Gymnodinium

Gymnodinium
Scientific classification
(unranked):	SAR
(unranked):	Alveolata
Phylum:	Dinoflagellata
Class:	Dinophyceae
Order:	Gymnodiniales
Family:	Gymnodiniaceae
Genus:	Gymnodinium; Stein, 1878

Gymnodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates, a type of marine and freshwater plankton. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor known as ellulosic plates. Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part of Gymnodinium have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data.^[2] Amphidinium was redefined later.^[3]^[4] Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that, in concentration, can cause red tides.^[5]

Amphidinium
Aureolum
Gymnodinium sensu stricto
Gyrodinium
Akashiwo
Karenia
Karlodinium
Katodinium

References[]

^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2008). "Gymnodinium". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
^ Daugbjerg, N.; Hansen, G.; Larsen, J.; Moestrup, Ø. (2000). "Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates". Phycologia. 39 (4): 302–317. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1.
^ Jorgensen, M. Flo; Murray, S.; Daugbjerg, N. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analysis". Journal of Phycology. 40 (2): 351–365. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03131.x. S2CID 53637890.
^ Murray, S.; Flo Jorgensen, M.; Daugbjerg, N.; Rhodes, L. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp. nov. and Amphidinium gibbosum comb. nov". Journal of Phycology. 40 (2): 366–382. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03132.x. S2CID 53572161.
^ Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina (1995-04-28). "Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions" (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 9: 55. doi:10.3354/ame009055. Retrieved 2015-04-25.

Further reading[]

Estrada, Norma; Ascencio, Felipe; Shoshani, Liora (December 2014). "Apoptosis of hemocytes from lions-paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus induced with paralyzing shellfish poison from Gymnodinium catenatum". Contreras. 219 (12): 964–974. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.006. PMID 25097151.
Thessen, Annie E.; Patterson, David J.; Murray, Shauna A. (30 August 2012). "The Taxonomic Significance of Species That Have Only Been Observed Once: The Genus Gymnodinium (Dinoflagellata) as an Example". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e44015. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...744015T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044015. PMC 3431360. PMID 22952856.

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[1] Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2008). "Gymnodinium". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2009-02-21.

[2] Daugbjerg, N.; Hansen, G.; Larsen, J.; Moestrup, Ø. (2000). "Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates". Phycologia. 39 (4): 302–317. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1.

[3] Jorgensen, M. Flo; Murray, S.; Daugbjerg, N. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analysis". Journal of Phycology. 40 (2): 351–365. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03131.x. S2CID 53637890.

[4] Murray, S.; Flo Jorgensen, M.; Daugbjerg, N.; Rhodes, L. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp. nov. and Amphidinium gibbosum comb. nov". Journal of Phycology. 40 (2): 366–382. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03132.x. S2CID 53572161.

[5] Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina (1995-04-28). "Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions" (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 9: 55. doi:10.3354/ame009055. Retrieved 2015-04-25.

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