
  77. ^ a b Hudson, B (2006) p. 116; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Hudson, B (1994) pp. 152–153.
  78. ^ Bates (2011).
  79. ^ Barlow (2013) p. 2.
  80. ^ Downham (2018) p. 112; Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) p. 139; Wyatt (2018) p. 791 n. 196; Barlow (2013) pp. 59, 168–169; Wyatt (2009) p. 385, 385 n. 196; Hudson, B (2005a); Downham (2004) pp. 67–68; Hudson, BT (2004a); Hudson, BT (2004b) p. 52; Etchingham (2001) p. 154; Duffy (1995) p. 387; Hudson, B (1994) p. 146; Duffy (1993a) p. 6; Maund (1993) pp. 164–165; Richter (1985) p. 336; Hudson, B (1979); Freeman (1876) pp. 158, 224–225.
  81. ^ Downham (2018) p. 112; Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) p. 139; Wyatt (2018) p. 791 n. 196; Barlow (2013) pp. 168–169; Duffy (2009) p. 295; Wyatt (2009) p. 385, 385 n. 196; Hudson, B (2005a); Downham (2004) p. 68; Hudson, BT (2004a); Duffy (1995) p. 387; Hudson, B (1994) p. 146, 146 n. 9; Duffy (1993a) p. 6 n. 25; Richter (1985) p. 336; Hudson, B (1979); Freeman (1876) pp. 224–227.
  82. ^ Barlow (2013) pp. 168–169; Hudson, B (2005a); Downham (2004) p. 68; Hudson, BT (2004a); Hudson, BT (2004b) p. 51; Duffy (1995) p. 387; Hudson, B (1994) pp. 146–147, 147 n. 13; Duffy (1993a) p. 6 n. 25; Hudson, B (1979); Freeman (1876) pp. 224–227; 791–793.
  83. ^ Downham (2004) p. 68; Hudson, B (1994) pp. 146–147.
  84. ^ Downham (2004) p. 68; Forester (1854) p. 23 bk. 4 ch. 5; Le Prevost (1840) pp. 189–190 bk. 4 ch. 5.
  85. ^ Hudson, B (2006) pp. 115–116; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Downham (2004) p. 68; Hudson, B (1994) p. 152, 152 n. 39.
  86. ^ Hudson, B (2006) p. 116; Downham (2004) p. 69; Hudson, B (1994) p. 152.
  87. ^ a b Downham (2004) pp. 68–69.
  88. ^ Caldwell (2016) p. 354; Holm (2015); Downham (2004) p. 68; Ships and Boats of the North (n.d.) § Skuldelev 2 (5.2 and 6.4).
  89. ^ Holm (2015); Ships and Boats of the North (n.d.) § Skuldelev 2 (5.2 and 6.4).
  90. ^ Ships and Boats of the North (n.d.) § Skuldelev 2 (5.2 and 6.4).
  91. ^ Caldwell (2016) p. 354; Holm (2015); Somerville; McDonald (2013) p. 15; McDonald (2007) p. 56; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 142 n. 58, 165; Ships and Boats of the North (n.d.) § Skuldelev 2 (5.2 and 6.4).
  92. ^ Caldwell (2016) p. 354; Holm (2015); Somerville; McDonald (2013) p. 15.
  93. ^ Downham (2018) p. 44; Holm (2015); Somerville; McDonald (2013) p. 15; McDonald (2007) p. 56; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 165; Ships and Boats of the North (n.d.) § Skuldelev 2 (5.2 and 6.4).
  94. ^ Somerville; McDonald (2013) p. 15.
  95. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 165.
  96. ^ Holm (2015).
  97. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1075.2; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1075.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  98. ^ Downham (2004) p. 69; Hudson, B (1994) pp. 155–158.
  99. ^ Hudson, B (1994) pp. 152–153.
  100. ^ Hudson, B (2006) p. 116; Hudson, B (1994) p. 153.
  101. ^ Duffy (2009) pp. 295–296.
  102. ^ Munch; Goss (1874a) p. 50; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  103. ^ Duffy (2006) pp. 51, 61; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Anderson (1922b) p. 18 n. 1, 43–44 n. 6; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 50–51.
  104. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 51; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) p. 100; Anderson (1922b) p. 22; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 50–51.
  105. ^ a b Duffy (2006) p. 62.
  106. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) pp. 100–101; Oram (2000) p. 19.
  107. ^ Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 468 n. 3; Beuermann (2002).
  108. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 57.
  109. ^ Duffy (2006) pp. 57–58.
  110. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 58.
  111. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 60.

References[]

Primary sources[]

Secondary sources[]

  • Barlow, F (2013). The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-78440-6.
  • Bates, D (May 2011). "William I (1027/8–1087)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29448. Retrieved 5 July 2011.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Beuermann, I (2002). "Metropolitan Ambitions and Politics: Kells-Mellifont and Man & the Isles". Peritia. 16: 419–434. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.497. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Boyle, E (2016). "The Rhetoric and Reality of Reform in Irish Eschatological Thought, Circa 1000–1150". History of Religions. 55 (3): 269–288. doi:10.1086/684277. eISSN 1545-6935. ISSN 0018-2710. S2CID 147065592.
  • Bracken, D (2004a). "Ua Briain, Muirchertach [Murtagh O'Brien] (c.1050–1119)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20464. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Bracken, D (2004b). "Ua Briain, Toirdelbach [Turlough O'Brien] (1009–1086)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20468. Retrieved 25 November 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Caldwell, DH (2016). "The Sea Power of the Western Isles of Scotland in the Late Medieval Period". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.). Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 350–368. doi:10.4324/9781315630755. ISBN 978-1-315-63075-5. ISSN 0583-9106.
  • Candon, A (1988). "Muirchertach Ua Briain, Politics and Naval Activity in the Irish Sea, 1075 to 1119". In Mac Niocaill, G; Wallace, PF (eds.). Keimelia: Studies in Medieval Archaeology and History in Memory of Tom Delaney. Galway: Galway University Press. pp. 397–416.
  • Candon, A (1991). "Barefaced Effrontery: Secular and Ecclesiastical Politics in Early Twelfth Century Ireland". Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society. 14 (2): 193–25. doi:10.2307/29742490. ISSN 0488-0196. JSTOR 29742490.
  • Candon, A (2006). "Power, Politics and Polygamy: Women and Marriage in Late Pre-Norman Ireland". In Bracken, D; Ó Riain-Raedel, D (eds.). Ireland and Europe in the Twelfth Century: Reform and Renewal. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 106–127. ISBN 978-1-85182-848-7.
  • Charles-Edwards, TM (2013). Wales and the Britons, 350–1064. The History of Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.
  • Clancy, TO (2008). "The Gall-Ghàidheil and Galloway" (PDF). The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. 2: 19–51. ISSN 2054-9385.
  • Cowdrey, HEJ (2003). Lanfranc: Scholar, Monk, and Archbishop. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925960-7.
  • Cowdrey, HEJ (2004). "Lanfranc (c.1010–1089)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16004. Retrieved 21 June 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Cubitt, C (2009). "The Institutional Church". In Stafford, P (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100. Blackwell Companions to British History. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 376–394. ISBN 978-1-405-10628-3.
  • Downham, C (2004). "England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century". In Gillingham, J (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 26. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 55–73. ISBN 1-84383-072-8. ISSN 0954-9927.
  • Downham, C (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0.
  • Downham, C (2013). "The Historical Importance of Viking-Age Waterford". No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-age. Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies. Aberdeen: Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Aberdeen. pp. 129–155. ISBN 978-0-9557720-1-6. ISSN 2051-6509.
  • Downham, C (2017). "Scottish Affairs and the Political Context of Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh". Traversing the Inner Seas: Contacts and Continuity Around Western Scotland, the Hebrides and Northern Ireland. Edinburgh: Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 86–106.
  • Downham, C (2018). Medieval Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139381598. ISBN 978-1-107-03131-9. LCCN 2017034607.
  • Duffy, S (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171". Ériu. 43: 93–133. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007421.
  • Duffy, S (1993a). Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 (PhD thesis). Trinity College, Dublin. hdl:2262/77137.
  • Duffy, S (1993b). "Pre-Norman Dublin: Capital of Ireland?". History Ireland. 1 (4): 13–18. ISSN 0791-8224. JSTOR 27724114.
  • Duffy, S (1995). "Ostmen, Irish and Welsh in the Eleventh Century". Peritia. 9: 378–396. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.256. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Duffy, S (2002). "Emerging From the Mist: Ireland and Man in the Eleventh Century" (PDF). In Davey, P; Finlayson, D; Thomlinson, P (eds.). Mannin Revisited: Twelve Essays on Manx Culture and Environment. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 53–61. ISBN 0-9535226-2-8.
  • Duffy, S (2006). "The Royal Dynasties of Dublin and the Isles in the Eleventh Century". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Dublin. Vol. 7. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 51–65. ISBN 1-85182-974-1.
  • Duffy, S (2009). "Ireland, c.1000–c.1100". In Stafford, P (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100. Blackwell Companions to British History. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 285–302. ISBN 978-1-405-10628-3.
  • Etchingham, C (2001). "North Wales, Ireland and the Isles: the Insular Viking Zone". Peritia. 15: 145–187. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.434. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Flanagan, MT (1989). Irish Society, Anglo-Norman Settlers, Angevin Kingship: Interactions in Ireland in the Late Twelfth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822154-1.
  • Flanagan, MT (2004). "Patrick (d. 1084)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21563. Retrieved 3 November 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Flanagan, MT (2008) [2005]. "High-Kings With Opposition, 1072–1166". In Ó Cróinín, D (ed.). Prehistoric and Early Ireland. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 899–933. ISBN 978-0-19-821737-4.
  • Flanagan, MT (2010). The Transformation of the Irish Church in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-597-4. ISSN 0261-9865.
  • Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
  • Freeman, EA (1876). The History of the Norman Conquest of England. Vol. 4 (2nd, revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. OL 7050195M.
  • Gillingham, J (2003). "Britain, Ireland, and the South". In Davies, W (ed.). From the Vikings to the Normans. Short Oxford History of the British Isles. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 203–232. ISBN 0-19-870050-4.
  • Golding, B (1994). Conquest and Colonisation: The Normans in Britain 1066–1100. British History in Perspective. New York: St. Martin's Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23648-0. ISBN 978-1-349-23648-0.
  • Holland, M (2000). "Dublin and the Reform of the Irish Church in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries". Peritia. 14: 111–160. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.398. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Holm, P (2015). "The Naval Power of Norse Dublin". In Purcell, E; MacCotter, P; Nyhan, J; Sheehan, J (eds.). Clerics, Kings and Vikings: Essays on Medieval Ireland in Honour of Donnchadh Ó Corráin. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
  • Hudson, B (1979). "The Family of Harold Godwinsson". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 109: 92–100. ISSN 0035-9106. JSTOR 25508756.
  • Hudson, B (1994). "William the Conqueror and Ireland". Irish Historical Studies. 29 (114): 145–158. doi:10.1017/S0021121400011548. eISSN 2056-4139. ISSN 0021-1214. JSTOR 30006739.
  • Hudson, B (2005a). "Diarmait mac Máele-na-mBó (Reigned 1036–1072)". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 127–128. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
  • Hudson, B (2005b). "Ua Briain, Tairrdelbach, (c. 1009–July 14, 1086 at Kincora)". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 462–463. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
  • Hudson, B (2006). Irish Sea Studies, 900–1200. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781851829835.
  • Hudson, BT (1992). "Cnut and the Scottish Kings". English Historical Review. 107 (423): 350–360. doi:10.1093/ehr/CVII.423.350. eISSN 1477-4534. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 575068.
  • Hudson, BT (2004a). "Diarmait mac Máel na mBó (d. 1072)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50102. Retrieved 2 June 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Hudson, BT (2004b). "The Changing Economy of the Irish Sea Province". In Smith, B (ed.). Britain and Ireland, 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–66. ISBN 0-511-03855-0.
  • Hudson, BT (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0.
  • Irwin, L (1998). "The Twelfth Century Reform of the Irish Church: A Historiographical Study". In Irwin, L (ed.). Explorations: Centenary Essays, Mary Immaculate College Limerick, 1898–1998. Limerick: Mary Immaculate College. pp. 93–110.
  • Le Prevost, A, ed. (1840). Orderici Vitalis Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ Libri Tredecim. Vol. 2. Paris: Julium Renouard et Socios.
  • Maund, KL (1993) [1991]. Ireland, Wales and England in the Eleventh Century. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3.
  • McDonald, RA (2007). Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2.
  • McDonald, RA (2019). Kings, Usurpers, and Concubines in the Chronicles of the Kings of Man and the Isles. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22026-6. ISBN 978-3-030-22026-6.
  • Moody, TW; Martin, FX; Byrne, FJ, eds. (2005). Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198217459.
  • Ní Mhaonaigh, M (1995). "Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib: Some Dating Considerations". Peritia. 9: 354–377. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.255. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Ní Mhaonaigh, M (2018). "Perception and Reality: Ireland c.980–1229". In Smith, B (ed.). The Cambridge History of Ireland. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–156. doi:10.1017/9781316275399.009. ISBN 978-1-107-11067-0.
  • Oram, RD (2000). The Lordship of Galloway. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-541-5.
  • Oram, RD (2011). Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1496-7. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  • Ó Clabaigh, C (2018). "The Church, 1050–1460". In Smith, B (ed.). The Cambridge History of Ireland. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 355–384. doi:10.1017/9781316275399.017. ISBN 978-1-107-11067-0.
  • Ó Corráin, D (n.d.). "The Vikings & Ireland" (PDF). Corpus of Electronic Texts. University College Cork. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  • Ó Corráin, D (1971). "Irish Regnal Succession: A Reappraisal". Studia Hibernica (11): 7–39. ISSN 0081-6477. JSTOR 20495982.
  • Ó Corráin, D (1998) [1989]. "Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland". In Foster, RF (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–52. ISBN 0-19-285245-0.
  • Ó Corráin, D (2001a) [1997]. "Ireland, Wales, Man, and the Hebrides". In Sawyer, P (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–109. ISBN 0-19-285434-8.
  • Ó Corráin, D (2001b). Larsen, A-C (ed.). The Vikings in Ireland. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum. pp. 17–27. ISBN 87-85180-42-4.
  • Richter, M (1974). "The First Century of Anglo-Irish Relations". History. 59 (195): 195–210. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1974.tb02214.x. eISSN 1468-229X.
  • Richter, M (1985). "The European Dimension of Irish History in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries". Peritia. 4: 328–345. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.113. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • "Ships and Boats of the North". Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde. n.d.
  • Somerville, AA; McDonald, RA (2013). The Vikings and Their Age. Companions to Medieval Studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-0522-0.
  • Weiler, B (2017). "Clerical Admonitio, Letters of Advice to Kings and Episcopal Self‐Fashioning, c.1000–c.1200" (PDF). History. 102 (352): 557–575. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.12465. eISSN 1468-229X. hdl:2160/45701.
  • Woolf, A (2004). "The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300". In Omand, D (ed.). The Argyll Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 94–109. ISBN 1-84158-253-0.
  • Woolf, A (2007). From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1233-8.
  • Woolf, A (2018). "The Scandinavian Intervention". In Smith, B (ed.). The Cambridge History of Ireland. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–130. doi:10.1017/9781316275399.008. ISBN 978-1-107-11067-0.
  • Wyatt, D (2009). Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland, 800–1200. The Northern World Nw ; North Europe and the Baltic C. 400 - 1700 Ad ; Peoples, Economies and Cultures. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17533-4. ISSN 1569-1462.
  • Wyatt, D (2018). "Slavery and Cultural Antipathy". In Pargas, DA; Roşu, F (eds.). Critical Readings on Global Slavery. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 742–799. doi:10.1163/9789004346611_025. ISBN 978-90-04-34661-1.

Media related to Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from ""