South Asia

South Asia

Area	5,134,641 km2 (1,982,496 sq mi)
Population	1.94 billion (2020)[1]
Population density	362.3/km2 (938/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	$12.752 trillion (2018)[2]
GDP (nominal)	$3.326 trillion (2020)[3]
GDP per capita	$1,707 (nominal)[3]
HDI	0.642 (medium)[4]
Ethnic groups	Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, Austroasiatic, Turkic etc.
Religions	Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Irreligion
Demonym	South Asian
Countries	show 8 states  Afghanistan  Bangladesh  Bhutan  India  Maldives    Nepal  Pakistan  Sri Lanka
Dependencies	British Indian Ocean Territory
Languages	show Official languages Bengali Dari (Persian) Dzongkha Dhivehi English Hindi Nepali Pashto Sinhala Tamil Urdu show Other languages Afro-Asiatic: Arabic Austroasiatic: Khasi Santali Austronesian: Sri Lanka Malay Dravidian: Beary Brahui Gondi Kodava Malayalam Kannada Telugu Tulu Indo-European: Asamiya Balochi Bhili Dogri Garhwali Gujarati Hindustani dialects Hindko Kashmiri Konkani Kumaoni Kutchi Lahnda Maithili Marathi Marwari Odia Punjabi Rangpuri Rohingya Sanskrit Saraiki Satgaiya Sindhi Sylheti Sino-Tibetan: Balti Boro-Garo Gurung Ladakhi Manang Meitei Sikkimese Tamang Thakali Tibetan Turkic: Turkmen Uzbek
Time zones	show 5 time zones UTC+04:30: Afghanistan UTC+05:00: Maldives Pakistan UTC+05:30: India Sri Lanka UTC+05:45: Nepal UTC+06:00: Bangladesh Bhutan
Internet TLD	.af, .bd, .bt, .in, .io, .lk, .mv, .np, .pk
Calling code	Zone 8 & 9
Largest cities	show List Ahmedabad Bangalore Chennai Colombo Chittagong New Delhi Dhaka Hyderabad Karachi Kolkata Mumbai Lahore [note 1]
UN M49 code	034 – Southern Asia 142 – Asia 001 – World

South Asia is the southern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan,^{[note 2]} Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives.^[6] Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate and defined largely by the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Pamir mountains on the north. The Amu Darya, which rises north of the Hindu Kush, forms part of the northwestern border. On land (clockwise), South Asia is bounded by Western Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.^[7] South Asia covers about 5.2 million km² (2.0 million sq mi), which is 11.71% of the Asian continent or 3.5% of the world's land surface area.^[6] The population of South Asia is about 1.891 billion or about one-fourth of the world's population, making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world.^[8] Overall, it accounts for about 39.49% of Asia's population, over 24% of the world's population, and is home to a vast array of people.^[9][10][11]

In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest populations of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains and Zoroastrians.^[12] South Asia alone accounts for 98.47% of Hindus, 90.5% of Sikhs, and 31% of Muslims worldwide, as well as 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists.^{[13][14][15][16]}

Definition[]

Various definitions of South Asia, including the definition by UNSD which was created for "statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."^[17]

Modern definitions of South Asia are consistent in including Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives as the constituent countries.^[18][19][20] Afghanistan is, however, considered by some to be a part of Central Asia, Western Asia, or the Middle East.^{[21][22][23][24][25]} After the Second Anglo-Afghan War, it was a British protectorate until 1919.^[26][18][20] On the other hand, Myanmar (formerly Burma), administered as part of the British Raj between 1886 and 1937^[27] and now largely considered a part of Southeast Asia as a member state of ASEAN, is also sometimes included.^[21][22][28] But the Aden Colony, British Somaliland and Singapore, though administered at various times under the British Raj, have never been proposed as any part of South Asia.^[29] The region may also include the disputed territory of Aksai Chin, which was part of the British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, now administered as part of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang but also claimed by India.^[30]

However, the total area of South Asia and its geographical extent is not clear cut as systemic and foreign policy orientations of its constituents are quite asymmetrical.^[21] Beyond the core territories of the British Raj or the British Indian Empire, there is a high degree of variation as to which other countries are included in South Asia.^{[31][22][32][33]} The confusion existed also because of the lack of a clear boundary – geographically, geopolitical, socio-culturally, economically or historically ��� between South Asia and other parts of Asia, especially the Middle East and Southeast Asia.^[34]

The common definition of South Asia is largely inherited from the administrative boundaries of the British Raj,^[35] with several exceptions. The current territories of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan which were the core territories of the British Empire from 1857 to 1947 also form the core territories of South Asia.^{[36][37][19][20]} The mountain countries of Nepal and Bhutan, two independent countries that were not part of the British Raj,^[38] and the island countries of Sri Lanka and Maldives are generally included. By various definitions based on substantially different reasons, the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Tibet Autonomous Region are included as well.^{[39][40][41][42][43][44][45]} The 562 princely states that were protected by but not directly ruled by the British Raj became administrative parts of South Asia upon joining India or Pakistan.^[46][47]

United Nations cartographic map of South Asia.^[48] However, the United Nations does not endorse any definitions or area boundaries.^{[note 3]}

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), a contiguous block of countries, started in 1985 with seven countries – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka – and admitted Afghanistan as an eighth member in 2007.^[49][50] China and Myanmar have also applied for the status of full members of SAARC.^[51][52] The South Asia Free Trade Agreement admitted Afghanistan in 2011.^[53]

The World Bank and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recognizes the eight SAARC countries as South Asia,^{[54][55][56][57]} The Hirschman–Herfindahl index of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific for the region excludes Afghanistan from South Asia.^[58] Population Information Network (POPIN) excludes Maldives which is included as a member Pacific POPIN subregional network.^[59] The United Nations Statistics Division's scheme of sub-regions, for statistical purpose,^[17] includes Iran along with all eight members of the SAARC as part of Southern Asia.^[60]

The boundaries of South Asia vary based on how the region is defined. South Asia's northern, eastern, and western boundaries vary based on definitions used, while the Indian Ocean is the southern periphery. Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by mountain barriers.^[61][62] Much of the region consists of a peninsula in south-central Asia, rather resembling a diamond which is delineated by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east,^[63] and which extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast.^[39][64]

While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it has a distinct geographical identity^[28][65]

The terms "Indian subcontinent" and "South Asia" are sometimes used interchangeably.^{[39][66][64][67]} The Indian subcontinent is largely a geological term referring to the land mass that drifted northeastwards from ancient Gondwana, colliding with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago, towards the end of Palaeocene. This geological region largely includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.^[68] Historians Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot state that the term "Indian subcontinent" describes a natural physical landmass in South Asia that has been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia.^[69]

The use of the term Indian subcontinent began in the British Empire, and has been a term particularly common in its successors.^[66] South Asia as the preferred term is particularly common when scholars or officials seek to differentiate this region from East Asia.^[70] According to historians Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia "in more recent and neutral parlance."^[71] This "neutral" notion refers to the concerns of Pakistan and Bangladesh, particularly given the recurring conflicts between India and Pakistan, wherein the dominant placement of "India" as a prefix before the subcontinent might offend some political sentiments.^[28] However, in Pakistan, the term "South Asia" is considered too India-centric and was banned until 1989 after the death of Zia ul Haq.^[72] This region has also been labelled as "India" (in its classical and pre-modern sense) and "Greater India".^[28][65]

According to Robert M. Cutler – a scholar of Political Science at Carleton University,^[73] the terms South Asia, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia are distinct, but the confusion and disagreements have arisen due to the geopolitical movement to enlarge these regions into Greater South Asia, Greater Southwest Asia, and Greater Central Asia. The frontier of Greater South Asia, states Cutler, between 2001 and 2006 has been geopolitically extended to eastern Iran and western Afghanistan in the west, and in the north to northeastern Iran, northern Afghanistan, and southern Uzbekistan.^[73]

The definitions are also varied across South Asian Study programmes. The Centre for South Asian Studies at the University of Cambridge was established, in 1964, it promoted the study of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan,^{[74][75][76][77]} the Himalayan Kingdoms (Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim^[78]), and Burma (now Myanmar). It has since included Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, the Philippines and Hong Kong.^[79] The Centres for South Asian Studies at both the University of Michigan and the University of Virginia include Tibet along with the eight members of SAARC in their research programs, but exclude the Maldives.^[80][81] The South Asian Studies Program of Rutgers University and the University of California, Berkeley Centre for South Asia Studies also include the Maldives.^[82][83]

The South Asian Studies Program of Brandeis University defines the region as comprising "India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and in certain contexts Afghanistan, Burma, Maldives and Tibet".^[84] The similar program of Columbia University includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka in their study and excludes Burma.^[85] In the past, a lack of a coherent definition for South Asia resulted in a lack of academic studies, along with a lack of interest for such studies.^[86] Identification with a South Asian identity was also found to be significantly low among respondents in an older two-year survey across Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.^[87]

History[]

Pre-history[]

The history of core South Asia begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens, as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago.^[88] The earliest prehistoric culture have roots in the mesolithic sites as evidenced by the rock paintings of Bhimbetka rock shelters dating to a period of 30,000 BCE or older,^{[note 4]} as well as neolithic times.^{[note 5]}

Ancient era[]

Bahapur

Gujarra

Saru Maru

Udegolam

Nittur

Maski

Siddapur

Brahmagiri

Jatinga

Pakilgundu

Rajula Mandagiri

Sasaram

Rupnath

Bairat

Bhabru

Ahraura

Barabar

Taxila
(Aramaic)

Laghman
(Aramaic)

Maski
Palkigundu
Gavimath
Jatinga/Rameshwara

Rajula/Mandagiri
Brahmagiri
Udegolam
Siddapur
Nittur

Ahraura
Sasaram

Kandahar
(Greek and Aramaic)

Kandahar

Yerragudi

Girnar

Dhauli

Khalsi

Sopara

Jaugada

Shahbazgarhi

Mansehra

Sannati

Sarnath

Sanchi

Lumbini
Nigali Sagar

Nigali Sagar

Nandangarh

Kosambi

Topra

Meerut

Araraj

Araraj, Rampurva

Rampurva

Ai Khanoum
(Greek city)

Pataliputra

Ujjain

Edicts of Ashoka
Location of the Minor Rock Edicts (Edicts 1, 2 & 3)
Other inscriptions often classified as Minor Rock Edicts.
Location of the Major Rock Edicts.
Location of the Minor Pillar Edicts.
Original location of the Major Pillar Edicts.
Capital cities

Indus Valley Civilisation during 2600-1900 BCE, the mature phase

The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of South Asia from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE in present-day Northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, was the first major civilization in South Asia.^[89] A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE.^[90] According to anthropologist Possehl, the Indus Valley Civilization provides a logical, if somewhat arbitrary, starting point for South Asian religions, but these links from the Indus religion to later-day South Asian traditions are subject to scholarly dispute.^[91]

The Trimurti is the trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism, typically Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer

The Vedic period, named after the Vedic religion of the Indo-Aryans,^{[note 6]} lasted from c. 1900 to 500 BCE.^[93][94] The Indo-Aryans were pastoralists^[95] who migrated into north-western India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization,^[92][96] Linguistic and archaeological data show a cultural change after 1500 BCE,^[92] with the linguistic and religious data clearly showing links with Indo-European languages and religion.^[97] By about 1200 BCE, the Vedic culture and agrarian lifestyle was established in the northwest and northern Gangetic plain of South Asia.^[95][98][99] Rudimentary state-forms appeared, of which the Kuru-Pañcāla union was the most influential.^[100][101] The first recorded state-level society in South Asia existed around 1000 BCE.^[95] In this period, states Samuel, emerged the Brahmana and Aranyaka layers of Vedic texts, which merged into the earliest Upanishads.^[102] These texts began to ask the meaning of a ritual, adding increasing levels of philosophical and metaphysical speculation,^[102] or "Hindu synthesis".^[103]

Increasing urbanisation of India between 800 and 400 BCE, and possibly the spread of urban diseases, contributed to the rise of ascetic movements and of new ideas which challenged the orthodox Brahmanism.^{[104][failed verification]} These ideas led to Sramana movements, of which Mahavira (c. 549–477 BCE), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563–483), founder of Buddhism, were the most prominent icons.^[105]

The Greek army led by Alexander the Great stayed in the Hindu Kush region of South Asia for several years and then later moved into the Indus valley region. Later, the Maurya Empire extended over much of South Asia in the 3rd century BCE. Buddhism spread beyond south Asia, through northwest into Central Asia. The Bamiyan Buddhas of Afghanistan and the edicts of Aśoka suggest that the Buddhist monks spread Buddhism (Dharma) in eastern provinces of the Seleucid Empire, and possibly even farther into Western Asia.^{[106][107][108]} The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka, later to Southeast Asia.^[109] Buddhism, by the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE, was prominent in the Himalayan region, Gandhara, Hindu Kush region and Bactria.^{[110][111][112]}

From about 500 BCE through about 300 CE, the Vedic-Brahmanic synthesis or "Hindu synthesis" continued.^[103] Classical Hindu and Sramanic (particularly Buddhist) ideas spread within South Asia, as well outside South Asia.^{[113][114][115]} The Gupta Empire ruled over a large part of the region between 4th and 7th centuries, a period that saw the construction of major temples, monasteries and universities such as the Nalanda.^{[116][117][118]} During this era, and through the 10th century, numerous cave monasteries and temples such as the Ajanta Caves, Badami cave temples and Ellora Caves were built in South Asia.^{[119][120][121]}

Medieval era[]

Outreach of influence of early medieval Chola dynasty

Islam came as a political power in the fringe of South Asia in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, and Multan in Southern Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan.^[122] By 962 CE, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were under a wave of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia.^[123] Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, who raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030.^[124] Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retracted each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab.^[125][126]

Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-u Din Mehmud, in the winter of 1397–1398

The wave of raids on north Indian and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni, plundering and looting these kingdoms.^[127] The raids did not establish or extend permanent boundaries of their Islamic kingdoms. The Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad began a systematic war of expansion into North India in 1173.^[128] He sought to carve out a principality for himself by expanding the Islamic world.^[124][129] Mu'izz sought a Sunni Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river, and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom that became the Delhi Sultanate.^[124] Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Mu'izz al-Din in South Asia by that time.^[130]

The Delhi Sultanate covered varying parts of South Asia and was ruled by a series of dynasties, called Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodi dynasties. Muhammad bin Tughlaq came to power in 1325, launched a war of expansion and the Delhi Sultanate reached it largest geographical reach over the South Asian region during his 26-year rule.^[131] A Sunni Sultan, Muhammad bin Tughlaq persecuted non-Muslims such as Hindus, as well as non-Sunni Muslims such as Shia and Mahdi sects.^{[132][133][134]}

Revolts against the Delhi Sultanate sprang up in many parts of South Asia during the 14th century. After the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Bengal Sultanate came to power in 1352 CE, as the Delhi Sultanate began disintegrating. The Bengal Sultanate remained in power through the early 16th century. It was reconquered by the armies of the Mughal Empire. The state religion of the Bengal Sultanate was Islam, and the region under its rule, a region that ultimately emerged as the modern nation of Bangladesh, saw a growth of a syncretic form of Islam.^[135][136] In the Deccan region, the Hindu kingdom Vijayanagara Empire came to power in 1336 and remained in power through the 16th century, after which it too was reconquered and absorbed into the Mughal Empire.^[137][138]

About 1526, the Punjab governor Dawlat Khan Lodī reached out to the Mughal Babur and invited him to attack Delhi Sultanate. Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526. The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire replaced it.^[139]

Modern era[]

Emperor Shah Jahan and his son Prince Aurangzeb in Mughal Court, 1650

The modern history period of South Asia, that is 16th-century onwards, witnessed the start of the Central Asian dynasty named the Mughals, with Turkish-Mongol roots and Sunni Islam theology. The first ruler was Babur, whose empire extended the northwest and Indo-Gangetic Plain regions of South Asia. The Deccan and northeastern region of South Asia was largely under Hindu kings such as those of Vijayanagara Empire and Ahom kingdom,^[140] with some regions such as parts of modern Telangana and Andhra Pradesh under local Sultanates such as the Shia Islamic rulers of Golconda Sultanate.^[141]

The Mughal Empire continued its wars of expansion after Babur's death. With the fall of the Rajput kingdoms and Vijayanagara, its boundaries encompassed almost the entirety of the Indian subcontinent.^[142] The Mughal Empire was marked by a period of artistic exchanges and a Central Asian and South Asian architecture synthesis, with remarkable buildings such as the Taj Mahal.^[143] At its height, the empire was the world's largest economy, worth almost 25% of global GDP, more than the entirety of Western Europe.^[144][145]

However, this time also marked an extended period of religious persecution.^[146] Two of the religious leaders of Sikhism, Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur were arrested under orders of the Mughal emperors and were asked to convert to Islam, and were executed when they refused.^{[147][148][149]} Religious taxes on non-Muslims called jizya were imposed. Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh temples were desecrated. However, not all Muslim rulers persecuted non-Muslims. Akbar, a Mughal ruler for example, sought religious tolerance and abolished jizya.^{[150][151][152][153]}

British Indian Empire in 1909. British India is shaded pink, the princely states yellow.

In Aurangzeb's time, almost all of South Asia was claimed by the Mughal Empire. Under Aurangzeb's rule, South Asia reached its zenith, becoming the world's largest economy and biggest manufacturing power, estimated over 25% of world GDP, a value higher than China's and entire Western Europe's one.^[144][145] The economic developments on South Asia waved the period of proto-industrialization.^[154]

After the death of Aurangzeb and the collapse of the Mughal Empire, which marks the beginning of modern India, in the early 18th century, it provided opportunities for the Marathas, Sikhs, Mysoreans and Nawabs of Bengal to exercise control over large regions of the Indian subcontinent.^[155][156]

Maritime trading between South Asia and European merchants began after the Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama returned to Europe. British, French, Portuguese colonial interests struck treaties with these rulers and established their trading ports. In northwest South Asia, a large region was consolidated into the Sikh Empire by Ranjit Singh.^[157][158] After the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal and Tipu Sultan and his French allies, the British Empire expanded their interests till the Hindu Kush region.

Contemporary era[]

In 1905, the Government of India initiated the partition of Bengal, a decision which was eventually reversed after Indian opposition. However, during the partition of India, Bengal was partitioned into East Pakistan and West Bengal. East Pakistan became the People's Republic of Bangladesh after the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.^[159][160]

Geography[]

According to Saul Cohen, early colonial era strategists treated South Asia with East Asia, but in reality, the South Asia region excluding Afghanistan is a distinct geopolitical region separated from other nearby geostrategic realms, one that is geographically diverse.^[161] The region is home to a variety of geographical features, such as glaciers, rainforests, valleys, deserts, and grasslands that are typical of much larger continents. It is surrounded by three water bodies – the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea – and has acutely varied climate zones. The tip of the Indian Peninsula had the highest quality pearls.^[162]

Indian plate[]

Most of this region is resting on the Indian Plate, the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, separated from the rest of the Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate includes most of South Asia, forming a land mass which extends from the Himalayas into a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, including parts of South China and Eastern Indonesia, as well as Kunlun and Karakoram ranges,^[163][164] and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan, the Hindu Kush range and Balochistan.^{[165][166][167]} It may be noted that geophysically the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet is situated at the outside of the border of the regional structure, while the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan are situated inside that border.^[168]

The Indian subcontinent formerly formed part of the supercontinent Gondwana, before rifting away during the Cretaceous period and colliding with the Eurasian Plate about 50–55 million years ago and giving birth to the Himalayan range and the Tibetan plateau. It is the peninsular region south of the Himalayas and Kuen Lun mountain ranges and east of the Indus River and the Iranian Plateau, extending southward into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea (to the southwest) and the Bay of Bengal (to the southeast).

Climate[]

South Asia's Köppen climate classification map^[169] is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality.

  (Af) Tropical rainforest

  (Am) Tropical monsoon

  (Aw) Tropical savanna, wet & dry

  (BWh) Hot desert

  (BWk) Cold desert

  (BSh) Hot semi arid

  (BSk) Cold semi arid

  (Csa) Mediterranean, dry, hot summer

  (Cfa) Subtropical, humid

  (Cwa) Subtropical, humid summer, dry winter

  (Cwb) Subtropical highland, dry winter

  (Dsa) Continental, hot summer

  (Dsb) Continental, warm summer

  (Dwb) Continental, dry winter

  (Dwc) Continental Subarctic, dry winter

The climate of this vast region varies considerably from area to area from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north. The variety is influenced by not only the altitude but also by factors such as proximity to the seacoast and the seasonal impact of the monsoons. Southern parts are mostly hot in summers and receive rain during monsoon periods. The northern belt of Indo-Gangetic plains also is hot in summer, but cooler in winter. The mountainous north is colder and receives snowfall at higher altitudes of Himalayan ranges.

As the Himalayas block the north-Asian bitter cold winds, the temperatures are considerably moderate in the plains down below. For the most part, the climate of the region is called the Monsoon climate, which keeps the region humid during summer and dry during winter, and favours the cultivation of jute, tea, rice, and various vegetables in this region.

South Asia is largely divided into four broad climate zones:^[170]

• The northern Indian edge and northern Pakistani uplands have a dry subtropical continental climate
• The far south of India and southwest Sri Lanka have an equatorial climate
• Most of the peninsula has a tropical climate with variations:
  • Hot subtropical climate in northwest India
  • Cool winter hot tropical climate in Bangladesh
  • Tropical semi-arid climate in the center
• The Himalayas and most of the Hindu Kush have an Alpine climate

Maximum relative humidity of over 80% has been recorded in Khasi and Jaintia Hills and Sri Lanka, while the area adjustment to Pakistan and western India records lower than 20%–30%.^[170] Climate of South Asia is largely characterized by monsoons. South Asia depends critically on monsoon rainfall.^[171] Two monsoon systems exist in the region:^[172]

• The summer monsoon: Wind blows from the southwest to most parts of the region. It accounts for 70%–90% of the annual precipitation.
• The winter monsoon: Wind blows from the northeast. Dominant in Sri Lanka and Maldives.

The warmest period of the year precedes the monsoon season (March to mid June). In the summer the low pressures are centered over the Indus-Gangetic Plain and high wind from the Indian Ocean blows towards the center. The monsoons are the second coolest season of the year because of high humidity and cloud covering. But, at the beginning of June, the jetstreams vanish above the Tibetan Plateau, low pressure over the Indus Valley deepens and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) moves in. The change is violent. Moderately vigorous monsoon depressions form in the Bay of Bengal and make landfall from June to September.^[170]

Climate change in South Asia is causing a range of challenges including sea level rise, cyclonic activity, and changes in ambient temperature and precipitation patterns.^[173]

Land and water area[]

This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes land and internal waters.

Country	Area	EEZ	Shelf	EEZ+TIA
Afghanistan	652,864	0	0	652,864
Bangladesh	148,460	86,392	66,438	230,390
Bhutan	38,394	0	0	38,394
India	3,287,263	2,305,143	402,996	5,592,406
Nepal	147,181	0	0	147,181
Maldives	298	923,322	34,538	923,622
Pakistan	881,913	290,000	51,383	1,117,911
Sri Lanka	65,610	532,619	32,453	598,229
Total	5,221,093	4,137,476	587,808	9,300,997

Society[]

Population[]

The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion which makes it the most populated region in the world.^[174] It is socially very mixed, consisting of many language groups and religions, and social practices in one region that are vastly different from those in another.^[175]

Country	Population in thousands (2019) (%Share)[176][1]	Density (per km2)	% of world[177]	Population growth rate[178]			Population projection (in thousands)[176][1]
				2005-10	2010-15	2015-20	1950	1975	2000	2025	2050	2075	2100
Afghanistan	38,042 (2.07%)	46	0.420%	2.78	3.16	2.41	7,752	12,689	20,779	43,531	64,682	76,199	75,974
Bangladesh	163,046 (8.88%)	1106.8	2.17%	1.18	1.16	1.04	37,895	70,066	127,658	170,937	192,568	181,282	151,393
Bhutan	763 (0.04%)	165.8	0.00957%	2.05	1.58	1.18	177	348	591	811	905	845	686
India	1,366,418 (74.45%)	138.3	17.5%	1.46	1.23	1.10	376,325	623,103	1,056,576	1,445,012	1,639,176	1,609,041	1,450,421
Maldives	531 (0.03%)	225	0.00490%	2.68	2.76	1.85	74	136	279	522	586	564	490
Nepal	28,609 (1.56%)	781.8	0.383%	1.05	1.17	1.09	8,483	13,420	23,941	31,757	35,324	31,818	23,708
Pakistan	216,565 (11.8%)	1,104.8	2.82%	2.05	2.09	1.91	37,542	66,817	142,344	242,234	338,013	394,265	403,103
Sri Lanka	21,324 (1.62%)	194.4	0.279%	0.68	0.50	0.35	7,971	13,755	18,778	21,780	21,814	19,194	15,275
South Asia	1,835,297 (100%)	357.4	23.586%	-	-	-	476,220	800,335	1,390,946	1,958,046	2,293,069	2,313,208	2,120,014
Population of South Asian countries in 1950, 1975, 2000, 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100 projection from the United Nations has been displayed in table. The given population projections are based on medium fertility index. With India and Bangladesh approaching replacement rates fast, population growth in South Asia is facing steep decline and may turn negative in mid 21st century.[176][1]

Languages[]

Ethno-linguistic distribution map of South Asia

There are numerous languages in South Asia. The spoken languages of the region are largely based on geography and shared across religious boundaries, but the written script is sharply divided by religious boundaries. In particular, Muslims of South Asia such as in Afghanistan and Pakistan use the Arabic alphabet and Persian Nastaliq. Till 1952, Muslim-majority Bangladesh (then known as East Pakistan) also mandated only the Nastaliq script, but after that adopted regional scripts and particularly Bengali, after the Language Movement for the adoption of Bengali as the official language of the then East Pakistan. Non-Muslims of South Asia, and some Muslims in India, on the other hand, use their traditional ancient heritage scripts such as those derived from Brahmi script for Indo-European languages and non-Brahmi scripts for Dravidian languages and others.^[179]

The Nagari script has been the primus inter pares of the traditional South Asian scripts.^[180] The Devanagari script is used for over 120 South Asian languages,^[181] including Hindi,^[182] Marathi, Nepali, Pali, Konkani, Bodo, Sindhi and Maithili among other languages and dialects, making it one of the most used and adopted writing systems in the world.^[183] The Devanagari script is also used for classical Sanskrit texts.^[181]

The largest spoken language in this region is Hindustani language, followed by Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada and Punjabi.^[179] In the modern era, new syncretic languages developed in the region such as Urdu that is used by the Muslim community of northern South Asia (particularly Pakistan and northern states of India).^[184] The Punjabi language spans three religions: Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism. The spoken language is similar, but it is written in three scripts. The Sikh use Gurmukhi alphabet, Muslim Punjabis in Pakistan use the Nastaliq script, while Hindu Punjabis in India use the Gurmukhi or Nāgarī script. The Gurmukhi and Nagari scripts are distinct but close in their structure, but the Persian Nastaliq script is very different.^[185]

English, with British spelling, is commonly used in urban areas and is a major economic lingua franca of South Asia.^[186]

Religions[]

A map of major denominations and religions of the world

Worldwide Importance of Religion, 2015^[187]

In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest population of Hindus, Jains and Sikhs,^[15] about 510 million Muslims,^[15] as well as over 25 million Buddhists and 35 million Christians.^[13] Hindus make up about 68 percent or about 900 million and Muslims at 31 percent or 510 million of the overall South Asia population,^[188] while Buddhists, Jains, Christians and Sikhs constitute most of the rest. The Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs and Christians are concentrated in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan, while the Muslims are concentrated in Afghanistan (99%), Bangladesh (90%), Pakistan (96%) and Maldives (100%).^[15]

Indian religions are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.^[189] The Indian religions are distinct yet share terminology, concepts, goals and ideas, and from South Asia spread into East Asia and southeast Asia.^[189] Early Christianity and Islam were introduced into coastal regions of South Asia by merchants who settled among the local populations. Later Sindh, Balochistan, and parts of the Punjab region saw conquest by the Arab caliphates along with an influx of Muslims from Persia and Central Asia, which resulted in spread of both Shia and Sunni Islam in parts of northwestern region of South Asia. Subsequently, under the influence of Muslim rulers of the Islamic sultanates and the Mughal Empire, Islam spread in South Asia.^[190][191] About one-third of the world's Muslims are from South Asia.^{[192][193][194]}

Country	State religion	Religious population as a percentage of total population
		Ahmadiyya	Buddhism	Christianity	Hinduism	Islam	Kiratism	Sikhism	Others	Year reported
Afghanistan	Islam	-	-	-	-	99.7%	-	-	0.3%	2019[196]
Bangladesh	Islam	0.06%	0.6%	0.4%	9.5%	89.5%	-	-	-	2011[197]
Bhutan	Vajrayana Buddhism	-	74.8%	0.5%	22.6%	0.1%	-	-	2%	2010[198][199]
India	None	-	0.7%	2.3%	79.8%	14.2%	-	1.7%	1.3%	2011[200][201]
Maldives	Sunni Islam	-	-	-	-	100%	-	-	-	[202][203][204]
Nepal	None	-	9%	1.3%	81.3%	4.4%	3%	-	0.8%	2013[205]
Pakistan	Islam	0.22%	-	1.59%	1.85%	96.28%	-	-	0.07%	2010[206]
Sri Lanka	Theravada Buddhism	-	70.2%	6.2%	12.6%	9.7%	-	-	1.4%	2011[207]

Largest urban areas[]

South Asia is home to some of the most populated urban areas in the world. According to the 2020 edition of Demographia World Urban Areas, the region contains 8 of the world's 35 megacities (urban areas over 10 million population):^[208]

Rank	Urban Area	State/Province	Country	Population[208]	Area (km2)[208]	Density (/km2)[208]
1	Delhi	National Capital Region	India	29,617,000	2,232	13,266
2	Mumbai	Maharashtra	India	23,355,000	944	24,773
3	Kolkata	West Bengal	India	17,560,000	1,351	12,988
4	Dhaka	Dhaka Division	Bangladesh	15,443,000	456	33,878
5	Karachi	Sindh	Pakistan	14,835,000	1,044	14,213
6	Bangalore	Karnataka	India	13,707,000	1,205	11,381
7	Chennai	Tamil Nadu	India	11,324,000	1,049	10,795
8	Lahore	Punjab	Pakistan	11,021,000	853	12,934

Sports[]

Cricket is the most popular sport in South Asia,^[209] with 90% of the sport's fans in the Indian subcontinent.^[210]

Economy[]

Countries under the South Asian Free Trade Area

India is the largest economy in the region (US$2.957 trillion) and makes up almost 80% of the South Asian economy; it is the world's 5th largest in nominal terms and 3rd largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates (US$10.385 trillion).^[2] India is the only member of powerful G-20 major economies and BRICS from the region. It is the fastest-growing major economy in the world and one of the world's fastest registering a growth of 7.3% in FY 2014–15.

India is followed by Bangladesh, which has a GDP of ($378.656 billion) and a GDP per capita of $2214, which is 3rd in the region. It has the fastest GDP growth rate in Asia. It is one of the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is also listed among the Next Eleven countries. It is also one of the fastest-growing middle-income countries. It has the world's 33rd largest GDP in nominal terms and is the 27th largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates ($1.015 trillion). Bangladesh's economic growth crossed 7% in fiscal 2015–2016 after almost a decade in holding a growth rate of 6%, and is expected to grow by 8.13% in 2019–2020. Pakistan has an economy of ($314 billion) and ranks 5th in GDP per capita in the region.^[211] Next is Sri Lanka, which has the 2nd highest GDP per capita and the 4th largest economy in the region. According to a World Bank report in 2015, driven by a strong expansion in India, coupled with favorable oil prices, from the last quarter of 2014 South Asia became the fastest-growing region in the world^[212]

Country [213][214][215]	GDP					Inflation (2017)[216]	HDI
	Nominal GDP (in millions) (2019) (%Share)[217]	GDP per capita (2019)[218]	GDP (PPP) (in millions) (2019) (%Share)	GDP (PPP) per capita (2019)	GDP growth (2017)[219]		HDI (2018)[4]	Inequality-adjusted HDI (2019)[220]
Afghanistan	$18,734 (0.51%)	$513	$76,714 (0.55%)	$2,101	3%	6%	0.511 (low)	No data
Bangladesh	$318,465 (8.93%)	$2,104	$1,029,270 (9.00%)	$4,992	4.5%	5.44%	0.632 (medium)	0.465 (low)
Bhutan	$2,842 (0.08%)	$3,423	$9,310 (0.066%)	$10,193	5.9%	4.1%	0.654 (medium)	0.450 (low)
India	$2,835,570 (77.16%)	$2,172	$9092,697 (76.68%)	$7,584	7.0%	4.8%	0.645 (medium)	0.538 (low)
Maldives	$5,786 (0.16%)	$15,563	$6,708 (0.048%)	$21,320	4.1%	2.5%	0.740 (high)	0.568 (medium)
Nepal	$29,813 (0.81%)	$1,048	$87,472 (0.62%)	$2,984	7.7%	6.2%	0.602 (medium)	0.430 (low)
Pakistan	$314,214 (8.76%)	$1,568	$1,125,663 (11.82%)	$5,839	2.1%	4.3%	0.557 (medium)	0.386 (low)
Sri Lanka	$86,566 (2.36%)	$3,947	$319,791 (2.28%)	$14,680	3.0%	5.8%	0.782 (high)	0.686 (medium)
South Asia	$3,562,255 (100%)	$2,064	$14,001, 625 (100%)	$7,629	-	-	0.640 (medium)	-

According to the World Bank's 2011 report, based on 2005 ICP PPP, about 24.6% of the South Asian population falls below the international poverty line of $1.25/day.^[221] Afghanistan and Bangladesh rank the highest, with 30.6% and 43.3% of their respective populations below the poverty line. Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka have the lowest number of people below the poverty line, with 2.4%, 1.5% and 4.1% respectively. India has lifted the most people in the region above the poverty line between 2008 and 2011, with around 140 million being raised from the poverty line. As of 2011, 21.9% of India's population lives below the poverty line, compared to 41.6% in 2005.^[222][223]

Country [213][214][215]	Population below poverty line (at $1.9/day)				Population under-nourished (2015)[224]	Life expectancy (2018)[225] (global rank)	Global wealth report (2019)[226][227][228]
	World Bank[229] (year)	Multidimensional Poverty Index (2017)[230]	Population in Extreme poverty (2017)	CIA Factbook (2015)[231]			Total national wealth in billion USD (global rank)	Wealth per adult in USD	Median wealth per adult in USD (golabl rank)
Afghanistan	54.5% (2016)	55.9%	24.9%	35.8%	26.8%	64.5 (151st)	25 (116th)	1,463	640 (156th)
Bangladesh	24.3% (2016)	41.7%	16.7%	7.5%	16.4%	72.3 (108th)	697 (44th)	6,643	2,787 (117th)
Bhutan	8.2% (2017)	37.3%	14.7%	12%	No data	71.5 (115th)	No Data	No Data	No Data
India	21.9% (2011)	27.9%	8.8%	21.2%	15.2%	69.4 (130th)	12,614 (7th)	14,569	3,042 (115th)
Maldives	8.2% (2016)	0.8%	0.0%	16%	5.2%	No data	7 (142nd)	23,297	8,555 (74th)
Nepal	25.2% (2010)	34%	11.6%	25.2%	7.8%	70.5 (124th)	68 (94th)	3,870	1,510 (136th)
Pakistan	24.3% (2015)	38.3%	21.5%	24.3%	22%	67.1 (140th)	465 (49th)	4,096	1,766 (128th)
Sri Lanka	4.1% (2016)	No data	No data	8.9%	22%	76.8 (56th)	297 (60th)	20,628	8,283 (77th)

The major stock exchanges in the region are Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) with market Capitalization of $2.298 trillion (11th largest in the world), National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) with market capitalization of $2.273 trillion (12th largest in the world), Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE), Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE), and Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) with market capitalization of $72 billion.^[232] Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund, current as of April 2017, and is given in US dollars.^[233]

Education[]

Durbar High School, oldest secondary school of Nepal, established in 1854 CE

Lower class school in Sri Lanka

College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan

One of the key challenges in assessing the quality of education in South Asia is the vast range of contextual difference across the region, complicating any attempt to compare between countries.^[234] In 2018, 11.3 million children at the primary level and 20.6 million children at the lower secondary level were out-of-school in South Asia, while millions of children completed primary education without mastering the foundational skills of basic numeracy and literacy.^[235]

According to UNESCO, 241 million children between six and fourteen years or 81 percent of the total were not learning in Southern and Central Asia in 2017. Only sub-Saharan Africa had a higher rate of children not learning. Two-thirds of these children were in school, sitting in classrooms. Only 19 percent of children attending primary and lower secondary schools attaining a minimum proficiency level in reading and mathematics.^[236][237] According to a citizen-led assessment, only 48% in Indian public schools and 46% of children in Pakistan public schools could read a class two level text by the time they reached class five.^[238][237] This poor quality of education in turn has contributed to the some of the highest highest drop-out rates in the world. While over half of the students complete secondary school with acquiring requisite skills.^[237]

In South Asia, classrooms are teacher-centred and rote-based, while children are often subjected to corporal punishment and discrimination.^[235] Different South Asian countries have different education structures. While by 2018 India and Pakistan has two of the most developed and increasingly decentralised education systems, Bangladesh still had a highly centralised system, and Nepal is in a state of transition from a centralized to a decentralized system.^[234] In most South Asian countries children's education is theoretically free; the exceptions being the Maldives, where there is no constitutionally guaranteed free education, as well as Bhutan and Nepal where fees are charged by primary schools. But parents are still faced with unmanageable secondary financial demands, including private tuition to make up for the inadequacies of the education system.^[239]

The larger and poorer countries in the region, like India and Bangladesh, struggle financially to get sufficient resources to sustain an education system required for their vast populations, with an added challenge of getting large numbers of out-of-school children enrolled into schools.^[234] Their capacity to deliver inclusive and equitable quality education is limited by low levels of public finance for education,^[235] while the smaller emerging middle-income countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bhutan have been able to achieve universal primary school completion, and are in a better position to focus on quality of education.^[234]

Children's education in the region is also adversely affected by natural and human-made crises including natural hazards, political instability, rising extremism and civil strife that makes it difficult to deliver educational services.^[235] Afghanistan and India are among the top ten countries with the highest number of reported disasters due to natural hazards and conflict. The precarious security situation in Afghanistan is a big barrier in rolling out education programmes on a national scale.^[234]

According to UNICEF, girls face incredible hurdles to pursue their education in the region,^[235] while UNESCO estimated in 2005 that 24 million girls of primary-school age in the region were not receiving any formal education.^[240][241] Between 1900 and 2005, most of the countries in the region had shown progress in girls' education with Sri Lanka and the Maldives significantly ahead of the others, while the gender gap in education has widened in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Bangladesh made the greatest progress in the region in the period increasing girls’ secondary school enrolment from 13 percent to 56 percent in ten years.^[242][243]

With about 21 million students in 700 universities and 40 thousand colleges India had the one of the largest higher education systems in the world in 2011, accounting for 86 percent of all higher-level students in South Asia. Bangladesh (two million) and Pakistan (1.8 million) stood at distant second and third positions in the region. In Nepal (390 thousand) and Sri Lanka (230 thousand) the numbers were much smaller. Bhutan with only one university and Maldives with none hardly had between them about 7000 students in higher education in 2011. The gross enrolment ratio in 2011 ranged from about 10 percent in Pakistan and Afghanistan to above 20 percent in India, much below the global average of 31 percent.^[244]

IInstitute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Nepal

Health and nutrition[]

Child getting vaccine in Bangladesh under the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)

According to World Health Organization (WHO), South Asia is home to two out of the three countries in the world still affected by polio, Pakistan and Afghanistan, with 306 & 28 polio cases registered in 2014 respectively.^[247] Attempts to eradicate polio have been badly hit by opposition from militants in both countries, who say the program is cover to spy on their operations. Their attacks on immunization teams have claimed 78 lives since December 2012.^[248]

The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world and is nearly double that of Sub Saharan Africa with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity, and economic growth.^[249]

A weekly child examination performed at a hospital in Farah, Afghanistan

According to the World Bank, 70% of the South Asian population and about 75% of South Asia's poor live in rural areas and most rely on agriculture for their livelihood^[250] according to the UN's Food and Agricultural Organisation. In 2015, approximately 281 million people in the region were malnourished. The report says that Nepal reached both the WFS target as well as MDG and is moving towards bringing down the number of undernourished people to less than 5% of the population.^[224] Bangladesh reached the MDG target with the National Food Policy framework – with only 16.5% of the population undernourished. In India, the malnourished comprise just over 15 percent of the population. While the number of malnourished people in the neighborhood has shown a decline over the last 25 years, the number of under-nourished in Pakistan displays an upward trend. There were 28.7 million hungry in Pakistan in the 1990s – a number that has steadily increased to 41.3 million in 2015 with 22% of the population malnourished. Approximately 194.6 million people are undernourished in India, which accounts for the highest number of people suffering from hunger in any single country.^[224][251]

The 2006 report stated, "the low status of women in South Asian countries and their lack of nutritional knowledge are important determinants of high prevalence of underweight children in the region". Corruption and the lack of initiative on the part of the government has been one of the major problems associated with nutrition in India. Illiteracy in villages has been found to be one of the major issues that need more government attention. The report mentioned that although there has been a reduction in malnutrition due to the Green Revolution in South Asia, there is concern that South Asia has "inadequate feeding and caring practices for young children".^[252]

Governance and politics[]

Systems of government[]

Country	Capital	Forms of government	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature	Official language	Currency	Coat of arms / National Emblems
Afghanistan	Kabul	Unitary presidential Islamic republic	President		House of Elders, House of the People	Pashto, Dari	؋ Afghani
Bangladesh	Dhaka	Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic	President	Prime Minister	Jatiya Sangsad	Bengali, English	৳ Taka
Bhutan	Thimphu	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	King	Prime Minister	National Council, National Assembly	Dzongkha	Nu. Ngultrum
India	New Delhi	Federal parliamentary constitutional republic	President	Prime Minister	Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha	Hindi, English	₹ Indian rupee
Maldives	Malé	Unitary presidential constitutional republic	President		People's Majlis	Maldivian	ރ Rufiyaa
Nepal	Kathmandu	Federal parliamentary constitutional republic	President	Prime Minister	National Assembly, House of Representatives	Nepali	रु Nepalese rupee
Pakistan	Islamabad	Federal parliamentary Islamic republic	President	Prime Minister	Senate, National Assembly	Urdu, English	₨ Pakistani rupee
Sri Lanka	Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte	Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic	President	Prime Minister	Parliament	Sinhala, Tamil, English	රු/ரூ Sri Lankan rupee

Sansad Bhavan, New Delhi, India

Parliament House, Islamabad, Pakistan

Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sri Lankan Parliament Building, Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, Sri Lanka

India is a secular federative parliamentary republic with premier as head of government. With most populous functional democracy in world^[253] and world's longest written constitution,^{[254][255][256]} India has been stably sustaining the political system it adopted in 1950 with no regime change except that by a democratic election. India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newer establishments. Since the formation of its republic abolishing British law, it has remained a democracy with civil liberties, an active Supreme Court, and a largely independent press.^[257] India leads region in democracy index. It has a multi-party system in its internal regional politics^[258] whereas alternative transfer of powers to alliances of Indian left-wing and right-wing political parties in national government provide it with characteristics of a two-party state.^[259] India has been facing notable internal religious conflicts and separatism however consistently becoming more and more stable with time.

Foundation of Pakistan lies in Pakistan movement started in colonial India based on Islamic nationalism. Pakistan is a federal parliamentary Islamic republic and was the world's first country to adopt Islamic republic system to modify its republican status under its otherwise secular constitution in 1956. Pakistan's governance is one of the most conflicted in the world. The military rule and the unstable government in Pakistan has become a concern for the South Asian region. Out of 22 appointed Pakistani Prime ministers, none has been able to complete a full term in office.^[260] The nature of Pakistani politics can be characterized as a multi-party system. Pakistan's governance is one of the most conflicted in the region. The military rule and the unstable government in Pakistan have become a concern for the South Asian region. In Nepal, the government has struggled to come in the side of democracy, and it only showed signs in the recent past, basically in the 21st century, to support the democratic system.

Bangladesh is a unitary parliamentary republic. Law of Bangladesh defines it as both Islamic^[261] as well as secular.^[262] The nature of Bangladeshi politics can be characterized as a multi-party system. Bangladesh is a unitary state and parliamentary democracy.^[263] Bangladesh also stands out as one of the few Muslim-majority democracies. "It is a moderate and generally secular and tolerant — though sometimes this is getting stretched at the moment — alternative to violent extremism in a very troubled part of the world", said Dan Mozena, the U.S. ambassador to Bangladesh. Although Bangladesh's legal code is secular, more citizens are embracing a conservative version of Islam, with some pushing for sharia law, analysts say. Experts say that the rise in conservatism reflects the influence of foreign-financed Islamic charities and the more austere version of Islam brought home by migrant workers in Persian Gulf countries.^[264]

Afghanistan has been a unitary presidential Islamic republic since 2004. Afghanistan has been suffering from one of the most unstable regimes on earth as a result of multiple foreign invasions, civil wars, revolutions and terrorist groups. Persisting instability for decades have left country's economy stagnated and torn and Afghanistan remains one of most poor and least developed countries on the planet, leading to the influx of Afghan refugees to neighboring countries like Iran.^[196]

The unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic of Sri Lanka is oldest sustained democracy in Asia. Tensions between Sinhalese and Tamils led to Sri Lankan civil war that undermined the country's stability for more than two and a half decades.^[265] Sri Lanka however, has been leading region in HDI with per capita GDP well ahead of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The political situation in Sri Lanka has been dominated by an increasingly assertive Sinhalese nationalism, and the emergence of a Tamil separatist movement under LTTE, which was suppressed in May 2009.

Nepal was the last Hindu state in world before becoming a secular democratic republic in 2008. The country has been ranked among world's poorest in terms of GDP per capita but has made considerable progress in development indicators outpacing many other South Asian states.

Bhutan is a Buddhist state with a constitutional monarchy. The country has been ranked as the least corrupt and peaceful with most economic freedom in the region in 2016. Myanmar's politics is dominated by a military Junta, which has sidelined the democratic forces led by Aung San Suu Kyi. Maldives is a unitary presidential republic with Sunni Islam strictly as the state religion.

Regional politics[]

India has been dominant geopolitical power in the region^{[269][270][271]} and alone accounts for most part of the landmass, population, economy and military expenditure in the region.^[272] India is a major economy, member of G4, has world's third highest military budget^[273] and exerts strong cultural and political influence over the region.^[274][275] Sometimes referred as a great power or emerging superpower primarily attributed to its large and expanding economic and military abilities, India acts as fulcrum of South Asia.^[276][277]

Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are middle powers with sizeable populations and economies with significant impact on regional politics.^[278][279]

Partition of India in 1947, subsequent violence and territorial disputes left relations between India and Pakistan sour and very hostile^[280] and various confrontations and wars which largely shaped the politics of the region and led to the creation of Bangladesh.^[281] With Yugoslavia, India found Non-Aligned Movement but later entered an agreement with former Soviet Union following western support for Pakistan.^[282] Amid the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, US sent its USS Enterprise to the Indian Ocean what was perceived as a nuclear threat by India.^[283] India's nuclear test in 1974 pushed Pakistan's nuclear program^[284] who conducted nuclear tests in Chagai-I in 1998, just 18 days after India's series of nuclear tests for thermonuclear weapons.^[285]

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 accelerated efforts to form a union to restrengthen deteriorating regional security.^[286] After agreements, the union was finally established in Dhaka in December 1985.^[287] However, deterioration of India-Pakistan ties have led India to emphasize more on sub-regional groups SASEC and BBIN.

South Asia continues to remain least integrated region in the world. Meanwhile, in East Asia, regional trade accounts for 50% of total trade, it accounts for only a little more than 5% in South Asia.^[288]

Populism is a general characteristic of internal politics of India.^[289]

Regional groups of countries[]

See also[]

• Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
• South Asian cuisine
• South Asian Games
• South Asia Olympic Council
• South Asian Football Federation
• List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia
• Indian subcontinent

Notes[]

References[]

Citations[]

Sources[]

Further reading[]

• Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press
• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road, Princeton University Press

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Asia.

• South Asia, The World Bank
• Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago
• South Asian and Himalayan Arts, Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian
• South Asia, Brookings Institution
• South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation, Asia Development Bank