Economy of Ghana

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Economy of Ghana
Economy of Ghana.JPG
Industries of the Republic of Ghana
CurrencyCedi (GHS, GH₵)
Fiscal year
Calendar year
Trade organisations
AU, AfCFTA, WTO, ECOWAS
Country group
  • Developing/Emerging[1]
  • Lower-middle income economy[2]
Statistics
PopulationIncrease 29,767,108 (2018)[3]
GDP
  • Increase $67.077 billion (nominal, 2019 est.)[4]
  • Increase $204.813 billion (PPP, 2019 est.)[5]
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • 6.3% (2018) 6.1% (2019e)
  • 1.5% (2020e) 5.9% (2021e)[5]
GDP per capita
  • Increase $2,223 (nominal, 2019 est.)[4]
  • Increase $6,956 (PPP, 2019 est.)[4]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
Inflation (CPI)
9.7% (2020 est.)[5]
Population below poverty line
  • 23.4% in poverty (2016)[7]
  • 30.5% on less than $3.20/day (2016)[8]
Gini coefficient
43.5 medium (2016)[9]
Labour force
  • Increase 12,844,477 (2019)[12]
  • 54.6% employment rate (2017)[13]
Labour force by occupation
Unemployment
  • 5.7% (2016)[14]
  • 11.9% (2015 est.)[6]
Main industries
mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building, petroleum
Decrease 118th (medium, 2020)[15]
External
ExportsIncrease $13.84 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Export goods
oil, gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds, horticultural products
Main export partners
  •  India 23.8%
  •  United Arab Emirates 13.4%
  •  China 10.8%
  •   Switzerland 10.1%
  •  Vietnam 5.2%
  •  Burkina Faso 4%
  • (2017)[6]
ImportsDecrease $12.65 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Import goods
capital equipment, refined petroleum, foodstuffs
Main import partners
  •  China 16.8%
  •  United States 8%
  •  United Kingdom 6.2%
  •  Belgium 5.9%
  •  India 4.1%
  • (2017)[6]
FDI stock
  • Increase $19.85 billion (31 December 2013 est.)[6]
  • Increase Abroad: $16.62 billion (31 December 2013 est.)[6]
Increase −$2.131 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Gross external debt
Negative increase $22.14 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[6]
Public finances
Positive decrease 71.8% of GDP (2017 est.)[6]
−6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[6]
Revenues9.544 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Expenses12.36 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Foreign reserves
Increase $7.555 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[6]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Ghana has a diverse and rich resource base, including the manufacturing and exportation of digital technology goods, automotive and ship construction and exportation, and the exportation of diverse and rich resources such as hydrocarbons and industrial minerals. These have given Ghana one of the highest GDP per capita in West Africa.[16][17] Owing to a GDP rebasement, in 2011 Ghana became the fastest-growing economy in the world.[18]

The Ghanaian domestic economy in 2012 revolved around services, which accounted for 50% of GDP and employed 28% of the work force. Besides the industrialization associated with minerals and oil, industrial development in Ghana remains basic, often associated with plastics (such as for chairs, plastic bags, razors and pens).[19] 53.6% of Ghana's workforce were employed in agriculture in 2013.[20][21]

Ghana embarked on a currency re-denomination exercise, from Cedi (₵) to the new currency, the Ghana Cedi (GH₵) in July 2007. The transfer rate is 1 Ghana Cedi for every 10,000 Cedis.

Ghana is Africa's largest gold producer, after overtaking South Africa in 2019[22] and second-largest cocoa producer (after Ivory Coast).[23] It is also rich in diamonds, manganese ore, bauxite, and oil. Most of its debt was canceled in 2005, but government spending was later allowed to balloon. Coupled with a plunge in oil prices, this led to an economic crisis that forced the government to negotiate a $920 million extended credit facility from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in April 2015.[24]

Economic history[]

Taxation[]

Value-added tax is a consumption tax administered in Ghana. The tax regime which started in 1998 had a single rate but since September 2007 entered into a multiple rate regime. In 1998, the rate of tax was 10% and amended in 2000 to 12.5%. The top income tax and corporate tax rates are 25%. Other taxes included with value-added tax (VAT), are national health insurance levy, and a capital gains tax. The overall tax burden was 12.1% of Ghana's total domestic income in 2013. Ghana's national budget was the equivalent of 39.8% of GDP in 2013.[25] Ghana is implementing the rent tax in 2021.

Manufacturing[]

Ghana's industrial base is relatively advanced. Import-substitution industries include electronics manufacturing. Rlg Communications is the first indigenous African company to assemble laptops, desktops, and mobile phones, and is West Africa's biggest information and communications technology (ICT) and mobile phone manufacturing company.[26]

Ghana began its automotive industry with the construction of a prototype robust SUV, named the SMATI Turtle 1, intended for use in the rough African terrain. It was designed and manufactured by the Artisans of Suame Magazine Industrial Development Organization. Urban electric cars have been manufactured in Ghana since 2014.[27][28]

As of 2012 there were four major companies in the textiles sector: Akosombo Textiles Limited, Tex Style Ghana Limited, Printex Ghana, and Ghana Textile Manufacturing Company.[29]

Ghana National Petroleum Corporation and Ghana Oil Company deal with crude oil and gas exploration, exploitation, and refining.[30]

Telecommunications[]

At the end of January 2020, total number of voice subscription in Ghana stood at 41,380,751.This represents a percentage increase of 1.28% over December 2019 figures of 40,857,007. The total penetration rate stands at 136.79%. Competition among mobile-phone companies in Ghana is an important part of the telecommunications industry growth, Current market leader MTN with voice subscription of 23,150,485 representing 55.95% of the market is followed by Vodafone with voice subscription of 9,075,795 representing 21.93% market share, AirtelTigo voice subscription stands at 8,428,322 representing 20.69%, Glo's current voice subscription stands at 726,149 which represent a market share of 1.75%.[31][32][33]

The mass media of Ghana is among the most liberal in Africa, with Ghana ranking as the third-freest in Africa and 30th-most free in the world on the worldwide press freedom index. Chapter 12 of the Constitution of Ghana guarantees freedom of the Ghanaian press and the independence of the mass media, and Chapter 2 prohibits censorship.[34] Ghanaian press freedom was restored in 1992.[34]

Ghana was one of the first countries in Africa to achieve the connection to the World Wide Web.[35] In 2010, there were 165 licensed internet service providers in Ghana and they were running 29 of the fiber optic, and authorized networks VSAT operators were 176, of which 57 functioned, and 99 internet operators were authorized to the public, and private data and packet-switched network operators were 25.[36]

Data[]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation below 5% is in green.[37]

Year GDP
(in bil. US$ PPP)
GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)
GDP growth
(real)
Inflation rate
(in Percent)
Government debt
(in % of GDP)
1980 9.8 974 Increase0.4 % Negative increase50.0 % n/a
1981 Increase10.3 Increase978 Decrease−3.5 % Negative increase116.5 % n/a
1982 Decrease10.2 Decrease918 Decrease−6.9 % Negative increase22.5 % n/a
1983 Decrease10.1 Decrease862 Decrease−4.8 % Negative increase122.2 % n/a
1984 Increase11.4 Increase925 Increase9.0 % Negative increase40.0 % n/a
1985 Increase12.3 Increase978 Increase5.1 % Negative increase10.3 % n/a
1986 Increase13.2 Increase1,023 Increase5.2 % Negative increase24.5 % n/a
1987 Increase14.2 Increase1,071 Increase4.8 % Negative increase39.8 % n/a
1988 Increase15.5 Increase1,142 Increase5.6 % Negative increase31.4 % n/a
1989 Increase17.0 Increase1,217 Increase5.1 % Negative increase25.2 % n/a
1990 Increase18.2 Increase1,272 Increase3.3 % Negative increase37.2 % 28.3 %
1991 Increase19.8 Increase1,350 Increase5.3 % Negative increase18.1 % Positive decrease27.4 %
1992 Increase21.0 Increase1,399 Increase3.9 % Negative increase10.0 % Negative increase34.1 %
1993 Increase22.3 Increase1,448 Increase3.7 % Negative increase24.9 % Negative increase51.0 %
1994 Increase23.6 Increase1,494 Increase3.6 % Negative increase24.9 % Negative increase76.6 %
1995 Increase25.2 Increase1,551 Increase4.2 % Negative increase59.3 % Positive decrease67.8 %
1996 Increase26.8 Increase1,611 Increase4.6 % Negative increase44.5 % Positive decrease60.5 %
1997 Increase28.6 Increase1,676 Increase4.8 % Negative increase24.8 % Negative increase65.7 %
1998 Increase30.3 Increase1,730 Increase4.7 % Negative increase19.2 % Positive decrease57.2 %
1999 Increase32.1 Increase1,787 Increase4.4 % Negative increase12.5 % Negative increase78.8 %
2000 Increase34.0 Increase1,847 Increase3.7 % Negative increase25.1 % Negative increase119.1 %
2001 Increase36.2 Increase1,918 Increase4.2 % Negative increase32.9 % Positive decrease87.2 %
2002 Increase38.5 Increase1,986 Increase4.5 % Negative increase14.8 % Positive decrease81.9 %
2003 Increase41.2 Increase2,076 Increase5.2 % Negative increase26.6 % Positive decrease74.2 %
2004 Increase44.7 Increase2,195 Increase5.6 % Negative increase12.7 % Positive decrease57.6 %
2005 Increase48.8 Increase2,337 Increase5.9 % Negative increase15.1 % Positive decrease47.7 %
2006 Increase53.4 Increase2,494 Increase6.3 % Negative increase11.7 % Positive decrease26.2 %
2007 Increase57.2 Increase2,605 Increase4.3 % Negative increase10.7 % Positive decrease31.0 %
2008 Increase63.7 Increase2,827 Increase9.2 % Negative increase16.5 % Negative increase33.6 %
2009 Increase67.3 Increase2,912 Increase4.8 % Negative increase13.1 % Negative increase36.1 %
2010 Increase73.5 Increase3,100 Increase7.9 % Negative increase6.7 % Negative increase46.3 %
2011 Increase85.5 Increase3,519 Increase14.0 % Negative increase7.7 % Positive decrease42.6 %
2012 Increase95.3 Increase3,822 Increase9.3 % Negative increase7.1 % Negative increase47.9 %
2013 Increase104.0 Increase4,069 Increase7.3 % Negative increase11.7 % Negative increase57.2 %
2014 Increase110.2 Increase4,204 Increase4.0 % Negative increase15.5 % Negative increase70.2 %
2015 Increase115.7 Increase4,302 Increase3.8 % Negative increase17.2 % Negative increase72.2 %
2016 Increase121.3 Increase4,399 Increase3.7 % Negative increase17.5 % Negative increase73.4 %
2017 Increase134.0 Increase4,740 Increase8.4 % Negative increase12.4 % Positive decrease71.8 %

Imports and Exports[]

Ghana's top export products in 2016 were crude petroleum ($2.66B), gold ($2.39B), cocoa beans ($2.27B), cocoa paste ($382M) and cocoa butter ($252M). Ghana's top export destinations in 2016 were Switzerland ($1.73B), China ($1.06B), France ($939M), India ($789M) and the Netherlands ($778M).[38]

Ghana's top import categories in 2016 were refined petroleum ($2.18B), crude petroleum ($546M), gold ($428M), rice ($328M) and packaged medicaments ($297M). The nations with the highest value of imports to Ghana in 2016 were China ($4.1B), the Netherlands ($1.58B), the United States ($1.1B), Nigeria ($920M) and India ($668M).[38]

Private banking[]

The financial services in Ghana have seen a lot of reforms in the past years. The Banking (Amendment) Act 2007 included the awarding of a general banking license to qualified banks, which allows only indigenous Ghana offshore banks to operate in country Ghana. Indigenous Ghana private bank Capital Bank was the first to be awarded the general banking license in Ghana as well as indigenous Ghana private banks UniBank, National Investment Bank and Prudential Bank Limited. It has therefore become possible for Ghanaian non-resident individuals or residents and foreign companies or indigenous Ghana companies to open indigenous Ghana offshore bank accounts in Ghana.[25] Indigenous Ghana retail and savings banks include Agricultural Development Bank of Ghana, CAL Bank, GCB Bank Ltd, Home Finance Company and UT Bank as well as indigenous Ghana savings and loan institutions ABii National and Savings and Loans Company.[25]

Stock exchange[]

The Stock Exchange of Ghana is one of the largest in Africa, with a market capitalization of GH¢57.2 billion or CN¥180.4 billion in 2012. South Africa's JSE Limited is the largest.[39]

Energy[]

Ghana hydropower and solar energy electricity generation industries, and the oil and gas industry

As of December 2012, Ghana gets 49.1% of its energy from renewable energy and exports some of this to neighboring countries.

Solar energy[]

Ghana has aggressively begun the construction of solar plants across its sun-rich land in an aim to become the first country to get 6% of its energy from solar energy generation.

Wind energy[]

Wind turbines on a wind farm

Ghana has Class 4–6 wind resources and high-wind locations, such as Nkwanta, the Accra Plains, and Kwahu and Gambaga mountains. The maximum energy that could be tapped from Ghana's available wind resource for electricity is estimated to be about 500–600 GWh/year.[40] To give perspective: in 2011, per the same Energy Commission, the largest Akosombo hydroelectric dam in Ghana alone produced 6,495 GWh of electric power and, counting all Ghana's geothermal energy production in addition, the total energy generated was 11,200 GWh in that year.[40] These assessments do not take into consideration further limiting factors such as land-use restrictions, the existing grid (or how far the wind resource may be from the grid) and accessibility.[40]

Bio-energy[]

Hybrid sorghum plantation field

Ghana has put in place mechanisms to attract investments into its biomass and bio-energy sectors to stimulate rural development, create jobs and save foreign exchange.[41] Main investments in the bio-energy subsector existed in the areas of production, are transportation, storage, distribution, sale, marketing and exportation.[41]

The goal of Ghana regarding bio-energy, as articulated by its energy sector policy, is to modernize and examine the benefits of bio-energy on a sustainable basis.[41] Biomass is Ghana's dominant energy resource in terms of endowment and consumption, with the two primary bio-fuels consumed being ethanol and biodiesel.[41] To that effect, the Ghana ministry of Energy in 2010 developed its energy sector strategy and development plan.[41] Highlights of the strategy include sustaining the supply and efficient use of wood fuels while ensuring that their utilization does not lead to deforestation.[41]

The plan would support private sector investments in the cultivation of bio-fuel feedstock, the extraction of bio-oil, and refining it into secondary products, thereby creating financial and tax incentives. The Ghana Renewal Energy Act provides the necessary fiscal incentives for renewable energy development by the private sector, and also details the control and management of bio-fuel and wood fuel projects in Ghana.[41] The Ghana National Petroleum Authority (NPA) was tasked by the Renewable Energy Act 2011 to price Ghana's bio-fuel blend in accordance with the prescribed petroleum pricing formula.[41]

The combined effects of climate change and global economic turbulence had triggered a sense of urgency among Ghanaian policymakers, industry and development practitioners to find sustainable and viable solutions in the area of bio-fuels.[41]

Brazil, which makes ethanol from maize and sugarcane, is currently the world's largest bio-fuel market.[41]

Energy consumption[]

Electricity generation is one of the key factors in achieving the development of the Ghanaian national economy, with aggressive and rapid industrialization; Ghana's national electric energy consumption was 265 kilowatts per capita in 2009.[42][43] Shortages of electricity have led to dumsor (blackouts),[44] increasing the interest in renewables.[45]

Hydrocarbon and mining[]

Ghanaian mineral resources: bauxite, diamond, timber and manganese
Ghana's increasing oil exports as a percentage of all exports.

Ghana has 5 billion barrels (790×10^6 m3) to 7 billion barrels (1.1×10^9 m3) of petroleum in reserves. A large oilfield which contains up to 3 billion barrels (480×10^6 m3) of sweet crude oil was discovered in 2007.[46] Oil exploration is ongoing and the amount of oil continues to increase.[47] Ghana produces crude oil, as of 15 December 2010, and until June 2011, Ghana exploited around 120,000 barrels per day and is expected to increase production up to 2.5 million barrels per day in 2014.[48][49]

Ghana has vast natural gas reserves, which is used by many foreign multinational companies operating in Ghana.[50] The hydrocarbon industry has had major implications for regional and urban development in Ghana and these are likely to substantially increase in the years to come [51]

Mining has gained importance in the Ghanaian economy since the turn of the 21st century, with a growth of around 30% in 2007.[52] The main mining extractions are bauxite,[53] gold (Ghana is one of the largest gold producers in the world),[54] and the phosphates.[55]

Tourism[]

Tourism destinations in Ghana[56]

The Ministry of Tourism has placed great emphasis upon further tourism support and development. Tourism contributed to 4.9% of GDP in 2009, attracting around 500,000 visitors. Tourist destinations include Ghana's many castles and forts, national parks, beaches, nature reserves, landscapes and World Heritage buildings and sites.[57][58]

In 2011, Forbes magazine ranked Ghana eleventh-friendliest country in the world. The assertion was based on a survey of a cross-section of travelers in 2010. Of all the countries on the African continent that were included in the survey, Ghana ranked highest.[59]

To enter Ghana, it is necessary to have a visa authorized by the Government of Ghana, except for certain entrepreneurs on business trips.[60]

Agriculture[]

In 2013 agriculture employed 53.6% of Ghana's total labor force.[20][21] Agribusiness accounts for a small fraction of the gross domestic product.[61] The main harvested crops are corn, plantain, rice, millet, sorghum, cassava and yam.[62] Unlike the agricultural livestock, forestry and fishing sectors, the crop sector is key to the Ghanaian agricultural industry.[63]

Ghana produced in 2018:

  • 20.8 million tons of cassava (4th largest producer in the world, second only to Nigeria, Thailand and Congo);
  • 7.8 million tonnes of yam (2nd largest producer in the world, second only to Nigeria);
  • 4.1 million tons of plantain (2nd largest producer in the world, just behind Congo);
  • 2.6 million tons of palm oil (8th largest producer in the world);
  • 2.3 million tons of maize;
  • 1.4 million tons of taro (4th largest producer in the world, second only to Nigeria, China and Cameroon);
  • 947 thousand tons of cocoa (2nd largest producer in the world, second only to Ivory Coast);
  • 769 thousand tons of rice;
  • 753 thousand tons of orange (19th largest producer in the world);
  • 713 thousand tons of pineapple (11th largest producer in the world);
  • 521 thousand tons of peanut;

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like sweet potato (151 thousand tons), natural rubber (23 thousand tons) and tobacco (2.3 thousand tons). [64]

Ghana: Vision 2020 and industrialization[]

With the economic program "Ghana: Vision 2020", Ghana intends to achieve its goals of accelerated economic growth and improved quality of life for all its citizens, by reducing poverty through private investment, rapid and aggressive industrialization, and direct and aggressive poverty-alleviation efforts.[65] These plans were released in the 1995 government report, Ghana: Vision 2020.[65] Nationalization of state-owned enterprises continues, with about two thirds of 300 parastatal enterprises owned by the government of Ghana.[65] Other reforms adopted under the government's structural adjustment program include increasing exchange rate controls and increasing autarky and increasing restrictions on imports.[65]

The Ghana: Vision 2020 forecast assumes political stability; successful economic stabilization; the implementation of Ghana: Vision 2020 policy agenda on private sector growth; and aggressive public spending on social services, infrastructure and industrialization. It projection states that Ghana's goals of reaching high-income economy status and newly industrialized country status will be easily realized between 2020 and 2039.[65][66]

2013 exports to[67][68] 2013 imports from[67][68]
Country Percentage Country Percentage
Sunyani Cocoa House and Theobroma cacao; Ghana is projected to become the largest producer of cocoa in the world.[66][69][70]
Ghana gold bars; Ghana is the 7th-largest producer of gold in the world.[71]
 South Africa 46.89%  China 12.46%
 Netherlands 12.32%  Nigeria 11.76%
 India 5.49%  United States 8.86%
 United Kingdom 3.57%  Belgium 5.15%
 Malaysia 3.32%  India 4.35%
  Switzerland 2.76%  United Kingdom 3.93%
Others 25.65% Others 53.49%

Economic transparency[]

The distribution of wealth ownership in Ghanaian society in 2013. A majority of wealth is held by 20% of the population.

The judicial system of Ghana deals with corruption, economic malpractice and lack of economic transparency.[25] Despite significant economic progress, obstacles do remain. Particular institutions need reform, and property rights need improvement. The overall investment regime in Ghana lacks market transparency. Tackling these issues will be necessary if Ghana's rapid economic growth is to be maintained.[25]

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Notes[]

See also[]

  • United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

External links[]

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