Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

*Haplogroup P (K2b2)*
Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Possible time of origin	35,000 years BP
Possible place of origin	Mainland Southeast Asia or East Asia
Ancestor	K2b
Descendants	P1 (P-M45) and (P-B253).; (P1 is the immediate ancestor of haplogroups Q and R.)
Defining mutations	P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231

Haplogroup P is an East-Eurasian lineage, which expanded with East Asian-related hunter gatherers. Haplogroup P and its subclades became dominant in an West-Eurasian population somewhere in western Central Asia through geneflow and genetic drift, and than diversified there.^[5]

Haplogroup P also known as P-P295 and K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-P295 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).

The only primary branches (clades) of P-P295 are P1 (P-M45) and P2 (P-B253).^[1] P1 is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).

The major subclades Haplogroups Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians.

Karafet et al. (2014) notes "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q."^[6] According to Hallast et al. 2020, haplogroup P and its two sub-clades, R and Q, spread with East-Eurasian hunter gatherers and migrated from Southeast Asia to both Oceania and Europe respectively during several migrations and expansions from Eastern Eurasia. Hallast et al. refers to this migration event concerning Europe as the "replacement of West-Eurasian lineages from the East".^[5]

Structure[]

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation, according to the 2016 ISOGG tree:^[1]

P (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231)
- P1 (M45/PF5962)
  - Q (M242)
  - R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45)
- (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)

Distribution[]

P(xP1)[]

Because P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P2.

P(xP1) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.^[3]

P* is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan.^[1] Even though P1 is now more common among individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, it is suggested that P originated in southern East Asia and was once widespread.^[2]^[3]^[5]

Basal P* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander.^[7] along with basal P* found among a Jehai sample in Malayasia.^[8]

Population	P* %
Papua New Guinea	0.69 (assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found)^[3]
New Zealand	0
Fiji	0
Solomon Islands	0
French Polynesia	0
Vanuatu	0
New Caledonia
Guam	0
Samoa	0
Kiribati
Tonga	0
Micronesia FDR	0
Marshall Islands	0
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Cook Islands	0
Wallis and Futuna	0
Tuvalu	0
Nauru
Norfolk Island
Niue	0 (small sample size)
Tokelau	0 (small sample size)
Hawaii	0 (small sample size from FTDNA)
Australia	0
Timor	10.8
Aeta (Philippines)	28
Austronesians (Philippines)	0
Malay	0
Flores	0
Sulawesi	0.6
East Indonesia	0
Java Indonesia	0
Bali Indonesia	0
Sumatra Indonesia	0
Borneo Indonesia	0
West Papua Province	0
Papua Province	0
Sumba Indonesia	03.2

P1 (P-M45)[]

Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),^[9] and 35% among Nivkh males.

Modern population	Modern ethnolinguistic affiliation	Reference	n	Percentage	Notes/SNPs tested
Tuvinian	Turkic	Darenko 2005	113	35.40	P-M45
Nivkh	isolate	Lell 2001	17	35	P-M45
Altai-Kizhi	Turkic	Darenko 2005	92	28.3	P-M45
Todjin	Turkic	Darenko 2005	36	22.2	P-M45
Chukchi	Chukotkan	Lell 2001	24	20.8	P-M45
Koryak	Chukotkan	Lell 2001	27	18.5	P-M45
Yupik	Eskimo-Aleut	Lell 2001	33	18.2	P-M45
Uighur	Turkic	Xue 2006	70	17.1	P-M45
Kalmyk	Mongolic	Darenko 2005	68	11.8	P-M45
Turkmen	Turkic	Wells 2001	30	10	P-M45
Soyot	Turkic	Darenko 2005	34	8.8	P-M45
Uriankhai	Mongolic	Katoh 2004	60	8.3	P-M45
Khakas	Turkic	Darenko 2005	53	7.6	P-M45
Kazakh	Turkic	Wells 2001	54	5.6	P-M45
Uzbek	Turkic	Wells 2001	366	5.5	P-M45
Khasi-Khmuic	Austro-Asiatic	Reddy 2009	353	5.40	P-M45(xM173) §
Munda	Austro-Asiatic	Reddy 2009	64	10.90	P-M45(xM173) §
Nicobarese	Austro-Asiatic	Reddy 2009	11	0.00	P-M45(xM173) §
Southeast Asia	Austro-Asiatic	Reddy 2009	257	1.60	P-M45(xM173) §
Garo	Tibeto-Burman	Reddy 2009	71	1.40	P-M45(xM173) §
India	Tibeto-Burman	Reddy 2009	226	3.10	P-M45(xM173) §
East Asia	Tibeto-Burman	Reddy 2009	214	0.00	P-M45(xM173) §
Eastern India	unclear/various	Reddy 2009	54	18.50	P-M45(xM173) §
Southern Talysh, Iran	Iranian	Nasidze 2009	50	4.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan	Iranian	Nasidze 2009	40	5.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Mazandarani	Iranian	Nasidze 2009	50	4.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Gilaki	Iranian	Nasidze 2009	50	0.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Tehran	Iranian	Nasidze 2004	80	4.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Isfahan	Iranian	Nasidze 2004	50	6.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Bakhtiari	Iranian	Nasidze 2008	53	2.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Iranian Arabs	Arabic	Nasidze 2008	47	2.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
North Iran	Iranian	Regueiro 2006	33	9.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Iran	Iranian	Regueiro 2006	117	3.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus	Georgian	Nasidze and Stoneking 2001	77	3.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus	Armenian	Nasidze and Stoneking 2001	100	2.00	P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Hvar	Croatian	Barać et al. 2003		14
Korčula	Croatian	Barać et al. 2003		6

§ May include members of haplogroup R2.

Population group	N	P (xQ, xR)		Q		R		Paper
		Count	%	Count	%	Count	%
Gope	16	1	6.4					Sahoo 2006
Oriya Brahmin	24	1	4.2					Sahoo 2006
Mahishya	17	3	17.6					Sahoo 2006
Bhumij	15	2	13.3					Sahoo 2006
Saora	13	3	23.1					Sahoo 2006
Nepali	7	2	28.6					Sahoo 2006
Muslims of Manipur	9	3	33.3					Sahoo 2006
Himachal Pradesh Rajput	15	1	6.7					Sahoo 2006
Lambadi	18	4	22.2					Sahoo 2006
Gujarati Patel	9	2	22.2					Sahoo 2006
Katkari	19	1	5.3					Sahoo 2006
Madia Gond	14	1	7.1					Sahoo 2006
Kamma Chowdary	15	0	0	1	6.7	12	80	Sahoo 2006

Q[]

Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.

R[]

The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.

R1

R1a

Continental	Country	Population	Sample	R1a1 ^[10]	R1a1* ^[11]	R1a1a ^[12]	Source
Caucasus	Ossetians	North	134	NA	0.00	0.75	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Estonia		100	NA	0.00	35.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Romania		335	NA	0.00	17.01	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Croatia	Krk (island)	74	NA	0.00	36.49	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Croatia	Brac (island)	49	NA	0.00	24.49	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Croatia	Hvar (island)	91	NA	0.00	6.59	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Croatia	Korcula (island)	134	NA	0.00	15.67	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Croatia	mainland	108	NA	0.00	26.85	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Bosnia-Herzegovina	Herzegovina	141	NA	0.00	12.06	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Kosovo	Albanians	114	NA	0.00	3.51	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Serbia		113	NA	0.00	18.58	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Republic of Macedonia	Macedonia	79	NA	0.00	13.92	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Czech Republic		53	NA	0.00	37.74	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Belarus	Brest	97	NA	0.00	58.8	Underhill et al. (2014)
Europe	Belarus		267	NA	0.00	54.7	Underhill et al. (2014)
Europe	Belarus		50	NA	0.00	42.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Russia	Russians	39	NA	0.00	38.46	Underhill et al. (2009)
Central Asia	Tajiks, Turkmens		38	NA	0.00	7.89	Underhill et al. (2009)
North Asia	Russia	Tuvas	104	NA	0.00	7.69	Underhill et al. (2009)
North Asia	Russia	Altaians	58	NA	0.00	41.38	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Jammu Jharkhand	61	NA	0.00	37.70	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Andhra-Pradesh Jharkhand	19	NA	0.00	26.32	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Madhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh	54	NA	0.00	35.19	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Khatri-Punjab/Haryana	15	NA	0.00	67.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Ahir-Punjab/Haryana	24	NA	0.00	63.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Uttar-Pradesh Jharkhand	171	NA	0.00	49.71	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Uttranchal Jharkhand	21	NA	0.00	47.62	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	West-Bengal	49	NA	0.00	48.98	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Asur Maharashtra	88	NA	0.00	5.68	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Ho Madhya-Pradesh	45	NA	0.00	0.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Mawasi Orissa	27	NA	0.00	3.70	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Mawasi Chattishgarh	12	NA	0.00	8.33	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Mahali Orissa	32	NA	0.00	9.38	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Santhal Meghalaya	20	NA	0.00	10.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Birhor Meghalaya	27	NA	0.00	3.70	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Birhor	35	NA	0.00	2.86	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Baiga	23	NA	0.00	8.70	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Baiga	42	NA	0.00	2.38	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Kharia	37	NA	0.00	5.41	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Savara	21	NA	0.00	9.52	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Meghwal Rajasthan	50	NA	0.00	30.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Garo	25	NA	0.00	4.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Lohana Gujarat	20	NA	0.00	60.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Khasi	21	NA	0.00	4.76	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	Iran		87	NA	0.00	10.34	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	Pakistan	Sindhi	134	NA	0.00	49.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
South Asia	Pakistan	Mohanna	70	NA	0.00	71.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Turkey		89	NA	0.00	3.37	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Armenia		25	NA	0.00	4.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Megrels		67	NA	0.00	8.96	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Abkhazes		162	NA	0.00	9.26	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Avars		42	NA	0.00	2.38	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Chamalals		27	NA	0.00	7.41	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Bagvalals		28	NA	0.00	3.57	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Andis		49	NA	0.00	2.04	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Lezgis		31	NA	0.00	0.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Darginians		68	NA	0.00	0.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Tabasarans		43	NA	0.00	2.33	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Adyghes		160	NA	0.00	11.25	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Karachays		69	NA	0.00	27.54	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Kumyks		76	NA	0.00	13.16	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Balkars		136	NA	0.00	25.74	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Cherkessians		126	NA	0.00	12.70	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Kabardians		141	NA	0.71	13.48	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Abazas		89	NA	0.00	19.10	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Nogays		87	NA	0.00	12.64	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Karanogays		77	NA	0.00	9.09	Underhill et al. (2009)
Caucasus	Tats		10	NA	0.00	0.00	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Crete		193	NA	0.00	8.81	Underhill et al. (2009)
Middle East	Oman		121	NA	0.00	9.09	Underhill et al. (2009)
Middle East	Iran		150	NA	0.67	12.67	Underhill et al. (2009)
Middle East	United Arab Emirates		164	NA	0.00	7.32	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Turkey		523	NA	0.00	6.88	Underhill et al. (2009)
Europe	Lithuania	Aukštaičiai	106	45.3	NA	NA	Kasperaviciūte et al. (2005)
Europe	Lithuania	Žemaičiai	90	44.4	NA	NA	Kasperaviciūte et al. (2005)
Europe	Norway	North	377	27.1	NA	NA	Dupuy et al. (2005)
Europe	Norway	Middle	317	31.5	NA	NA	Dupuy et al. (2005)
Europe	Norway	West	301	24.3	NA	NA	Dupuy et al. (2005)
Europe	Norway	East	493	26.8	NA	NA	Dupuy et al. (2005)
Europe	Norway	Bergen	93	28	NA	NA	Dupuy et al. (2005)
Europe	Norway	Oslo	109	19.3	NA	NA	Dupuy et al. (2005)
Europe	Norway	South	76	13.2	NA	NA	Dupuy et al. (2005)
Europe	Spain/Portugal	large survey	1140	NA	0.00	1.2	Adams et al. (2008)
Europe	Greece	Greeks	92	NA	0.00	16.3	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Greece	Macedonian Greeks	57	NA	1.80	10.5	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Albania		55	NA	0.00	9.1	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Bosnia	Serbs	81	NA	0.00	13.6	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Bosnia	Bosniacs	84	NA	0.00	15.5	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Bosnia	Croats	90	NA	0.00	12.2	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Croatia		89	NA	0.00	27.0	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Hungary		53	NA	0.00	56.6	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Czech Republic		75	NA	0.00	41.3	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Poland		99	NA	0.00	56.6	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Ukraine		92	NA	0.00	50.0	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Georgia		66	NA	0.00	10.6	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Russia	Balkarians	38	NA	0.00	13.2	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Republic of Macedonia	Albanian language	64	NA	0.00	1.6	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Croatia	Osijek	29	NA	0.00	37.9	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Slovenia	Slovenians	75	NA	0.00	38.70	Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe	Italy	North East	67	NA	0.00	10.4	Battaglia et al. (2008)
-	-	Ashkenazi Cohen	76	NA	0.00	1.3	Behar et al. (2003)
-	-	Sephardi Cohen	69	NA	0.00	5.8	Behar et al. (2003)
Europe	-	Ashkenazi Levite	60	NA	0.00	51.7	Behar et al. (2003)
-	-	Sephardi Levite	31	NA	0.00	3.2	Behar et al. (2003)
Middle East	Israel	Ashkenazi	100	NA	0.00	4.0	Behar et al. (2003)
Middle East	Israel	Sephardi	63	NA	0.00	1.6	Behar et al. (2003)
Europe	Germany		88	NA	0.00	12.5	Behar et al. (2003)
Europe	Norway		83	NA	0.00	21.7	Behar et al. (2003)
Europe	Germany	Sorbs	112	NA	0.00	63.4	Behar et al. (2003)
Europe	Belarus		306	NA	0.33	51.0	Behar et al. (2003)
Europe	Spain	Spanish Basques	42	NA	NA	0.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	British Crown	Channel Islands	128	NA	NA	2.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Chippenham	52	NA	NA	6.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Cornwall	52	NA	NA	6.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Dorchester	73	NA	NA	4.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Faversham	55	NA	NA	2.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Midhurst	80	NA	NA	1.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Morpeth	95	NA	NA	2.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Norfolk	121	NA	NA	2.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Penrith	90	NA	NA	2.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Southwell	70	NA	NA	4.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	Uttoxeter	84	NA	NA	0.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	England	York	46	NA	NA	2.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Denmark/Germany	Denmark/Schleswig-Holstein	190	NA	NA	8.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Ireland	Castlerea	43	NA	NA	0.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	British Crown	Isle of Man	62	NA	NA	8.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Norway		201	NA	NA	12.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Scotland	Orkney	121	NA	NA	7.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Ireland	Rush, Dublin	76	NA	NA	1.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Scotland	Durness	51	NA	NA	2.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Scotland	Oban	42	NA	NA	2.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Scotland	Pitlochry	41	NA	NA	0.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Scotland	Stonehaven	44	NA	NA	5.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Scotland	Western Isles	88	NA	NA	3.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Scotland	Shetland	63	NA	NA	6.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Wales	Haverfordwest	59	NA	NA	2.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Wales	Llangefni	80	NA	NA	1.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Wales	Llanidloes	57	NA	NA	4.0	Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe	Turkey		523	NA	NA	6.9	Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
Europe	Italy	Sicily	236	NA	NA	5.5	Di Gaetano et al. (2008)
Europe	Greece		77	NA	NA	15.6	Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia	Pakistan	Burusho	97	NA	NA	25.8	Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia	Pakistan	Kalash	44	NA	NA	18.2	Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia	Pakistan	Pathan (Pashtun)	96	NA	NA	44.8	Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia	Pakistan		638	NA	NA	37.1	Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia	Nepal	Tharu Chitwan C. Terai 1	57	NA	0.00	10.5	Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia	Nepal	Tharu Chitwan C. Terai 2	77	NA	0.00	3.9	Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia	Nepal	Tharu Chitwan E. Terai	37	NA	0.00	16.2	Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia	Nepal/India	Hindus (proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan, Nepal	26	NA	0.00	69.2	Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Hindus New Delhi	49	NA	0.00	34.7	Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Andhara Pradesh tribal	29	NA	0.00	27.6	Fornarino et al. (2009)
Europe	Poland		913	NA	NA	57.0	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany		1215	NA	NA	17.9	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Berlin	103	NA	NA	22.3	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Leipzig	144	NA	NA	27.1	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Magdeburg	100	NA	NA	21	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Rostock	96	NA	NA	31.3	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Greifswald	104	NA	NA	19.2	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Hamburg	161	NA	NA	16.8	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Münster	102	NA	NA	7.8	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Freiburg	102	NA	NA	10.8	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Cologne	96	NA	NA	15.6	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Mainz	95	NA	NA	8.4	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Germany	Munich	95	NA	NA	14.3	Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe	Greece	Nea Nikomedeia	57	NA	0.00	21.1	King et al. (2008)
Europe	Greece	Sesklo/Dimini	57	NA	0.00	10.5	King et al. (2008)
Europe	Greece	Lerna/Franchthi	57	NA	0.00	1.8	King et al. (2008)
Europe	Greece	Crete	193	NA	0.50	8.3	King et al. (2008)
Europe	Greece	Crete, Heraklion Prefecture	104	NA	0.00	8.7	Martinez et al. (2007)
Europe	Greece	Crete, Lasithi Plateau	41	NA	0.00	29.3	Martinez et al. (2007)
Europe	Greece	Crete, Lasithi Prefecture	23	NA	0.00	17.4	Martinez et al. (2007)
Europe	Ukraine		94	NA	NA	43.6	Kharkov et al. (2004)
Europe	Belarus		68	NA	NA	45.6	Kharkov et al. (2005)
North Asia	Russia (Altai Republic)	Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk)	20	NA	NA	50.0	Kharkov et al. (2007)
North Asia	Russia (Altai Republic)	Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol)	11	NA	NA	18.2	Kharkov et al. (2007)
North Asia	Russia (Altai Republic)	Northern Altaians (Turochak)	19	NA	NA	36.8	Kharkov et al. (2007)
North Asia	Russia (Altai Republic)	Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir)	43	NA	NA	58.1	Kharkov et al. (2007)
North Asia	Russia (Altai Republic)	Southern Altaians (Kulada)	46	NA	NA	52.2	Kharkov et al. (2007)
North Asia	Russia (Altai Republic)	Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach)	7	NA	NA	28.6	Kharkov et al. (2007)
Europe	England	West Lancashire (2 gens)	49	NA	NA	2.0	Bowden et al. (2008)
Europe	England	Wirral (2 gens^[vague])	100	NA	NA	4.0	Bowden et al. (2008)
Europe	England	West Lancashire (medieval^{[citation needed]})	42	NA	NA	16.7	Bowden et al. (2008)
Europe	England	Wirral (medieval^{[citation needed]})	37	NA	NA	13.5	Bowden et al. (2008)
South Asia	India	South India, Chenchu	41	NA	NA	26.8	Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia	India	South India, Koya	41	NA	NA	2.4	Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia	India	West Bengal	31	NA	NA	38.7	Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia	India	Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay	43	NA	NA	41.9	Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia	India	Gujarat	29	NA	NA	24.1	Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia	India	Lambadi	35	NA	NA	8.6	Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia	India	Punjab	66	NA	NA	47.0	Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia	Sri Lanka	Sinhalese	39	NA	NA	12.8	Kivisild et al. (2003)
North Asia	Russia	Tuvan	40	NA	NA	7.5	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Tofalar	19	NA	NA	5.3	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Buryat	13	NA	NA	0.0	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Yenisey Evenk	31	NA	NA	9.7	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Okhotsk Evenk	16	NA	NA	0.0	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Ulchi/Nanai	53	NA	NA	0.0	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Upriver Negidal	10	NA	NA	0.0	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Downriver Negidal	7	NA	NA	0.0	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Ugedey	20	NA	NA	5.0	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Nivkh	17	NA	NA	0.0	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Kamchatka, Koryak	27	NA	NA	0.0	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Kamchatka, Itel\'man	18	NA	NA	22.2	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Chukotka, Chukchi	24	NA	NA	4.2	Lell et al. (2002)
North Asia	Russia	Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimo	33	NA	NA	0.0	Lell et al. (2002)
Caucasus	Russia	Abazinians	14	NA	NA	14.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Russia	Chechenians	19	NA	NA	5.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Russia	Darginians	26	NA	NA	0.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Russia	Ingushians	22	NA	NA	0.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Russia	Kabardinians	59	NA	NA	2.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Russia	Lezgi (Dagestan)	25	NA	NA	0.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Russia	Ossetians (Ardon)	28	NA	NA	4.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Russia	Ossetians (Digora)	31	NA	NA	0.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Russia	Rutulians	24	NA	NA	0.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Georgia	Abkhazians	12	NA	NA	33.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Armenia	Armenians	100	NA	NA	6.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Azerbaijan	Azerbaijanians	72	NA	NA	7.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus	Georgia	Georgians	77	NA	NA	10.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Europe	Turkey		39	NA	NA	13.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Middle East	Iran	Isfahan	50	NA	NA	18.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
Middle East	Iran	Tehran	80	NA	NA	20.0	Nasidze et al. (2004)
South Asia	Pakistan	Balti	13	NA	NA	15.0	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Brahui	110	NA	NA	8.2	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Burusho	94	NA	NA	27.7	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Pakistan Hazara	23	NA	NA	60.9	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Kalash	44	NA	NA	9.1	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Pakistan Kashmiri	12	NA	NA	25.0	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Makrani Baluch	25	NA	NA	24.0	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Makrani Negroid	33	NA	NA	18.2	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Pakistan Parsi	90	NA	NA	26.7	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Pathan (Pashtun)	93	NA	NA	10.8	Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia	Pakistan	Pakistan Sindhi	122	NA	NA	12.3	Qamar et al. (2002)
Europe	Albania	Albanian	51	NA	NA	9.8	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	France	French Basque	22	NA	NA	0.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Spain	Spanish Basque	45	NA	NA	0.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Italy	Calabrian	37	NA	NA	0.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Spain	Catalan	24	NA	NA	0.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Italy	Central/Northern	50	NA	NA	4.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Croatia	Croatian	58	NA	NA	29.3	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Czech Republic/Slovakia	Czech/Slovak	45	NA	NA	26.7	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Netherlands	Dutch	27	NA	NA	3.7	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Georgia	Georgian	63	NA	NA	7.9	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Germany	German	16	NA	NA	6.2	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Greece	Greek	76	NA	NA	11.8	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Hungary	Hungarian	45	NA	NA	60.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Middle East	Lebanon	Lebanese	31	NA	NA	9.7	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Republic of Macedonia	Macedonian	20	NA	NA	35.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Poland	Polish	55	NA	NA	56.4	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe		Saami	24	NA	NA	8.3	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Italy	Sardinian	77	NA	NA	0.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Syria	Syrian	20	NA	NA	10.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Turkey	Turkish	30	NA	NA	6.6	Semino et al. (2000)
Asia	Russia	Udmurt	43	NA	NA	37.2	Semino et al. (2000)
Europe	Ukraine	Ukrainian	50	NA	NA	54.0	Semino et al. (2000)
South Asia	Pakistan		85	NA	NA	16.5	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Rajput(Rajasthan)	29	NA	NA	31.3	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	Pakistan	Southern	91	NA	NA	31.9	Sengupta et al. (2005)
Southeast Asia	Cambodia		6	NA	NA	0.0	Sengupta et al. (2005)
East Asia	China		128	NA	NA	0.0	Sengupta et al. (2005)
East Asia	Japan		23	NA	NA	0.0	Sengupta et al. (2005)
North Asia	Siberia		18	NA	NA	0.0	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Tribe (Austro-Asiatic)	64	NA	NA	0.0	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Tribe (Dravidian)	18	NA	NA	2.8	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Tribe (Tibeto-Burman)	87	NA	NA	4.6	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Tribe (Indo-European)	21	NA	NA	19.1	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Dravidian Upper Caste	59	NA	NA	28.8	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Dravidian Middle Caste	85	NA	NA	11.8	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Dravidian Lower Caste	29	NA	NA	24.1	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Indo-European Upper Caste	86	NA	NA	45.4	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Indo-European Middle Caste	48	NA	NA	50.4	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Indo-European Lower Caste	50	NA	NA	26.0	Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia	India	Kashmiri Gujars	49	NA	0.00	40.86	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Kashmiri Pandits	51	NA	3.92	19.61	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Gujarat Brahmins	64	NA	0.00	32.81	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Bihar Paswan	27	NA	0.00	40.74	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Bihar Brahmins	38	NA	0.00	60.53	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Himachal Pradesh Brahmin	30	NA	0.00	47.37	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Indian Punjab Brahmins	49	NA	0.00	35.71	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	West Bengal Brahmins	30	NA	0.00	72.22	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Uttar Pradesh Brahmins	31	NA	0.00	67.74	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Uttar Pradesh Kols	38	NA	0.00	14.81	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Madhya Pradesh Saharia	57	NA	22.8	28.07	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Madhya Pradesh Brahmins	42	NA	0.00	38.1	Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia	India	Maharashtra Brahmins	32	NA	0.00	43.33	Sharma et al. (2009)
Europe	Moldova	Moldavians, Karahasan^{[disambiguation needed]}	72	NA	NA	34.7	Varzari (2006)
Europe	Moldava	Moldavians	54	NA	NA	20.4	Varzari (2006)
Europe	Romania	Dniester-Carpathian	-	NA	NA	20.4	Varzari (2006)
Europe	Ukraine	Ukrainians,	53	NA	NA	41.5	Varzari (2006)
Europe	Moldava	Gagauzes, Kongaz	48	NA	NA	12.5	Varzari (2006)
Europe	Ukraine	Gagauzes, Etulia	41	NA	NA	26.8	Varzari (2006)
East Asia	China	Dongxiang (Mongolian descent)	49			28.0	Wang et al. (2003)
East Asia	China	Salar (Central Asian Turkish descent^{[citation needed]})	52	NA		17.0	Wang et al. (2003)
East Asia	China	Bo\'an (Bonan) Mongolian descent	47	NA		26.0	Wang et al. (2003)
Caucasus	Armenia	Ararat	44	NA	0.00	0.0	Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Armenia/Georgia	\"Northern Armenians\"	189	NA	0.53	4.2	Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Armenia	Syunik (South Armenia)	140	NA	0.00	9.3	Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Azerbaijan/Armenia	Karabakh	215	NA	0.00	5.6	Weale et al. (2001)
Middle East	Iran	Isfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent)	56	NA	0.00	1.8	Weale et al. (2001)
Europe	Turkey	near Armenia	90	NA	1.11	3.3	Weale et al. (2001)
Europe	Turkey	Istanbul University	173	NA	0.00	10.4	Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Azerbaijan	Baku	29	NA	0.00	10.3	Weale et al. (2001)
Middle East	Syria	Damascus University	44	NA	0.00	2.3	Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Georgia	Tbilisi	68	NA	0.00	4.4	Weale et al. (2001)
Europe	Greece	Athens	132	NA	0.00	6.1	Weale et al. (2001)
Europe	Mongolia	soldiers mainly from Khalkh	402	NA	0.00	2.5	Weale et al. (2001)
Europe	Hungary		215	NA	1.40	24.2	Völgyi et al. (2008)
Europe	Wales	North Wales	98	NA	NA	1.0	Weale et al. (2002)
Europe	England	English Midlands	136	NA	NA	4.4	Weale et al. (2002)
Europe	England	East Anglia	173	NA	NA	4.6	Weale et al. (2002)
Europe	Netherlands	Friesland	94	NA	NA	7.4	Weale et al. (2002)
Europe	Norway		83	NA	NA	21.7	Weale et al. (2002)
Europe	United Kingdom	British	25	NA	NA	0.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Europe	Scotland	Orkney	26	NA	NA	27.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Europe	Russia	Pomor	28	NA	NA	36.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Europe	Russia	Russian, North	49	NA	NA	43.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Asia	Russia	Russian, Tashkent	89	NA	NA	47.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Europe	Russia	Kazan Tatar	38	NA	NA	24.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Europe	Russia	Saami	23	NA	NA	22.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Asia	Russia	Nenets	54	NA	NA	11.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Middle East	Lebanon		50	NA	NA	0.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Middle East	Iran	Tehran	24	NA	NA	4.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Middle East	Iran	Shiraz	12	NA	NA	0.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Middle East	Iran	Esfahan	16	NA	NA	0.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Georgia	Svans (Svanetians)	25	NA	NA	8.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Georgia	Kazbegi	25	NA	NA	4.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Georgia	South Ossetians	17	NA	NA	6.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Azerbaijan	Lezgi in Azerbaijan	12	NA	NA	8.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Azerbaijan	Azerbaijanians	21	NA	NA	10.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus	Armenia	Armenians	47	NA	NA	9.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Afghanistan	Pashtuns	49	NA	NA	51.02	Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia	Afghanistan	Tajiks	56	NA	NA	30.36	Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia	Afghanistan	Hazara	60	NA	NA	6.66	Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia	Afghanistan	Uzbeks	17	NA	NA	17.64	Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia	Afghanistan	Balochs	13	NA	NA	0.0	Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia	Afghanistan	Nuristanis	5	NA	NA	60.0	Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia	Turkmenistan	Turkmen	30	NA	NA	7.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Turkmenistan	Turkmenistan Kurd	17	NA	NA	12.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Sinte Romani	15	NA	NA	0.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Iranian (Samarkand)	53	NA	NA	11.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Tajik (Samarkand)	40	NA	NA	25.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Arab Bukhara	42	NA	NA	19.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Crimean Tartar	22	NA	NA	32.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Karakalpak	44	NA	NA	18.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Uzbek/ Kashkadarya	19	NA	NA	16.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Uzbek/ Bukhara	58	NA	NA	28.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Uzbek/ Surkhandarya	68	NA	NA	29.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Uzbek/ Khorezm	70	NA	NA	30.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Uzbek/ Tashkent	43	NA	NA	28.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Uzbek/ Fergana Valley	63	NA	NA	22.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Uzbekistan	Samarkand	45	NA	NA	13.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Tajikistan	<<link:2>> (near Afghanistan)	25	NA	NA	68.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Tajikistan	Bartangi	30	NA	NA	40.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Tajikistan	Shugnan	44	NA	NA	23.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Tajikistan	Yagnobi	31	NA	NA	16.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Tajikistan	Tajiks/Panjikent	22	NA	NA	64.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Tajikistan	Tajiks/Dushanbe	16	NA	NA	19.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyz	52	NA	NA	63.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Kyrgyzstan	Dungan (Sino-Tibetan)	40	NA	NA	10.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Kazakhstan	Kazakhs	54	NA	NA	4.0	Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia	Kazakhstan	Uighur	41	NA	NA	22.0	Wells et al. (2001)
South Asia	India	South India Sourashtran	46	NA	NA	39.0	Wells et al. (2001)
South Asia	India	South India Kallar Dravidian	84	NA	NA	4.0	Wells et al. (2001)
South Asia	India	South India Yadhava	129	NA	NA	13.0	Wells et al. (2001)
North Asia	Russia	Tuvinian	42	NA	NA	14.0	Wells et al. (2001)
North Asia	Mongolia		24	NA	NA	4.0	Wells et al. (2001)
East Asia	Korea		45	NA	NA	0.0	Wells et al. (2001)
East Asia	China	Liqian from Yongchang	87	NA	NA	1.1	Zhou et al. (2007)
East Asia	China	Yugur from	52	NA	NA	1.9	Zhou et al. (2007)
East Asia	China	Tibetan from	39	NA	NA	2.6	Zhou et al. (2007)
East Asia	China	Uygurs from Urumqi	49	NA	NA	NA	Zhou et al. (2007)
Europe	Italy	Sardinia	10	0.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	England	Cornwall	51	0.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Spain	Basque	26	0.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Portugal	Northern	328	0.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
North Africa	Algeria		27	0.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
North Africa			129	0.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
North Africa	Tunisia	Jerbian Arabs	46	NA	4.3	4.3	Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Europe	Finland		57	10.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Bulgaria		24	12.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Netherlands		84	13.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Germany	Bavarian	80	15.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Sweden	Gotlander	64	16.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe		Yugoslavian	100	16.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Russia	Chuvash	17	18.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Sweden	Northern	48	19.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Romania		45	20.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Iceland		28	21.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe		Saami	48	21.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Hungary		36	22.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Estonia		207	27.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Russia	Mari	48	29.0 (Tambets disagrees)	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Ukraine	Ukraine	27	30.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Germany		30	30.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Norway		52	31.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Lithuania		38	34.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Slovenia		70	37.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Czech Republic		53	38.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Belarus		41	39.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Latvia		34	41.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Asia	Russia		122	47.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Slovakia		70	47.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Poland		112	54.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Ireland		57	1.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Ossetia		47	2.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Cyprus		45	2.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Italy		99	2.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Spain		126	2.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Portugal	Southern	57	2.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Belgium		92	4.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Turkey		167	5.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	France		40	5.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Georgia		64	6.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Armenia		89	6.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Denmark		56	7.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Scotland	Western	120	7.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Scotland		43	7.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Greece		36	8.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	England	East Anglia	172	9.0	NA	NA	Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe	Iceland		181	23.8	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Norway		112	17.9	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Sweden		110	17.3	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Denmark		12	16.7	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Ireland		222	0.5	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Scotland		61	6.6	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Britain		32	9.4	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Germany		32	9.4	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Greece		42	4.8	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Italy		332	2.7	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Asia	Russia		30	43.3	NA	NA	Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe	Estonia		74	36.5	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Russia	Komi-Permiak	42	23.8	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Russia	Russian (Perm)	37	43.2	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Russia - Mordovia	Mordovian Erzya	46	39.1	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Russia - Mordovia	Mordovian Moksi	46	21.7	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Estonia	Estonia Russian	26	26.9	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Ukraine	Ukrainian	6	50.0	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Bulgaria	Bulgarian	808	17.5	NA	NA	Karachanak et al. (2013)
Europe	Turkey	Northeast Turkish	11	18.2	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Turkey	Central Anatolian	18	11.1	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Turkey	Southwest Turkish	29	10.3	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Turkey	Southeast Turkish	13	15.4	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Cyprus	Turkish Cypriots	22	13.6	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Middle East		Talysh	20	10.0	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Caucasus	Azerbaijan	Azeri	24	12.5	NA	NA	Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe	Croatia	Mainland	108	34.3	NA	NA	Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe	Bosnia-Herzogivina	Bosnians	69	24.6	NA	NA	Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe	Bosnia-Herzogivina	Herzogivinians	141	12.1	NA	NA	Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe	Serbia	Serbians	113	15.9	NA	NA	Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe	Kosova	Albanians	114	4.4	NA	NA	Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe	Republic of Macedonia	Macedonians	79	15.2	NA	NA	Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe	Republic of Macedonia	Romani	57	1.8	NA	NA	Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe	Croatia	Mainland	109	33.9	NA	NA	Barać et al. (2003)
Europe	Croatia	Krk	74	28.0	NA	NA	Barać et al. (2003)
Europe	Croatia	Brač	49	13.0	NA	NA	Barać et al. (2003)
Europe	Croatia	Hvar	91	8.0	NA	NA	Barać et al. (2003)
Europe	Croatia	Korčula	134	27.0	NA	NA	Barać et al. (2003)
Europe	Russia	North	380	34.20	NA	NA	Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Europe	Russia	Central	364	46.50	NA	NA	Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Europe	Russia	South	484	55.40	NA	NA	Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Europe	Portugal		553	1.27	NA	NA	Gonçalves et al. (2005)
Europe	Sweden	Swedes	141	18.4	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Estonia	Estonians	209	33.5	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Latvia	Latvians	86	38.4	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Russia	Mari	111	47.7 (Rosser disagrees)	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Russia	Mordvin	83	26.5	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Russia	Komi	94	33	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Russia	Udmurt	87	10.3	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Russia	Chuvash	79	31.6	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Russia	Volga Tatars	126	34.1	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	France	French	61	0	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Hungary	Hungarians	113	20.4	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Russia	Russians	61	42.6	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Khant	47	4.3	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Nganasan	38	0	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Nenets	148	0	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Selkup	131	19.1	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Ket	48	0	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Dolgan	67	16.4	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Yakut	155	1.9	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Buryat	81	1.2	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Evenk	96	1	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Evens	31	6.5	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia	Russia	Altaians	98	46.9	NA	NA	Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe	Norway	Norwegians	72	23.6	NA	NA	Passarino et al. (2002)
Europe	Denmark	Danes	194	16.5	NA	NA	Sanchez et al. (2003)
Europe	Turkey	Kurds Zazaki speakers	27	NA	NA	25.9	Nasidze et al. (2005)
Europe	Turkey	Kurds Kurmanji speakers	87	NA	NA	12.7	Nasidze et al. (2005)
Middle East	Iraq	Kurds	95	NA	NA	11.6	Brinkmann et al. (1999)
Caucasus	Georgia	Kurds	25	NA	NA	0.0	Nasidze et al. (2005)
Middle East	Jordan	Amman	101	NA	NA	2.0	Flores et al. (2005)
Middle East	Jordan	Dead Sea	45	NA	NA	0.0	Flores et al. (2005)
Middle East	Iraq	Baghdad, different ethnic groups	139	NA	NA	6.5	Al Zahery et al. (2003)
Europe	Russia	Arkhangelsk	28	NA	0.00	17.9	Mirabal et al. (2009)
North Asia	Russia	Khanty	27	NA	0.00	14.8	Mirabal et al. (2009)
Europe	Russia	Komi	54	NA	0.00	29.6	Mirabal et al. (2009)
Europe	Russia	Komi	49	NA	0.00	32.7	Mirabal et al. (2009)
Europe	Russia	Kursk region Russian	40	NA	0.00	52.5	Mirabal et al. (2009)
Europe	Russia	Tver region Russian	38	NA	0.00	57.9	Mirabal et al. (2009)

R1b

Continent	Population	#No.	Total%	R-P25*	R-V88	R-M269	R-M73
Africa	Northern Africa	691	5.9%	0.0%	5.2%	0.7%	0.0%
Africa	Central Sahel Region	461	23.0%	0.0%	23.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Africa	Western Africa	123	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Africa	Eastern Africa	442	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Africa	Southern Africa	105	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Europe	Western Europeans	465	57.8%	0.0%	0.0%	57.8%	0.0%
Europe	North western Europeans	43	55.8%	0.0%	0.0%	55.8%	0.0%
Europe	Central Europeans	77	42.9%	0.0%	0.0%	42.9%	0.0%
Europe	North Eastern Europeans	74	1.4%	0.0%	0.0%	1.4%	0.0%
Europe	Russians	60	6.7%	0.0%	0.0%	6.7%	0.0%
Europe	Eastern Europeans	149	20.8%	0.0%	0.0%	20.8%	0.0%
Europe	South eastern Europeans	510	13.1%	0.0%	0.2%	12.9%	0.0%
Asia	Western Asians	328	5.8%	0.0%	0.3%	5.5%	0.0%
Asia	Southern Asians	288	4.8%	0.0%	0.0%	1.7%	3.1%
Asia	South eastern Asians	10	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Asia	North eastern Asians	30	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Asia	Eastern Asians	156	0.6%	0.0%	0.0%	0.6%	0.0%
	TOTAL	5326

R2

Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.

R2a

Frequency of R-M124 in Social and Linguistic Subgroups of Indian Populations
(Source: Sengupta et al. 2006)
	Tibeto-Burman	Austro-Asiatic	Dravidian	Indo-European
Tribe	5.75%	10.94%	5.00%	-
Lower Caste	-	-	13.79%	10.00%
Middle Caste	-	-	3.53%	18.75%
Upper Caste	-	-	10.17%	16.28%

Frequency of Haplogroup R-M124 in the Arab World from DNA studies
	Count	Sample Size	R-M124 Frequency %
UAE^[13]	8	217	3.69%
Qatar^[14]	1	72	1.39%
Kuwait^[15]	1	153	0.65%
Yemen^[14]	1	104	0.96%
Jordan^[16]	2	146	1.37%
Lebanon^[17]	2	935	0.21%
Palestine^[18]	1	49	2.04%
Egypt^[19]	1	147	0.68%

R2b

R2b%	Population
10.3%	Burusho,
6.8%	Kalash,
1.0%	Pashtuns
3.4%	Gujarat
0.63%	Pakistan

P2 (P-B253)[]

The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P2 (P-B253).^[1]

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ISOGG, 2016, Y-DNA Haplogroup P and its Subclades – 2016 (20 June 2016).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b The island of Luzon, in the Philippines is the only known location of P2 (P-B253) and one of only a few locations for P*; it also features P1* (M45). See, for example: Tumonggor, Karafet et al., 2014, "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor", Journal of Human Genetics Vol. 59, No. 9 (September), pp. 494–503, and; E. Heyer et al., 2013, "Genetic Diversity of Four Filipino Negrito Populations from Luzon: Comparison of Male and Female Effective Population Sizes and Differential Integration of Immigrants into Aeta and Agta Communities", Human Biology, Vol. 85, Iss. 1, p. 201
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Tatiana M Karafet et al. 2015, "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia", European Journal of Human Genetics, No. 23, pp. 369–373.
^ http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/11/22/000802.1
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020-07-14). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. ISSN 1432-1203.
^ Karafet et al. 2014.
^ Moreno-Mayar et Al., Early human dispersals within the Americas, see Supplementary Materials, Table S9. Y chromosome and mtDNA description of new ancient sequences : HistAndaman, Y haplogroup P-295. Included in Yfull tree
^ Hugh McColl et al (2018) The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.abstract. Y chromosome of Jehai sample from McColl et al :[1]
^ Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions
^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)
^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)
^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)
^ Alshamali et al. (2009), "Local Population Structure in Arabian Peninsula Revealed by Y-STR Diversity."
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Cadenas et al. (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman."
^ Mohammad et al. (2009), "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait."
^ Flores et al. (2005), "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan."
^ Zalloua, P. A.; Xue, Y; Khalife, J; Makhoul, N; Debiane, L; Platt, D. E.; Royyuru, A. K.; Herrera, R. J.; Hernanz, D. F.; Blue-Smith, J; Wells, R. S.; Comas, D; Bertranpetit, J; Tyler-Smith, C; Genographic, Consortium (April 2008). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 873–82. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286. PMID 18374297.
^ Myres et al. (2010), "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe."
^ Luis et al. (2004), "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine."

Sources[]

Barać; et al. (2003). "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 11 (7): 535–542. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992. PMID 12825075. S2CID 15822710.

External links[]

Spread of Haplogroup P, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups ^{[χ 1]}^{[χ 2]}

"Y-chromosomal Adam"

A00

A0-T ^{[χ 3]}

A0

A1 ^{[χ 4]}

A1a

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

GHIJK

G

HIJK

IJK

H

IJ

K

I

J

LT ^{[χ 5]}

K2 ^{[χ 6]}

L

T

K2a ^{[χ 7]}

K2b ^{[χ 8]}

^{[χ 9]}

K-M2313 ^{[χ 10]}

K2b1 ^{[χ 11]}

P ^{[χ 12]}

NO

S ^{[χ 13]}

M ^{[χ 14]}

P1

N

O

Q

R

showFootnotes

^ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
^ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
^ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
^ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
^ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
^ Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".
^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
^ K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
^ Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[isogg2016-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ISOGG, 2016, Y-DNA Haplogroup P and its Subclades – 2016 (20 June 2016).

[tumonggor-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b The island of Luzon, in the Philippines is the only known location of P2 (P-B253) and one of only a few locations for P*; it also features P1* (M45). See, for example: Tumonggor, Karafet et al., 2014, "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor", Journal of Human Genetics Vol. 59, No. 9 (September), pp. 494–503, and; E. Heyer et al., 2013, "Genetic Diversity of Four Filipino Negrito Populations from Luzon: Comparison of Male and Female Effective Population Sizes and Differential Integration of Immigrants into Aeta and Agta Communities", Human Biology, Vol. 85, Iss. 1, p. 201

[Karafet_2014-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Tatiana M Karafet et al. 2015, "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia", European Journal of Human Genetics, No. 23, pp. 369–373.

[4] ttp://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/11/22/000802.1

[:0-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020-07-14). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. ISSN 1432-1203.

[FOOTNOTEKarafet_et_al.2014-6] Karafet et al. 2014.

[7] Moreno-Mayar et Al., Early human dispersals within the Americas, see Supplementary Materials, Table S9. Y chromosome and mtDNA description of new ancient sequences : HistAndaman, Y haplogroup P-295. Included in Yfull tree

[8] Hugh McColl et al (2018) The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.abstract. Y chromosome of Jehai sample from McColl et al :[1]

[9] Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions

[10] SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)

[11] SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)

[12] SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)

[13] Alshamali et al. (2009), "Local Population Structure in Arabian Peninsula Revealed by Y-STR Diversity."

[nature.com-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b Cadenas et al. (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman."

[15] Mohammad et al. (2009), "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait."

[16] Flores et al. (2005), "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan."

[17] Zalloua, P. A.; Xue, Y; Khalife, J; Makhoul, N; Debiane, L; Platt, D. E.; Royyuru, A. K.; Herrera, R. J.; Hernanz, D. F.; Blue-Smith, J; Wells, R. S.; Comas, D; Bertranpetit, J; Tyler-Smith, C; Genographic, Consortium (April 2008). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 873–82. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286. PMID 18374297.

[18] Myres et al. (2010), "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe."

[19] Luis et al. (2004), "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine."

[vanOven2014-20] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

[ISOGG2015-21] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-22] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-23] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-24] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-25] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-26] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-27] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-28] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-29] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-30] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-31] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-32] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-33] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[χ 1]

[χ 2]

[χ 3]

[χ 4]

[χ 5]

[χ 6]

[χ 7]

[χ 8]

[χ 9]

[χ 10]

[χ 11]

[χ 12]

[χ 13]

[χ 14]

Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Possible time of origin	35,000 years BP^[1]
Possible place of origin	Mainland Southeast Asia or East Asia ^[2]^[3]
Ancestor	K2b^[4]
Descendants	P1 (P-M45) and (P-B253). (P1 is the immediate ancestor of haplogroups Q and R.)
Defining mutations	P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231