Great H of Scotland

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Anne of Denmark possibly depicted wearing the Great H on a necklace

The Great 'H' of Scotland was a jewel belonging to Mary, Queen of Scots comprising a large diamond, a ruby, and a gold chain. It was broken up in 1604 and made into the Mirror of Great Britain for James VI and I.

Mary Queen of Scots[]

The "H" was a pendant known as the 'H' because of its form, and was also called the 'Great Harry'. It appears listed in an inventory of jewels belonging to Mary, Queen of Scots made in France in the 1550s, as a French crown jewel, and two of its stones were mentioned, a large facetted lozenge diamond which formed the bar of the 'H' and hanging below this a large cabochon ruby.[1] It may have been the pendant of "incalculable value" which she wore at her wedding in 1558.[2] Later Scottish inventories also mention the great diamond and pendant ruby, and a small gold chain and other diamonds. Mary was allowed to keep this jewel after the death of her husband Francis II of France and brought it to Scotland.[3] In 1578 it was described as:

The jowell callit the greit Hary with the letter H contening a grit diament and a grit ruby.[4]

The jewel, as its name suggests, may have been a present from Henri II of France, and a similar jewel was listed in an inventory of French crown jewels made in 1551.[5] It has sometimes been suggested the Great H was a gift from Henry VII to Margaret Tudor, mother of James V of Scotland.[6] James V, Mary's father, owned a different 'H' jewel, a hat badge with a ruby and two figures with the letter 'H', possibly a gift from Henry VIII of England, or a jewel formerly belonging to Margaret Tudor.[7]

Mary hoped to add the "Great H" to the crown jewels of Scotland in memory of her reign, in a list of potential bequests she made in childbed in 1566.[8] She left a second lesser gold "H" which included a cabochon ruby and a pendant pearl to Lord Darnley.[9]

Regent Moray, Regent Morton, and the Earl of Arran[]

Agnes Keith, Countess of Moray, possibly wearing some of the jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots, Hans Eworth, Darnaway Castle

After Mary's abdication, her half-brother Regent Moray brought the jewel to England hoping to sell it.[10] His agent Nicolas Elphinstone sold Mary's pearls to Queen Elizabeth. After Regent Moray was assassinated by James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, his widow Agnes Keith retained the "H" for several years, despite requests from Mary Queen of Scots, and her agent, the Earl of Huntly, Regent Lennox, and his successor, Regent Morton. Both the Queen's Party and the King's Party of the Marian Civil War wanted the "H" and other jewels in the countess' hands.[11]

Agnes Keith wrote from Dunnotar on 2 November 1570 to William Cecil asking him to intercede with Queen Elizabeth so that Mary would cease from urging Huntly to trouble her and her children for the jewels, and claimed she did not know at first that the jewels were Mary's. She also wanted Elizabeth to write to Regent Lennox, asking him not to requisition the jewels.[12] The English ambassador Thomas Randolph wrote to Cecil on her behalf, saying her friends advised her to yield to neither side.[13] She later claimed that the value of the jewels was just recompense for the expenses her husband had made as Regent of Scotland.[14] Eventually she returned the "H" to Morton on 5 March 1575.[15] It has been suggested that a portrait of the Countess of Moray depicts her wearing the queen's jewels, with crowns in her hair band, and the jewel worn at her neck includes a large cabochon ruby like that of the Great Harry.[16]

After James VI came of age, in 1581 he ordered the treasurer, William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie to give several jewels from his mother's collection to his favourite, Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox including a gold chain of knots of pearls and diamonds,[17] a gold cross with diamonds and rubies, the "Great H", and other pieces. Lennox returned the jewels when he left for France in 1583.[18]

In 1585 the former royal favourite James Stewart, Earl of Arran was said to have embarked on a boat at Ayr carrying royal jewellery including 'Kingis Eitche', but he was forced to give his treasure up to George Home.[19] The jewels recovered from the Earl of Arran and his wife Elizabeth Stewart, Lady Lovat including the "H" were finally formally returned to the treasurer of Scotland, Robert Melville on 23 February 1586.[20] The governor of Dumbarton Castle, William Stewart of Caverston, had negotiated the recovery of the jewels, and delivered the "H" into the "king's own hands".[21]

James VI and I[]

James VI gave the 'H' to Anne of Denmark to wear, possibly among a gift of the "greatest part of his jewels" mentioned in December 1593.[22] However, in September 1594 King James pawned the jewel with the goldsmith Thomas Foulis for £12,000 Scots, or £2000 Sterling.[23] It was noted that the large diamond was in the centre "the middis of the same H". James VI needed the money for his military expedition to the north of Scotland against the Earl of Huntly and the Earl of Erroll.[24] The English diplomat George Nicholson heard that Anne of Denmark had offered the "H" to her friend the Countess of Erroll as recompense for the demolition of Slains Castle.[25] Nicholson heard that Foulis had a breakdown in January 1598 when James reclaimed the jewel without payment.[26]

King James brought the "H" to England, with other jewels deemed to be important, including the "espousall ring of Denmark".[27] In 1604 or 1605 the jewel was dismantled and the large diamond was used in the new Mirror of Great Britain which James wore as a hat badge.[28] The Mirror of Great Britain included the Sancy Diamond, for which the French ambassador Christophe de Harlay, comte de Beaumont was paid 60,000 French crowns.[29][30]

The remaining components of the Great 'H' were mentioned in 1606 when George Home, now Earl of Dunbar, gave up the office of Master of the Wardrobe and delivered to James Hay, master of the robes, the rest of the jewel including the chain and ruby.[31]

Other royal "H" jewels[]

Arbella Stuart had an "H" of gold set with a rock ruby, among jewels bequeathed to her by her grandmother Margaret Douglas. Her mother's executor Thomas Fowler took these pieces to Scotland and died in April 1590 while James VI was in Denmark. The Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell obtained Arbella's jewels and seems to have delivered them to the king. This "H" may have belonged to Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII, and wife of James IV of Scotland.[32]

King James gave an "old jewel" in the form of an 'H' from the royal collection to Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond on 11 March 1623. This jewel had two pointed diamonds, six table cut diamonds, and three pendant pearls, and was kept in a crimson box in the secret jewel house of the Tower of London.[33][34][35] King James had previously given this jewel to Anna of Denmark in 1607, and she also had another "H" jewel with rubies and diamonds.[36]

Prince Henry had yet another "H" jewel, described after his death as "a ballas ruby in form of an H with pearls upon every side, with a great pearl hanging thereto."[37][38] It is not clear if this was newly made for Henry or was another heirloom piece.

In 1540 Henry VIII gave Katherine Howard an "hache of gold wherin is vj feir diamondes" with an emerald and four pendant pearls, which differs from the pieces described above.[39][40] Among jewels with the letters "H" and "K" in a coffer marked as the "Queen's Jewels" in 1547 was an "H" with seven diamonds and three pendant pearls.[41]

Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset who died in 1587, owned "a fair square tablet of gold like an H, with four diamonds, and a rock ruby or ballas in the midst, garnished with pearl, with a pearl pendant".[42]

References[]

  1. ^ National Records of Scotland, NRS E35/4 'Memoire des bacques de la courronne'.
  2. ^ William Bentham, Ceremony at the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots (London, 1818), p. 6.
  3. ^ Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), pp. 196-7, 200, 265, 291, 307, 318.
  4. ^ Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), p. 265 no. 36.
  5. ^ Germain Bapst, Histoire des joyaux de la couronne de France (Paris, 1889), pp. 68-9
  6. ^ Agnes Strickland, Life of Mary, Queen of Scots, vol. 1 (London, 1873), p. 30.
  7. ^ Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), p. 65.
  8. ^ Joseph Robertson, Inventaires de la Royne Descosse (Edinburgh, 1863), p. 93.
  9. ^ Joseph Robertson, Inventaires de la Royne Descosse (Edinburgh, 1863), p. 122.
  10. ^ HMC 6th Report: Moray (London, 1877), pp. 638, 653.
  11. ^ HMC 6th Report & Appendix: Lord Moray (London, 1877), pp. 653, 658.
  12. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1903), p. 417 no. 550.
  13. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1903), p. 427 no. 559.
  14. ^ Amy Blakeway, Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland (Boydell, 2015), p. 90.
  15. ^ Joseph Robertson, Inventaires de la Royne Descosse (Edinburgh, 1863), pp. cxxxi-cxxxii: HMC 6th Report & Appendix: Lord Moray (London, 1877), pp. 653, 658.
  16. ^ Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of Scotland and English Princesses, vol. 7 (New York, 1859), pp. 60-1.
  17. ^ David Masson, Register of the Privy Council of Scotland: 1578-1585, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1880), p. 392.
  18. ^ Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), pp. 306-8.
  19. ^ John W. Mackenzie, A Chronicle of the Kings of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 139.
  20. ^ Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), pp. 316-320.
  21. ^ David Masson, Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1585–1592, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1881), p. 41.
  22. ^ Annie I. Cameron, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1593-1595, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 237.
  23. ^ Thomas Birch, Memorials of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, vol. 1 (London, 1754), p. 186.
  24. ^ David Masson, Register of the Privy Council, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1882), p. 172-3.
  25. ^ Maureen M. Meikle & Helen M. Payne, 'From Lutheranism to Catholicism: The Faith of Anna of Denmark (1574-1619)', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 64:1 (2013), p. 55: Joseph Bain, Border Papers, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 504.
  26. ^ Register of the Privy Council, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1882), pp. 433-4.
  27. ^ Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), p. 329.
  28. ^ John Nichols, The progresses, processions, and magnificent festivities, of King James the First, vol. 2 (London, 1828), pp. 46-7: Ancient Kalendars and Inventories of the Treasury of the Exchequer, vol. 2 (London, 1836), p. 305: Joseph Robertson, Inventaires (Edinburgh, 1863), p. cxxxviii.
  29. ^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 17 (London, 1938), pp. 91-2.
  30. ^ Thomas Rymer, Foedera, vol. 16 (London, 1715), pp. 644
  31. ^ Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), p. 329.
  32. ^ Elizabeth Cooper, The Life and Letters of Lady Arabella Stuart, vol. 1 (London, 1886), pp. 48-50, 100-2.
  33. ^ CSP Domestic James I: 1619-1623, vol. 3, p. 520, TNA SP 14/139 f.114.
  34. ^ John Nichols, Progresses of James the First, vol. 4 (London, 1828), p. 1113.
  35. ^ Robert Lemon, 'Warrant of Indemnity and Discharge to Lionel Earl of Middlesex, Lord High Treasurer, and to the other Commissioners of the Jewels, for having delivered certain Jewels to King James the First, which were sent by his Majesty into Spain', Archaeologia, XXI (1827), p. 157
  36. ^ Diana Scarisbrick, 'Anne of Denmark's Jewellery Inventory', Archaeologia, 109 (Torquay, 1991), pp. 208-9, 211: Francis Palgrave, Antient Kalendars of the Exchequer, vol. 3 (London, 1836), p. 307.
  37. ^ John Brand, 'An Account of the Revenue, the Expences, the Jewels of Prince Henry', Archaeologia, XV (1806), p. 19.
  38. ^ Maria Hayward, Stuart Style (Yale, 2020), p. 215.
  39. ^ Diana Scarisbrick, 'Anne of Denmark's Jewellery Inventory', Archaeologia, 109 (Torquay, 1991), p. 209.
  40. ^ Anna Somer Cocks, Princely Magnificence: Court Jewels of the Renaissance, 1500-1630 (London, 1981), p. 39.
  41. ^ David Starkey, The Inventory of King Henry VIII, vol. 1 (London, 1998), p. 78 no. 2640.
  42. ^ John Strype, Annals of the Reformation, 3:2 (Oxford, 1824), p. 448 no. 30.
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