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List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita.

Countries or territories by GDP (nominal) per capita in 2021.
  >$60,000
  $50,000 - $60,000
  $40,000 - $50,000
  $30,000 - $40,000
  $20,000 - $30,000
  $10,000 - $20,000
  $5,000 - $10,000
  $2,500 - $5,000
  $1,000 - $2,500
  $500 - $1,000
  <$500
  No data

The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency. Such fluctuations change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference to the standard of living of its population.

Therefore, these figures should be used with caution. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living;[1][2] however, this is problematic because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income.

Comparisons of national income are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. (See List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita.) PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem but not others; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than GDP per capita. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.

Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some dependent territories) and states with limited international recognition (such as Kosovo, Palestine, and Taiwan) are included in the list in cases in which they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. In addition, non-sovereign entities are marked in italics.

Note that several leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions may be considered tax havens, and their GDP data subject to material distortion by tax planning activities. Examples include Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, and Luxembourg.[3]

All data are in current United States dollars. Historical data can be found here.

Table

The table is initially ranked by the primary source (IMF) for each country or territory, followed by the secondary and tertiary sources, and can be reranked by either of the sources.

* indicates "Income in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" or "Economy of COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.

GDP (in US$) per capita by country or  territory 
Country/Territory Subregion Region IMF[4] United Nations[5] World Bank[6]
Estimate Year Estimate Year Estimate Year
 Monaco * Western Europe Europe N/A 190,532 2019 190,513 2019
 Liechtenstein * Western Europe Europe N/A 179,258 2019 180,367 2018
 Luxembourg * Western Europe Europe 131,301.599 2021 115,481 2019 115,874 2020
 Bermuda * Northern America Americas N/A 117,768 2019 117,098 2019
 Switzerland * Western Europe Europe 93,515.484 2021 85,135 2019 86,602 2020
 Ireland * Northern Europe Europe 102,394.017 2021 81,637 2019 83,813 2020
 Cayman Islands * Caribbean Americas N/A 92,692 2019 91,393 2019
 Norway * Northern Europe Europe 82,244.232 2021 74,986 2019 67,295 2020
 United States * Northern America Americas 69,375.375 2021 65,134 2019 63,544 2020
 Denmark * Northern Europe Europe 67,919.585 2021 60,657 2019 60,909 2020
 Iceland * Northern Europe Europe 68,843.646 2021 71,345 2019 59,261 2020
 Singapore * South-eastern Asia Asia 66,263.418 2021 64,103 2019 59,798 2020
 Australia * Australia and New Zealand Oceania 62,618.587 2021 54,763 2019 51,812 2020
 Qatar * Western Asia Asia 61,790.572 2021 64,782 2019 50,806 2020
 Sweden * Northern Europe Europe 58,639.194 2021 52,896 2019 51,926 2020
 Macau * Eastern Asia Asia 42,106.564 2021 84,097 2019 86,118 2019
 Netherlands * Western Europe Europe 57,714.876 2021 53,053 2019 52,304 2020
 Finland * Northern Europe Europe 53,522.565 2021 48,678 2019 49,041 2020
 Austria * Western Europe Europe 53,793.367 2021 49,701 2019 48,105 2020
 Greenland * Northern America Americas N/A 53,353 2019 54,471 2018
 Germany * Western Europe Europe 50,787.859 2021 46,232 2019 45,724 2020
 Belgium * Western Europe Europe 50,412.713 2021 46,198 2019 44,594 2020
 San Marino * Southern Europe Europe 50,934.189 2021 47,313 2019 47,731 2019
 Canada * Northern America Americas 52,791.228 2021 46,550 2019 43,242 2020
 Hong Kong * Eastern Asia Asia 49,485.084 2021 49,180 2019 46,324 2020
 British Virgin Islands * Caribbean Americas N/A 48,511 2019 N/A
 Israel * Western Asia Asia 49,840.250 2021 46,376 2019 43,611 2020
 New Zealand * Australia and New Zealand Oceania 48,348.994 2021 43,264 2019 41,792 2020
 United Kingdom * Northern Europe Europe 46,200.258 2021 41,855 2019 40,285 2020
 France * Western Europe Europe 45,028.265 2021 40,319 2019 38,625 2020
 Japan * Eastern Asia Asia 40,704.304 2021 40,063 2019 40,113 2019
 Andorra * Southern Europe Europe 40,417.265 2021 40,887 2019 40,897 2019
 Guam * Micronesia Oceania N/A N/A 37,724 2019
 United Arab Emirates * Western Asia Asia 43,537.689 2021 43,103 2019 43,103 2019
 Italy * Southern Europe Europe 35,584.882 2021 33,090 2019 31,676 2020
 New Caledonia * Melanesia Oceania N/A 34,942 2019 12,580 2000
 South Korea * Eastern Asia Asia 35,195.522 2021 32,143 2019 31,489 2020
 Brunei * South-eastern Asia Asia 33,979.373 2021 31,086 2019 27,466 2020
 Puerto Rico * Caribbean Americas 34,143.272 2021 35,791 2019 32,291 2020
 Taiwan * Eastern Asia Asia 33,401.709 2021 N/A N/A
 Malta * Southern Europe Europe 31,996.534 2021 33,752 2019 27,885 2020
 Turks and Caicos Islands Caribbean Americas N/A 31,353 2019 23,880 2020
 Spain * Southern Europe Europe 30,536.858 2021 29,816 2019 27,057 2020
 Bahamas * Caribbean Americas 27,437.197 2021 34,864 2019 28,608 2020
 Cyprus * Western Asia Asia 29,486.275 2021 28,285 2019 26,624 2020
 Sint Maarten * Caribbean Americas N/A N/A 29,160 2018
 Slovenia * Southern Europe Europe 28,939.271 2021 26,062 2019 25,180 2020
 Estonia * Northern Europe Europe 27,100.736 2021 23,740 2019 23,312 2020
 Czech Republic * Eastern Europe Europe 25,806.384 2021 23,452 2019 22,762 2020
 Anguilla * Caribbean Americas N/A 25,529 2019 N/A
 Kuwait * Western Asia Asia 27,927.163 2021 31,999 2019 32,373 2019
 Portugal * Southern Europe Europe 24,457.144 2021 23,350 2019 22,440 2020
 Bahrain * Western Asia Asia 26,293.947 2021 23,504 2019 23,443 2019
 Aruba * Caribbean Americas 25,700.865 2021 30,975 2019 30,253 2018
 Saudi Arabia * Western Asia Asia 23,762.420 2021 23,140 2019 20,110 2020
 Lithuania * Northern Europe Europe 22,411.646 2021 19,795 2019 19,998 2020
 Cook Islands * Polynesia Oceania N/A 21,603 2019 N/A
 French Polynesia * Polynesia Oceania N/A 21,567 2019 14,324 2000
 Slovakia * Eastern Europe Europe 21,383.286 2021 19,256 2019 19,157 2020
 Northern Mariana Islands * Micronesia Oceania N/A N/A 20,660 2019
 Greece * Southern Europe Europe 19,827.162 2021 19,604 2019 17,677 2020
 Latvia * Northern Europe Europe 19,538.902 2021 17,885 2019 17,620 2020
 Curaçao * Caribbean Americas N/A 18,980 2019 19,701 2019
 Hungary * Eastern Europe Europe 18,527.592 2021 16,879 2019 15,899 2020
 Poland * Eastern Europe Europe 17,318.497 2021 15,727 2019 15,656 2020
 Croatia * Southern Europe Europe 15,807.696 2021 14,627 2019 13,828 2020
 Oman * Western Asia Asia 17,632.651 2021 15,343 2019 15,343 2019
 Barbados * Caribbean Americas 16,105.128 2021 18,149 2019 15,191 2020
 Trinidad and Tobago * Caribbean Americas 15,352.721 2021 16,637 2019 15,384 2020
 Uruguay * South America Americas 16,965.081 2021 16,190 2019 15,438 2020
 Chile * South America Americas 16,799.367 2021 14,896 2019 13,232 2020
 Romania * Eastern Europe Europe 14,863.887 2021 12,914 2019 12,896 2020
 Saint Kitts and Nevis * Caribbean Americas 16,917.159 2021 19,896 2019 17,436 2020
 Antigua and Barbuda * Caribbean Americas 14,117.844 2021 17,113 2019 14,450 2020
 Panama * Central America Americas 13,861.061 2021 15,728 2019 12,269 2020
 Montserrat * Caribbean Americas N/A 13,487 2019 N/A
 Palau * Micronesia Oceania 11,835.178 2021 15,572 2019 14,908 2019
 China * Eastern Asia Asia 11,891.202 2021 10,004 2019 10,500 2020
 Costa Rica * Central America Americas 11,860.222 2021 12,238 2019 12,077 2020
 Maldives * Southern Asia Asia 11,899.087 2021 10,626 2019 7,456 2020
 Russia * Eastern Europe Europe 11,273.242 2021 11,606 2019 10,127 2020
 Malaysia * South-eastern Asia Asia 11,124.670 2021 11,414 2019 10,402 2020
 American Samoa * Polynesia Oceania N/A N/A 11,535 2019
 World N/A 11,339 2019 10,926 2020
 Bulgaria * Eastern Europe Europe 11,331.872 2021 9,703 2019 9,976 2020
 Nauru * Micronesia Oceania 10,138.196 2021 12,351 2019 10,983 2019
 Kazakhstan * Central Asia Asia 10,144.682 2021 9,793 2019 9,056 2020
 Saint Lucia * Caribbean Americas 9,419.272 2021 11,611 2019 9,276 2020
 Seychelles * Eastern Africa Africa 13,140.368 2021 17,382 2019 11,425 2020
 Mauritius * Eastern Africa Africa 8,681.608 2021 11,169 2019 8,623 2020
 Turkey * Western Asia Asia 9,406.575 2021 9,127 2019 8,538 2020
 Cuba * Caribbean Americas N/A 9,296 2019 9,100 2019
 Mexico * Central America Americas 9,967.388 2021 9,849 2019 8,347 2020
 Guyana * South America Americas 9,369.011 2021 6,610 2019 6,956 2020
 Grenada * Caribbean Americas 9,575.343 2021 10,818 2019 9,680 2020
 Argentina * South America Americas 9,929.154 2021 10,041 2019 8,442 2020
 Montenegro * Southern Europe Europe 8,837.578 2021 8,825 2019 7,686 2020
 Turkmenistan * Central Asia Asia 8,843.868 2021 8,124 2019 7,612 2019
 Serbia * Southern Europe Europe 8,793.836 2021 7,359 2019 7,666 2020
 Gabon * Middle Africa Africa 8,569.216 2021 7,773 2019 7,006 2020
 Iran * Southern Asia Asia 12,725.042 2021 7,282 2019 2,283 2020
 Equatorial Guinea * Middle Africa Africa 8,625.763 2021 8,130 2019 7,143 2020
 Dominican Republic * Caribbean Americas 8,491.619 2021 8,282 2019 7,268 2020
 Botswana * Southern Africa Africa 7,349.884 2021 7,961 2019 6,711 2020
 Thailand * South-eastern Asia Asia 7,808.663 2021 7,785 2019 7,189 2020
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Caribbean Americas 6,952.242 2021 7,464 2019 7,298 2020
 Brazil * South America Americas 7,741.153 2021 8,755 2019 6,797 2020
 Dominica * Caribbean Americas 7,777.016 2021 8,111 2019 7,268 2020
 Bosnia and Herzegovina * Southern Europe Europe 6,647.830 2021 6,109 2019 6,032 2020
 Peru * South America Americas 6,676.517 2021 6,978 2019 6,127 2020
 North Macedonia * Southern Europe Europe 6,711.734 2021 6,093 2019 5,888 2020
 Belarus * Eastern Europe Europe 7,032.477 2021 6,674 2019 6,411 2020
 Albania * Southern Europe Europe 5,837.180 2021 5,303 2019 5,215 2020
 Colombia * South America Americas 5,892.140 2021 6,432 2019 5,333 2020
 Ecuador * South America Americas 5,884.147 2021 6,184 2019 5,600 2020
 South Africa * Southern Africa Africa 6,861.166 2021 6,001 2019 5,091 2020
 Jamaica * Caribbean Americas 5,421.642 2021 5,369 2019 4,665 2020
 Paraguay * South America Americas 5,028.217 2021 5,406 2019 4,950 2020
 Tuvalu * Polynesia Oceania 6,004.100 2021 4,036 2019 4,143 2020
 Tonga * Polynesia Oceania 5,009.784 2021 4,865 2019 4,903 2019
 Fiji * Melanesia Oceania 5,127.440 2021 6,185 2019 4,882 2020
 Azerbaijan * Western Asia Asia 5,167.377 2021 4,782 2019 4,214 2020
 Kosovo * Southern Europe Europe 4,986.263 2021 4,473 2019 4,287 2020
 Moldova * Eastern Europe Europe 4,791.625 2021 2,957 2019 4,551 2020
 Iraq * Western Asia Asia 4,892.964 2021 5,730 2019 4,158 2020
 Guatemala * Central America Americas 4,542.253 2021 4,363 2019 4,603 2020
 Namibia * Southern Africa Africa 4,693.455 2021 4,957 2019 4,211 2020
 Georgia * Western Asia Asia 4,807.950 2021 4,439 2019 4,279 2020
 Jordan * Western Asia Asia 4,393.642 2021 4,405 2019 4,283 2020
 Indonesia * South-eastern Asia Asia 4,224.982 2021 4,136 2019 3,870 2020
 Marshall Islands * Micronesia Oceania 4,338.173 2021 4,038 2019 4,073 2019
 Mongolia * Eastern Asia Asia 4,185.536 2021 4,295 2019 4,007 2020
 Armenia * Western Asia Asia 4,594.912 2021 4,623 2019 4,268 2020
 El Salvador * Central America Americas 4,244.299 2021 4,187 2019 3,799 2020
 Suriname * South America Americas 4,620.395 2021 6,360 2019 6,491 2020
 Ukraine * Eastern Europe Europe 4,384.237 2021 3,496 2019 3,727 2020
 Belize * Central America Americas 4,457.886 2021 4,884 2019 4,436 2020
 Egypt * Northern Africa Africa 3,851.746 2021 3,161 2019 3,548 2020
 Sri Lanka * Southern Asia Asia 3,665.765 2021 3,940 2019 3,682 2020
 Micronesia * Micronesia Oceania 3,855.223 2021 3,640 2019 3,585 2019
 Vietnam * South-eastern Asia Asia 3,742.858 2021 2,715 2019 2,786 2020
 Eswatini * Southern Africa Africa 3,965.426 2021 4,002 2019 3,416 2020
 Tunisia * Northern Africa Africa 3,555.587 2021 3,318 2019 3,320 2020
 Samoa * Polynesia Oceania 3,906.413 2021 4,285 2019 4,068 2020
 Philippines * South-eastern Asia Asia 3,492.072 2021 3,324 2019 3,299 2020
 Bolivia * South America Americas 3,266.690 2021 3,552 2019 3,143 2020
 Libya * Northern Africa Africa 4,068.611 2021 4,810 2019 3,699 2020
 Cape Verde * Western Africa Africa 3,346.553 2021 3,604 2019 3,064 2020
 Morocco * Northern Africa Africa 3,470.795 2021 3,282 2019 3,009 2020
 Algeria * Northern Africa Africa 3,638.328 2021 3,976 2019 3,310 2020
 Bhutan * Southern Asia Asia 3,296.106 2021 3,361 2019 3,122 2020
 Djibouti * Eastern Africa Africa 3,645.500 2021 3,252 2019 3,426 2020
 Palestine * Western Asia Asia 3,320.853 2021 3,424 2019 3,240 2020
 Vanuatu * Melanesia Oceania 3,235.205 2021 3,023 2019 2,783 2020
 Syria * Western Asia Asia 2,807 2021 1,194 2019 2,033 2007
 Lebanon * Western Asia Asia 2,802 2021 7,784 2019 4,891 2020
 Laos * South-eastern Asia Asia 2,625.610 2021 2,625 2019 2,630 2020
 Papua New Guinea * Melanesia Oceania 2,951.977 2021 2,845 2019 2,637 2020
 Honduras * Central America Americas 2,602.170 2021 2,575 2019 2,406 2020
 Ivory Coast * Western Africa Africa 2,489.102 2021 2,276 2019 2,326 2020
 Congo * Middle Africa Africa 2,655.719 2021 2,304 2019 1,973 2020
 Solomon Islands * Melanesia Oceania 2,356.505 2021 1,945 2019 2,258 2020
 Nigeria * Western Africa Africa 2,272.844 2021 2,361 2019 2,097 2020
 Ghana * Western Africa Africa 2,413.095 2021 2,203 2019 2,329 2020
 India * Southern Asia Asia 2,190.901 2021 2,116 2019 1,901 2020
 Mauritania * Western Africa Africa 2,161.279 2021 1,678 2019 1,673 2020
 São Tomé and Príncipe * Middle Africa Africa 2,392.893 2021 1,961 2019 2,158 2020
 Bangladesh * Southern Asia Asia 2,138.794[7] 2021 1,846 2019 1,969 2020
 Kenya * Eastern Africa Africa 2,198.593 2021 1,817 2019 1,838 2020
 Angola * Middle Africa Africa 2,200.675 2021 2,671 2019 1,896 2020
 Haiti * Caribbean Americas 1,691.825 2021 715 2019 1,177 2020
 Kiribati * Micronesia Oceania 1,927.077 2021 1,657 2019 1,671 2020
 Nicaragua * Central America Americas 2,047.097 2021 1,913 2019 1,905 2020
 Uzbekistan * Central Asia Asia 1,901.492 2021 1,756 2019 1,686 2020
 Cambodia * South-eastern Asia Asia 1,647.019 2021 1,644 2019 1,513 2020
 Zimbabwe * Eastern Africa Africa 1,664.758 2021 1,464 2019 1,128 2020
 Cameroon * Middle Africa Africa 1,645.807 2021 1,534 2019 1,499 2020
 Senegal * Western Africa Africa 1,602.898 2021 1,452 2019 1,488 2020
 Venezuela * South America Americas 1,627.353 2021 4,733 2019 16,056 2014
 Myanmar * South-eastern Asia Asia 1,246.318 2021 1,421 2019 1,400 2020
 Comoros * Eastern Africa Africa 1,390.061 2021 1,370 2019 1,403 2020
 Benin * Western Africa Africa 1,446.829 2021 1,220 2019 1,291 2020
 East Timor * South-eastern Asia Asia 1,262.722 2021 1,561 2019 1,381 2020
 Pakistan * Southern Asia Asia 1,666 2021 1,187 2019 1,194 2020
 Nepal * Southern Asia Asia 1,172.638 2021 1,074 2019 1,155 2020
 Lesotho * Southern Africa Africa 1,187.512 2021 1,158 2019 861 2020
 Guinea * Western Africa Africa 1,168.178 2021 967 2019 1,194 2020
 Kyrgyzstan * Central Asia Asia 1,224.745 2021 1,318 2019 1,174 2020
 Tanzania * Eastern Africa Africa 1,159.193 2021 1,084 2019 1,077 2020
 Togo * Western Africa Africa 1,000.438 2021 899 2019 915 2020
 Mali * Western Africa Africa 966.141 2021 887 2019 859 2020
 Zambia * Eastern Africa Africa 1,115.272 2021 1,292 2019 1,051 2020
 Uganda * Eastern Africa Africa 1,018.436 2021 737 2019 817 2020
 Ethiopia * Eastern Africa Africa 939.511 2021 828 2019 936 2020
 Guinea-Bissau * Western Africa Africa 858.040 2021 688 2019 728 2020
 Burkina Faso * Western Africa Africa 926.200 2021 787 2019 831 2020
 Gambia * Western Africa Africa 819.220 2021 776 2019 787 2020
 Rwanda * Eastern Africa Africa 802.264 2021 820 2019 798 2020
 Tajikistan * Central Asia Asia 839.180 2021 894 2019 859 2020
 Sudan * Northern Africa Africa 789.448 2021 815 2019 596 2020
 Yemen * Western Asia Asia 585.003 2021 855 2019 824 2018
 Chad * Middle Africa Africa 729.844 2021 707 2019 615 2020
 Liberia * Western Africa Africa 703.406 2021 523 2019 583 2020
 North Korea * Eastern Asia Asia N/A 640 2019 N/A
 Niger * Western Africa Africa 622.230 2021 555 2019 2,097 2020
 Eritrea * Eastern Africa Africa 625.974 2021 567 2019 643 2011
 Afghanistan * Southern Asia Asia 592 2021 470 2019 509 2020
 DR Congo * Middle Africa Africa 593.558 2021 545 2019 557 2020
 Central African Republic * Middle Africa Africa 525.914 2021 468 2019 477 2020
 Sierra Leone * Western Africa Africa 541.063 2021 528 2019 485 2020
 Madagascar * Eastern Africa Africa 498.682 2021 523 2019 496 2020
 Malawi * Eastern Africa Africa 565.798 2021 435 2019 625 2020
 Mozambique * Eastern Africa Africa 492.273 2021 504 2019 449 2020
 Somalia * Eastern Africa Africa 350.361 2021 105 2019 309 2020
 South Sudan * Eastern Africa Africa 230.132 2021 448 2019 1,120 2015
 Burundi * Eastern Africa Africa 261.053 2021 260 2019 274 2020

Note: Data unavailable for the Falkland Islands, the Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, the Holy See (Vatican City), the Isle of Man, Jersey, Niue, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Tokelau, the United States Virgin Islands, and Western Sahara.

Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens

Main articles: Corporate haven § GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy, and Corporate haven § Distorted GDP/GNP

Many of the leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions are tax havens whose economic data is artificially inflated by tax-driven corporate accounting entries.

For instance, the Irish GDP data above is subject to material distortion by the tax planning activities of foreign multinationals in Ireland. To address this, in 2017 the Central Bank of Ireland created "modified GNI" (or GNI*) as a more appropriate statistic, and the OECD and IMF have adopted it for Ireland. 2015 Irish GDP is 143% of 2015 Irish GNI*.

A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 percent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world’s investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons.

— "Piercing the Veil", International Monetary Fund, June 2018[8]

Further discussion on this topic can be found in the List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita article.

See also

References

  1. ^ O'Sullivan, Arthur
  2. ^ French President seeks alternatives to GDP, The Guardian 14-09-2009.
    "European Parliament, Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy: Beyond GDP Study" (PDF). (1.47 MB)
  3. ^ Richard Phillips; Matt Gardner; Alexandria Robins; Michelle Surka (2017). "Offshore Shell Games 2017" (PDF). Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.
  4. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  5. ^ [1], (Select all countries, "GDP, Per Capita GDP - US Dollars", and 2019 to generate table), United Nations Statistics Division. Accessed on 1 December 2020.
  6. ^ "GDP per capita (current US$)". World Development Indicators. World Bank. Retrieved 28 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  8. ^ "Piercing the Veil, FINANCE & DEVELOPMENT, JUNE 2018, VOL. 55, NO. 2". IMF Finance & Development. June 2018.

External links

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