Guadalupe Island

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Guadalupe
Isla Guadalupe
Guadalupe Island.jpg
Southeast coast of Guadalupe Island
Guadalupe is located in Baja California
Guadalupe
Guadalupe
Map of Guadalupe Island, Mexico
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates29°1′51″N 118°16′48″W / 29.03083°N 118.28000°W / 29.03083; -118.28000Coordinates: 29°1′51″N 118°16′48″W / 29.03083°N 118.28000°W / 29.03083; -118.28000
Area243.988 km2 (94.204 sq mi)
Highest elevation4,257 ft (1297.5 m)
Highest pointMount Augusta
Administration
Mexico
StateBaja California
MunicipalityEnsenada
DelegaciónEnsenada
Demographics
Population213 (2010)
Additional information
Official language: Spanish

Guadalupe Island or Isla Guadalupe is a volcanic island located 241 kilometres (150 mi) off the west coast of Mexico's Baja California Peninsula and about 400 kilometres (250 mi) southwest of the city of Ensenada in the state of Baja California, in the Pacific Ocean. The various volcanoes are extinct or dormant. In 2005 Guadalupe Island and its surrounding waters and islets were declared a biosphere reserve to restore its vegetation (decimated by goats) and to protect its population of marine mammals and birds. The island is a popular destination for white shark cage diving. Guadalupe Island is inhabited only by scientists, military personnel operating a weather station, and a small group of seasonal fishermen. The island is mostly arid and has very little surface water.

The two other Mexican island groups in the Pacific Ocean that are not on the continental shelf are the Revillagigedo Islands and Rocas Alijos. Guadalupe Island and its islets are the westernmost region of Mexico.[1]

Administration and population[]

The 2010 census recorded a population of 213 people on the island.[2] In 2015, it was estimated to have fewer than 150 permanent residents.[3] Guadalupe is part of Ensenada delegación, one of the 24 delegaciones or subdivisions of Ensenada Municipality of the Mexican state of Baja California. Ensenada delegación and Chapultepec delegación together form the city of Ensenada, the municipal seat of the namesake municipality. The postal code of Guadalupe Island is 22997.

Campo Oeste ("West Camp", also called Campo Tepeyac, with 15 buildings) is a small community of abalone and lobster fishermen, located on the western coast,[4] specifically on the north side of West Anchorage, a bay that provides protection from the strong winds and swells that whip the islands during winter. Generators provide electricity, and a military vessel brings 30,000 litres (6,600 imp gal; 7,900 US gal)[citation needed] of freshwater. The number of fishermen varies annually depending on the fishing season. Ten months of the year the 30 families of the fishing cooperative "Abuloneros and Langosteros of Guadalupe Island" are present.[5]

Additional temporary fishing camps are Campo Norte ("North Camp", four buildings), Campo Lima (Campo Corrals) (one building) and Arroyitos (four buildings).[6]

At the southern tip, on Melpómene Cove, there is a weather station staffed by a detachment from the Mexican Ministry of the Navy.[when?] The site is called Campamento Sur ("South Encampment").[citation needed]

Campo Bosque was established as a temporary camp in 1999 in the cypress forest in the north. The camp houses members of the Cooperative Farming Society "Francisco Javier Maytorena, S.C. of R.L." and removes goats from the island and sells them in the State of Sonora, with permission of Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) and the support of the Secretariat of the Navy.

Campo Pista is located at the small airport, near the center of the island (

 WikiMiniAtlas
29°01′24.04″N 118°16′21.75″W / 29.0233444°N 118.2727083°W / 29.0233444; -118.2727083, elevation:592 m, direction:05/23).[1] Airport Isla Guadalupe (ICAO Code MMGD) has a 1,200-metre-long (3,900 ft) runway. At the end of the runway near threshold 5 is the wreckage of a Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar,[7] which overshot the runway during landing. A North American B-25J-30/32 Mitchell, BMM-3501 (c/n 44-86712), bomber wrecked on the opposite end of the runway, after suffering serious damage in trying to take-off overloaded (
 WikiMiniAtlas
29°01′36.10″N 118°16′2.98″W / 29.0266944°N 118.2674944°W / 29.0266944; -118.2674944
). Based on historical Google Earth imagery, this B-25 wreckage appears to have been removed from the location between October, 2005, and June, 2006.[citation needed]

Because Guadalupe Island is located within a biosphere reserve, anyone visiting the island must obtain a permit from the Mexican government; this means the communities on the island are closed towns.[4][8][9]

Geology[]

Island map

Guadalupe Island has a rugged landscape composed of two shield volcanoes which formed on a now extinct mid-ocean ridge.[10][11] They are overlain by lava flows and cinder cones that were emplaced along northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest trending fissure vents. The youngest shield volcano comprises the northern end of the island and may have formed during the Holocene epoch. A series of very fresh-looking alkali basalt flows along with trachyte domes in the northern shield volcano caldera represent the most recently formed rocks on Guadalupe Island.[11]

Geography[]

The island measures 35 kilometres (22 mi) north-south and up to 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) east-west, with a total area of 243.988 km2 (94.204 sq mi). It features a chain of high volcanic mountain ridges which rises to a height of 1,298 metres (4,259 ft) at its northern end (Mount Augusta). Its smaller counterpart on the southern end is the 975 metres (3,199 ft) El Picacho.[12] The southern part of the island is mostly barren, but there are scattered stands of trees at at higher elevations of the northern part of the island and in the Twin Canyon area on the northeast coast. The coast generally consists of rocky bluffs with detached rocks fronting some of them. Two high and prominent islets are within three kilometres (1.9 mi) of the southwestern end of the island, separated from one another by a gap called Tuna Alley:

Elsewhere, the other islets are very small and close to the shore, all less than one kilometre (0.62 mi) away:

Climate[]

The island has two major climate zones: a very arid, semi-hot climate between 0 and 800 metres (0 and 2,625 feet) elevation, with mean annual temperature between 18 and 22 °C (64 and 72 °F) and a very arid, temperate climate above 800 metres (2,625 ft) elevation with temperatures over 22 °C (72 °F) in the hottest month of the year.

Most precipitation occurs over the winter months with a strong influence of northwestern winds and cyclones.

Rainfall averages 133 millimetres (5.2 in) near sea level at the south end but appears to be much more at the high north end. An estimate for the rainfall in the northern highlands is possible by way of taking Pinus radiata as an indicator, which is native to that area of the island. In other places where Pinus radiata is native, it grows best with about 750 millimetres (29.5 in) of rainfall but under some conditions can survive with as little as half that much. The effective moisture is much greater because of fog drip.[13]

Climate data for Guadalupe Island 1951–1980
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.8
(82.0)
30.0
(86.0)
30.0
(86.0)
28.4
(83.1)
29.5
(85.1)
31.3
(88.3)
31.7
(89.1)
35.0
(95.0)
32.2
(90.0)
32.2
(90.0)
30.6
(87.1)
28.8
(83.8)
35.0
(95.0)
Average high °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0)
19.6
(67.3)
19.8
(67.6)
20.1
(68.2)
20.8
(69.4)
21.8
(71.2)
23.0
(73.4)
23.9
(75.0)
24.2
(75.6)
23.2
(73.8)
21.6
(70.9)
20.1
(68.2)
21.4
(70.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9)
15.6
(60.1)
15.6
(60.1)
16.1
(61.0)
16.7
(62.1)
17.6
(63.7)
19.0
(66.2)
20.1
(68.2)
20.3
(68.5)
19.4
(66.9)
17.9
(64.2)
16.3
(61.3)
17.5
(63.5)
Average low °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2)
11.6
(52.9)
11.6
(52.9)
12.0
(53.6)
12.4
(54.3)
13.1
(55.6)
14.5
(58.1)
15.9
(60.6)
16.4
(61.5)
15.5
(59.9)
13.8
(56.8)
12.5
(54.5)
13.4
(56.1)
Record low °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3)
3.4
(38.1)
2.2
(36.0)
1.0
(33.8)
6.2
(43.2)
7.6
(45.7)
8.0
(46.4)
8.8
(47.8)
5.4
(41.7)
6.2
(43.2)
4.5
(40.1)
0.9
(33.6)
0.9
(33.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 16.3
(0.64)
21.6
(0.85)
18.0
(0.71)
9.5
(0.37)
1.1
(0.04)
1.2
(0.05)
0.4
(0.02)
0.2
(0.01)
0.6
(0.02)
5.1
(0.20)
12.3
(0.48)
22.2
(0.87)
108.5
(4.27)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.16 2.00 2.55 1.10 0.37 0.14 0.12 0.07 0.17 0.82 1.89 2.32 13.71
Average relative humidity (%) 79 79 78 78 79 82 83 81 81 80 79 79 80
Source: Colegio de Postgraduados[14]

Ecology[]

NASA satellite image
Great white shark off Isla Guadalupe
Great white shark off Isla Guadalupe

Guadalupe Island was a major destination for Russian and American fur hunters seeking the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) in the 18th and 19th centuries until they were nearly extinct by 1844. Captain Auguste Duhaut-Cilly reported in 1827 that a Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands) brig "had spent several months there and collected three thousand sealskins".[15] The northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) was also ruthlessly hunted for the oil in its blubber.

They were thought to be extinct in 1884 until a remnant population of eight individuals was discovered on Guadalupe Island in 1892 by a Smithsonian expedition, who promptly killed several of them for their collections.[16] The elephant seals managed to survive, and were finally protected by the Mexican government in 1922.[17] All surviving northern elephant seals share the same male ancestor.[18]

Guadalupe shares the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion with the Channel Islands of California in the United States, but the island was at one time practically denuded of all plants higher than a few centimeters by up to 100,000[note 1] feral goats.

Originally brought there in the 19th century by European whalers and sealers for provisions when stopping over, the population eventually eliminated most vegetation; the number of goats declined to a few thousand. Before this collapse, the main impact of the goat population was about the turn of the 19th/20th century. Naturalist A.W. Anthony wrote in 1901:

"It is directly due to the despised Billy-goat that many interesting species of plants formerly abundant are now extinct, and also that one or more of the birds peculiar to the island has disappeared, and others are following rapidly."[19]

After the crash, the goat population once again grew, this time more slowly, until it had reached the new, lower carrying capacity at maybe 10,000–20,000 in modern times. The island had been a nature conservancy area since August 16, 1928, making it one of the oldest reserves in Mexico. Eradication of the goats was long envisioned, but logistical difficulties such as island size and lack of suitable spots for landing and encamping hunters and material prevented this. In 2002, the Mexican government (including SEMARNAT) and the conservation group Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas began eliminating the goats.[4] In June 2005, after many years of false starts, the Mexican government had almost completed a round-up and evacuation of the remaining goat population. In 2007, the goat elimination program ended (10,000 feral goats were eliminated).[4] Guadalupe Island was designated a biosphere reserve on April 25, 2005.[4]

French sea captain Auguste Duhaut-Cilly remarked on the tall trees on the north of Guadalupe Island as he sailed past on January 2, 1827.[15] Of the large tree species on Guadalupe Island (Guadalupe palm, Guadalupe cypress, island oak, and Guadalupe pine), there were only old individuals left; California juniper had entirely disappeared. As the goats ate any seedlings that managed to germinate, no regeneration of trees as possible. Water, formerly plentiful as the common fogs condensed in the forests of the northern end of the island, today only occurs in a few scattered pools and springs. Because the springs were a critical emergency water supply for the human inhabitants, protective measures including goat fences were installed beginning in 2000, allowing new seedlings of many species to survive for the first time in 150 years. Seacology, a non-profit environmental group located in Berkeley, CA, provided funding to the Island Conservation & Ecology Group for the construction of ten fenced exclosures to keep goats out of the most sensitive areas of Guadalupe Island.

In November 1850, U.S. Army Lt. George H. Derby passed the island on his expedition in the U.S. Transport Invincible. He described it thus: "This island is about 15 miles length and 5 in width. It is rocky + mountainous but capped with vegetation and is reputed to be thickly inhabited by wild goats of unusual size. Water is found upon the eastern shore and the Island is frequently visited by small vessels engaged in the capture of the sea elephant numbers of which animals are found upon its coast."

Many islands or marine species that reside on or near Guadalupe also frequent the Channel Islands, and vice versa. In stark contrast to the rampant extinction of terrestrial life that happened at the same time, Guadalupe was the last refuge for the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) in the 1890s. The island has been a pinniped sanctuary since 1975.

The movement of the cool, nutrient-rich water current promotes phytoplankton production and attracts both coastal and deep-water species, including great white sharks. [20]

Guadalupe is considered one of the best spots in the world for sightings of the great white shark, possibly because of its large population of pinnipeds.[21] The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.[22]

Habitat types[]

Before the removal of goats, surveys found eight major land habitats on Guadalupe:[23][24]

Giant coreopsis (Coreopsis gigantea)
  1. Flora of the coastal lowlands and rocky cliffs: mainly up to 200 metres (656 ft) above mean sea level (ASL), but higher on the steep cliffs. Largely unresearched due to difficult access, the cliffs might even harbor remnant specimens of the presumably extinct plants.
  2. Succulent perennial herbs: 200–400 metres (656–1,312 ft) ASL, chiefly on the southern end and on the offshore islets, and in less steep areas towards sea level. Here, the highest number of endemic plants exist. Baeriopsis guadalupensis, Cistanthe guadalupensis, Dudleya guadalupensis, Hemizonia greeneana ssp. greeneana, H. palmeri, Perityle incana and are dominant endemics, and giant coreopsis (Coreopsis gigantea), a non-endemic native species, is also abundant.
  3. Arid maritime shrubland: 400–600 metres (1,312–1,969 ft) ASL. Mainly in the southern portion around El Picacho. Native species occurring here include , , Cylindropuntia prolifera and California boxthorn (Lycium californicum); none of these is endemic.
  4. Herbland dominated by introduced plants: 600–800 metres (1,969–2,625 ft) ASL, mainly on the central plateau. This habitat is almost entirely a consequence of overgrazing; hardly anything of the original ecosystem remains. Dominant introduced plants are Avena barbata, Bromus berteroanus, great brome (B. diandrus), soft brome (B. hordeaceus sspp. hordaceus and mollis), red brome (B. madritensis ssp. rubens), tocalote (Centaurea melitensis), nettle-leaved goosefoot (Chenopodium murale), , wall barley (Hordeum murinum sspp. glaucum and leporinum), crystalline iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), M. nodiflorum, Polypogon monspeliensis and Sisymbrium orientale. The non-endemic natives dwarf coastweed (Amblyopappus pusillus), island false bindweed (Calystegia macrostegia ssp. macrostegia), , , Gilia nevinii, California goldfields (Lasthenia californica), and Perityle emoryi as well as the endemics and can be found here also; some are still numerous. This probably was a mesic shrub/herbland before the goats destroyed the upland forest, upsetting the water supply. Native plants still found on Guadalupe, like Crossosoma californicum, laurel sumac (Malosma laurina) and the endemic , presumably thrived here in former times, as would have such taxa as the native hoary-leaved ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolius), wedge-leaved ceanothus (C. cuneatus) – and possibly also felt-leaved ceanothus (C. arboreus), which was found in 2001–2003 surveys[25] –, , red-flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum) and the endemic , which have now disappeared from the island.
  5. Guadalupe palm groves: 400–900 metres (1,312–2,953 ft) ASL on the northwest side of the island. There are hundreds of palm trees remaining, mainly in a single patch of this habitat. At least one other major palm forest existed at the W coast; it was still present in 1906 at "Steamer Point".[26] As reproduction is presumably still ongoing, the species will likely recover in due time.
  6. Guadalupe cypress forest: 800–1,000 metres (2,625–3,281 ft) ASL. Presently some 4000 old trees, essentially limited to the central northern part. Other cypress forests, such as a major stand NE of the present patch which was still extant in 1906,[26] have been destroyed by the goats early in the 20th century. There is still reproduction, but the water table appears to have declined to below the level required by the cypresses, and mortality of the old trees is high and can be expected to continue even after the removal of the goats.
  7. Guadalupe palm – island oakGuadalupe pine woodland: 900–1,000 metres (2,953–3,281 ft) ASL. This habitat has all but disappeared during the 20th century,[26] due to the decline in numbers of the oaks and pines.
  8. Guadalupe pine cloud forest with some island oak: restricted to above 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) ASL on the N-NE point of the island. The population of the pine has declined by about two-thirds during the last 35 years; it presently stands at about 130 old trees in the main population and about the same number scattered elsewhere. Reproduction is ongoing, with several hundred seedlings having successfully established themselves since 2000,[25] and with the elimination of goat browsing, the pines will likely make a full recovery. The situation of the oak is direr; there are only 20 trees or so remaining (by about 1950, there were 100) and they appear past reproductive age. Not being restricted to Guadalupe, seedlings could be imported from elsewhere.

A ninth habitat type, California juniper woodland and extending on the central plateau below the cypress forest, was entirely gone by 1906.[26] What other endemic lifeforms underwent coextinction with it will forever remain unknown.

Endemism[]

Animals:

Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi)
The Guadalupe Island Pine, almost extinct due to grazing by goats.

Plants:[23][24]

Extinctions[]

Numerous taxa have gone extinct due to the habitat destruction by the goats, which in turn rendered the endemic fauna vulnerable to predation by introduced cats and adverse weather by depriving them of shelter.

There have been 5–6 extinctions of birds:

  • Guadalupe Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda), late 1890s,[19][28]
  • Guadalupe spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus consobrinus), late 1890s
  • The Guadalupe caracara (Polyborus lutosus) was intentionally made extinct by humans around 1901, ironically because it occasionally preyed on young goats.
  • Guadalupe flicker (Colaptes cafer rufipileus), c. 1910 – the island was later recolonized by individuals of the nominate subspecies
  • Guadalupe storm petrel (Oceanodroma macrodactyla), 1910s
  • The Guadalupe ruby-crowned kinglet (Regulus calendula obscurus) is close to extinction if it indeed still exists. It was not observed in 2000 despite thorough searches.

Globally extinct plant taxa from Guadalupe Island are:[23][24][25]

  • Hesperelaea palmeri

and one species of plant Incertae sedis

Notes[]

Its time zone is Pacific Standard Time

  1. ^ Maximum population that was reached in the late 19th century; nearly 2 goats per acre/more than 4/ha: León de la Luz et al. (2003)
  2. ^ Some naturalized populations exist in California
  3. ^ Depending whether this population belongs to Marah macrocarpus var. major or not
  4. ^ Depending on taxonomic status of Cedros Island population

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-most-extreme-points-of-mexico.html Worldatlas.com. The Most Extreme Points of Mexico. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  2. ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI). 2010.
  3. ^ "Hesperelaea palmeri | Natural History of Ecological Restoration". Retrieved 2019-02-10.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e http://islas.org.mx/index.php?mod=proy&op=islagua Islas.org.mx. Conservación de Islas. Isla Guadalupe. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  5. ^ "Isla Guadalupe". Ine.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  6. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Ecología". Ine.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  7. ^ Avioneta Isla Guadalupe Archived 2017-07-06 at the Wayback Machine. panoramio.com 29°01′09.85″N 118°16′41.03″W / 29.0194028°N 118.2780639°W / 29.0194028; -118.2780639
  8. ^ http://sdsharkdiving.com/isla-guadalupe/ Sdsharkdiving.com/isla-guadalupe. San Diego Shark Diving. Isla Guadalupe White Shark Trip – FAQs. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  9. ^ http://www.squalodivers.com/guadalupe-island-giants-fortress/ Squalo Divers. Guadalupe Island, Giant Fortress. March 27, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  10. ^ Batiza, Rodey (1977). "Petrology and chemistry of Guadalupe Island: An alkalic seamount on a fossil ridge crest". Geology. 5 (12): 760–764. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<760:PACOGI>2.0.CO;2.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b "Guadalupe". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  12. ^ Google Earth
  13. ^ Moran, Reid (1868) "The Flora of Guadalupe Island, Mexico", in Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences
  14. ^ "Normales climatológicas para Isla Guadalupe, B.C." Colegio de Postgraduados. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b Auguste Duhaut-Cilly (1999). August Fruge; Neal Harlow (eds.). A Voyage to California, the Sandwich Islands, and Around the World in the Years 1826–1829. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-520-21752-2.
  16. ^ Briton Cooper Busch (1987). The War Against the Seals: A History of the North American Seal Fishery. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-7735-0610-7.
  17. ^ Hoelzel, A. R.; Fleischer, R. C.; Campagna, C.; Le Boeuf, B. J.; Alvord, G. (2002). "Impact of a population bottleneck on symmetry and genetic diversity in the northern elephant seal". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 15 (4): 567–575. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00419.x.
  18. ^ "Northern Elephant Seal – Marine Mammal Endurance Champion". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Anthony, A.W. (1901). "The Guadalupe Wren". Condor. 3 (3): 73. doi:10.2307/1361475. JSTOR 1361475.
  20. ^ https://nautilusliveaboards.com/2020/08/13/why-guadalupe-island-is-the-perfect-great-white-sharks-habitat/ Nautilus Dive Adventures, Why Guadalupe Island is the perfect Great White Sharks Habitat?
  21. ^ https://travel.padi.com/d/guadalupe-island/ Travel.padi.com. PADI Travel. Diving in Guadalupe Island. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  22. ^ "Isla Guadalupe". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b c León de la Luz, José Luis; Rebman, Jon P.; Oberbauer, Thomas (1 January 2003). "On the urgency of conservation on Guadalupe Island, Mexico: is it a lost paradise?". Biodiversity and Conservation. 12 (5): 1073–1082. doi:10.1023/A:1022854211166.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Plant accounts: Guadalupe Island". California/Mexico Island Conservation Database (CMICD). 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Junak, S.; Keitt, B.; Tershy, B.; Croll, D.; Sánchez, J.A. (November 13–14, 2003). "Recent conservation efforts and current status of the flora of Guadalupe Island, Baja California, Mexico". Presentation at "Workshop on Restoration and Conservation of Guadalupe Island". Instituto Nacional de Ecologia. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Thayer, John E.; Outram Bangs (1 May 1908). "The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island" (PDF). The Condor. 10 (3): 101–106. doi:10.2307/1360977. hdl:2027/hvd.32044072250186. JSTOR 1360977.
  27. ^ Jimenez, Maria Luisa; Aguilar, Ricardo (1994). "Notes on the spiders of the Guadalupe and Cedros Islands, Baja California, Mexico (Arachnida, Araneae)" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology (in Spanish). 22 (2): 173–175. ISSN 0161-8202.
  28. ^ Kaeding, Henry B. (1905). "Birds from the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands (Part II)" (PDF). Condor. 7 (4): 134–138. doi:10.2307/1361667. JSTOR 1361667.

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