Haplogroup R-Z18

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R-Z18 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of Haplogroup R.

It includes all men who have the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z18 in their Y chromosome.

Z18, also called S493, is defined to be mutation in which the nucleotide at position 14,991,735[1] along the Y chromosome has mutated from guanine (G) to adenine (A).

Z18 was discovered during Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project,[2] and entered on 16 August 2014 into the SNP database dbSNP at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as reference SNP cluster report rs767290651.[3]

R-U106 is one of the major sub groups of R1b in coastal Western Europe, but Z18 is only about 5-10% of U106.

R-Z18 has its highest concentrations in Scandinavia, but is also found throughout areas of Germanic migration, including the Low Countries, Central Europe, and the British Isles.[4] The likely Scandinavian origins of R-Z18 are bolstered by the dominance of Scandinavian individuals among ancient DNA samples. These consist of individuals found in Sweden, Norway, and Iceland; settlers in Orkney and the Isle of Man; executed Scandinavians found in Oxfordshire and Dorset; and a Lombard individual found in what is now Hungary.[5][6][7][8]

On the basis of genetic results, the first carrier of this mutation lived around 2200 B.C., with a 90% confidence range of 3000 B.C. to 1400 B.C.[9]

Major known subclades of R-Z18 include R-ZP156, R-S11601, R-DF95, R-FGC7637, R-Z2396, R-S6119 and R-Z17.[10] although they continue to increase as more are found.

References[]

  1. ^ This position is with respect to human reference genome assembly GRCh37/hg19 released on March 7, 2009 by the Genome Reference Consortium. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/
  2. ^ 1000 Genomes Project, http://www.1000genomes.org/
  3. ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information, dbSNP Short Genetic Variations, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=767290651
  4. ^ McDonald, Iain. "U106 explored: its relationships, geography, and history" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ "Population genomics of the Viking world" (PDF). 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town". 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ "Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population". 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics". 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ Based on an analysis of the SNP mutations found in 510 reconstructed partial Y chromosome sequences of known carriers of U106. Seventy-five of those Y-DNA sequences are known carriers of Z18. The analysis was performed by Dr. Iain McDonald and reported to the private R1b1c_U106-S21_Haplogroup Yahoo! Group on Nov 17, 2015. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/R1b1c_U106-S21/info
  10. ^ Peter Op den Velde Boots, R-Z18 A North Sea Tribe, http://l257.groenebeverbv.nl/

External links[]

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