Kuwait

Coordinates: 29°30′N 47°45′E / 29.500°N 47.750°E / 29.500; 47.750

State of Kuwait دولة الكويت (Arabic) Dawlat al-Kuwayt
Flag Emblem
Anthem: an-Nashīd al-Waṭani National Anthem Menu 0:00
Location of Kuwait (green)
Capital and largest city	Kuwait City 29°22′N 47°58′E / 29.367°N 47.967°E / 29.367; 47.967
Official languages	Arabic[1]
Ethnic groups	57.65% Arab 40.42% Asian 1.02% African 0.39% European 0.52% Other [2]
Religion	74.36% Islam (Official) 18.17% Christianity 7.47% Others
Demonym(s)	Kuwaiti
Government	Unitary constitutional emirate[3] under an autocracy
• Emir	Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
• Crown Prince	Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
• Prime Minister	Sabah Khalid al-Sabah
• Speaker of the National Assembly	Marzouq Ali al-Ghanim
Legislature	National Assembly
Establishment
• Sheikhdom of Kuwait	1613
• Independence from the Emirate of Al Hasa	1752
• Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement	23 January 1899
• Anglo-Ottoman Convention	29 July 1913
• End of treaties with the United Kingdom	19 June 1961
• Admitted to the United Nations	14 May 1963
• Kuwait National Day	25 February 1961
• Kuwait Liberation Day	26 February 1991
Area
• Total	17,818 km2 (6,880 sq mi) (152nd)
• Water (%)	negligible
Population
• 2019 estimate	4,420,110 [2] (127th)
• 2005 census	2,213,403[4]
• Density	200.2/km2 (518.5/sq mi) (61st)
GDP (PPP)	2020 estimate
• Total	$303 billion[5] (57th)
• Per capita	$67,891[5] (8th)
GDP (nominal)	2018 estimate
• Total	$118.271 billion[5] (57th)
• Per capita	$28,199[5] (23rd)
HDI (2019)	0.806[6] very high · 64th
Currency	Kuwaiti dinar (KWD)
Time zone	UTC+3 (AST)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+965
ISO 3166 code	KW
Internet TLD	.kw
Website www.e.gov.kw
Nominal succession within the House of Sabah. Emirate

Kuwait (/kʊˈweɪt/ (listen);^[7][8] Arabic: الكويت‎ al-Kuwayt, Gulf Arabic pronunciation: [ɪl‿ɪkweːt] or [lɪkweːt]), officially the State of Kuwait (Arabic: دولة الكويت‎ Dawlat al-Kuwayt), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. Kuwait has a coastal length of approximately 499 km (310 mi).^[9] Most of the country's population reside in the urban agglomeration of the capital city Kuwait City.^[10] As of 2021, Kuwait has a population of 4.67 million people where 1.45 million are Kuwaitis and 3.2 million are foreign nationals.^[11]

Historically, Kuwait was a highly strategic trade port between Mesopotamia and India.^[12] Oil reserves were discovered in commercial quantities in 1938. In 1946, crude oil was exported for the first time.^[13][14] From 1946 to 1982, the country underwent large-scale modernization. In the 1980s, Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the stock market crash. In 1990, Kuwait was invaded, and later annexed into one of Iraq's governorates by Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait came to an end in 1991 after military intervention by a military coalition led by the United States and various other countries. Kuwait is a major ally of China, a regional ally of ASEAN, and a major non-NATO ally.^[15][16]

Kuwait is an emirate with an autocratic political system.^[17] The Emir is the head of state and the Al Sabah is the ruling family which dominates the country's political system. Kuwait's official state religion is Maliki Sunni Islam. Kuwait is a developing country with a high-income economy backed by the world's sixth largest oil reserves. The Kuwaiti dinar is the highest valued currency in the world.^[18] Kuwait is the fifth richest country in the world by gross national income per capita.^[19] In 2009, Kuwait had the highest Human Development Index in the Arab world.^[20][21] Human rights abuses in Kuwait are common, Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region.^{[22][23][24][25]} Since the mid-to-late 2010s, Kuwait has been experiencing its worst economic crisis in many decades.^[26] To help diversify the economy, Kuwait has commenced a national development plan, Kuwait Vision 2035.^{[27][28][29][30]} Under the Belt and Road Initiative, Kuwait and China have many important cooperation projects including Al Mutlaa City and Mubarak Al Kabeer Port.^{[31][32][33][34][30]}

History[]

Antiquity[]

Following the post-glacial flooding of the Persian Gulf basin, debris from the Tigris–Euphrates river formed a substantial delta, creating most of the land in present-day Kuwait and establishing the present coastlines.^[35] Historically, northern Kuwait was part of ancient Mesopotamia.^[12] One of the earliest evidence of human habitation in southern Kuwait dates back 8000 B.C. where Mesolithic tools were found in Burgan.^[36] The Neolithic inhabitants of Kuwait were among the world's earliest maritime traders.^[37] During the Ubaid period (6500 BC), Kuwait was the central site of interaction between the peoples of Mesopotamia and Neolithic Eastern Arabia,^{[38][39][40][41]} mainly centered around Bahra 1 in Subiya.^[42][43][44] One of the world's earliest reed-boats was discovered at site H3 in northern Kuwait dating back to the Ubaid period.^[45] Mesopotamians first settled in the Kuwaiti island of Failaka in 2000 B.C.^[46][47] Traders from the Sumerian city of Ur inhabited Failaka and ran a mercantile business.^[46][47] The island had many Mesopotamian-style buildings typical of those found in Iraq dating from around 2000 B.C.^[46]

In 4000 BC until 2000 BC, the bay of Kuwait was home to the Dilmun civilization.^{[48][49][50][51]} Dilmun's control of the bay of Kuwait included mainland Akkaz,^[48] Umm an Namil Island,^[48][52] and Failaka Island.^[48][51] At its peak in 2000 BC, the Dilmun empire controlled the trade routes from Mesopotamia to India and the Indus Valley civilization. Dilmun's commercial power began to decline after 1800 BC. Piracy flourished throughout the region during Dilmun's decline. After 600 BC, the Babylonians added Dilmun to their empire.

During the Dilmun era (from ca. 3000 BC), Failaka was known as "Agarum", the land of Enzak, a great god in the Dilmun civilization according to Sumerian cuneiform texts found on the island.^[53] As part of Dilmun, Failaka became a hub for the civilization from the end of the 3rd to the middle of the 1st millennium BC.^[53] Failaka was settled following 2000 BC after a drop in sea level.^[54] After the Dilmun civilization, Failaka was inhabited by the Kassites of Mesopotamia,^[55] and was formally under the control of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon.^[55] Studies indicate traces of human settlement can be found on Failaka dating back to as early as the end of the 3rd millennium BC, and extending until the 20th century AD.^[53] Many of the artifacts found in Falaika are linked to Mesopotamian civilizations and seem to show that Failaka was gradually drawn toward the civilization based in Antioch.^[56]

Under Nebuchadnezzar II, Failaka was under Babylonian control.^[57] Cuneiform documents found in Failaka indicate the presence of Babylonians in the island's population.^[58] Babylonian Kings were present in Failaka during the Neo-Babylonian Empire period, Nabonidus had a governor in Failaka and Nebuchadnezzar II had a palace and temple in Falaika.^[59][60] Failaka also contained temples dedicated to the worship of Shamash, the Mesopotamian sun god in the Babylonian pantheon.^[60]

In 4th century BC, the ancient Greeks colonized the bay of Kuwait under Alexander the Great, the ancient Greeks named mainland Kuwait Larissa and Failaka was named Ikaros.^{[61][62][63][64]} According to Strabo and Arrian, Alexander the Great named Failaka Ikaros because it resembled the Aegean island of that name in size and shape. Some elements of Greek mythology were mixed with the local cults in Failaka.^[65] "Ikaros" was also the name of a prominent city situated in Failaka.^[66] Remains of Greek colonization include a large Hellenistic fort and Greek temples.^[67]

In 127 BC, the kingdom of Characene was established around Teredon in present day Kuwait. Characene was centered in the region encompassing southern Mesopotamia,^[68] Characene coins were discovered in Akkaz, Umm an Namil, and Failaka.^[69][70] A busy Parthian commercial station existed on Failaka island.^[71] The earliest recorded mention of Kuwait was in 150 AD in the geographical treatise Geography by Greek scholar Ptolemy.^[72] Ptolemy mentioned the Bay of Kuwait as Hieros Kolpos (Sacer Sinus in the Latin versions).^[72] In 224 AD, Kuwait became part of the Sassanid Empire. At the time of the Sassanid Empire, Kuwait was known as Meshan,^[73] which was an alternative name of the kingdom of Characene.^[74][75] Akkaz was a Partho-Sassanian site; the Sassanid religion's tower of silence was discovered in northern Akkaz.^{[76][77][45][52][78]}

In addition to Partho-Sasanian settlements, Akkaz also contained Christian settlements.^[78][79][52] Christian Nestorian settlements flourished in Akkaz and Failaka from the 5th century until the 9th century.^[80][79] Excavations have revealed several farms, villages and two large churches dating from the 5th and 6th century.^[80] Archaeologists are currently excavating nearby sites to understand the extent of the settlements that flourished in the eighth and ninth centuries A.D.^[80] An old island tradition is that a community grew up around a Christian mystic and hermit.^[80] The small farms and villages were eventually abandoned.^[80] Remains of Byzantine era Nestorian churches were found at Al-Qusur in Failaka. Pottery at the site can be dated from as early as the first half of the 7th century through the 9th century.^[81][82]

In 636 AD, the Battle of Chains between the Sassanid Empire and Rashidun Caliphate was fought in Kuwait near the town of Kazma.^[83][84] At the time, Kuwait was under the control of the Sassanid Empire. The Battle of Chains was the first battle of the Rashidun Caliphate in which the Muslim army sought to extend its frontiers.

As a result of Rashidun victory in 636 AD, the bay of Kuwait was home to the city of Kazma (also known as "Kadhima" or "Kāzimah") in the early Islamic era.^{[84][85][86][87][88][89][90]} Medieval Arabic sources contain multiple references to the bay of Kuwait in the early Islamic period.^[89][90][91] The city functioned as a trade port and resting place for pilgrims on their way from Iraq to Hejaz. The city was controlled by the kingdom of Al-Hirah in Iraq.^[89][92][93] In the early Islamic period, the bay of Kuwait was known for being a fertile area.^[84][94][95]

The Kuwaiti city of Kazma was a stop for caravans coming from Persia and Mesopotamia en route to the Arabian Peninsula. The poet Al-Farazdaq was born in the Kuwaiti city of Kazma.^[96] Al-Farazdaq is recognized as one of the greatest classical poets of the Arabs.^[96]

1521–1918: Founding[]

In 1521, Kuwait was under Portuguese control.^[97] In the late 16th century, the Portuguese built a defensive settlement in Kuwait.^[98] In 1613, Kuwait City was founded as a fishing village predominantly populated by fishermen. Administratively, it was a sheikhdom, ruled by local sheikhs from Bani Khalid clan.^[99] In 1682 or 1716, the Bani Utbah settled in Kuwait City, which at this time was still inhabited by fishermen and primarily functioned as a fishing village under Bani Khalid control.^[100][101] Sometime after the death of the Bani Khalid's leader Barrak Bin Urair and the fall of the Bani Khalid Emirate, the Utub were able to wrest control of Kuwait as a result of successive matrimonial alliances.^[101]

In the early eighteenth century, Kuwait prospered as a maritime port city and rapidly became the principal commercial center for the transit of goods between Baghdad, India, Muscat, and Arabian Peninsula.^[102][103] By the mid 1700s, Kuwait had established itself as the major trading route from the Persian Gulf to Aleppo.^[104] During the Persian siege of Basra in 1775–79, Iraqi merchants took refuge in Kuwait and were partly instrumental in the expansion of Kuwait's boat-building and trading activities.^[105] As a result, Kuwait's maritime commerce boomed,^[105] as the Indian trade routes with Baghdad, Aleppo, Smyrna and Constantinople were diverted to Kuwait during this time.^{[104][106][107]} The East India Company was diverted to Kuwait in 1792.^[108] The East India Company secured the sea routes between Kuwait, India and the east coasts of Africa.^[108] After the Persians withdrew from Basra in 1779, Kuwait continued to attract trade away from Basra.^[109] The flight of many of Basra's leading merchants to Kuwait continued to play a significant role in Basra's commercial stagnation well into the 1850s.^[109]

Instability in Basra helped foster economic prosperity in Kuwait.^[110][111] In the late 18th century, Kuwait was a haven for Basra merchants fleeing Ottoman persecution.^[112] Kuwait was the center of boat building in the Persian Gulf,^[113] its ships renowned throughout the Indian Ocean.^[114][115] Kuwaitis also developed a reputation as the best sailors in the Persian Gulf.^{[102][116][117]} In the 19th century, Kuwait became significant in the horse trade,^[118] with regular shipments in sailing vessels.^[118] In the mid 19th century, it was estimated that Kuwait exported an average of 800 horses to India annually.^[110]

In the 1890s, threatened by the Ottoman Empire, ruler Sheikh Mubarak Al Sabah signed an agreement with the British government in India (subsequently known as the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899) making Kuwait a British protectorate. This gave Britain exclusive access and trade with Kuwait, while denying Ottoman provinces to the north a port on the Persian Gulf. The Sheikhdom of Kuwait remained a British protectorate until 1961.^[99]

During the reign of Mubarak, Kuwait was dubbed the "Marseilles of the Persian Gulf" because its economic vitality attracted a large variety of people.^[119][120] The population was cosmopolitan and ethnically diverse, including Arabs, Persians, Africans, Jews and Armenians. Kuwait was known for its religious tolerance.^[121]

In the first decades of the twentieth century, Kuwait had a well-established elite: wealthy trading families linked by marriage and shared economic interests, long-settled and urban, most claiming descent from the original 30 Bani Utubi families.^[122] The wealthiest were merchants who acquired their wealth from long-distance commerce, shipbuilding and pearling.^[122] They were a cosmopolitan elite who traveled extensively to India, Africa and Europe, and educated their sons abroad more than other Gulf Arab elite.^[122] Western visitors noted the Kuwaiti elite used European office systems, typewriters, and followed European culture with curiosity.^[122] The richest were involved in general trade.^[122] The Kuwaiti merchant families of Al-Ghanim and Al-Hamad were estimated to be worth millions before the 1940s.^[122]

In the early 20th century, Kuwait immensely declined in regional economic importance,^[115] mainly due to many trade blockades and the world economic depression.^[123] Before Mary Bruins Allison visited Kuwait in 1934, Kuwait lost its prominence in long-distance trade.^[115] During World War I, the British Empire imposed a trade blockade against Kuwait because Kuwait's ruler at the time, Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah, supported the Ottoman Empire.^{[123][124][125]} The British economic blockade heavily damaged Kuwait's economy.^[125]

1919–1945: After World War I[]

In 1919, Sheikh Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah intended to build a commercial city in the south of Kuwait. This caused a diplomatic crisis with Najd, but Britain intervened, discouraging Sheikh Salim. In 1920, an attempt by the Ikhwan to build a stronghold in southern Kuwait led to the Battle of Hamdh. The Battle of Hamdh involved 2,000 Ikhwan fighters against 100 Kuwaiti cavalrymen and 200 Kuwaiti infantrymen. The battle lasted for six days and resulted in heavy but unknown casualties on both sides resulting in the victory of the Ikhwan forces and leading to the battle of Jahra around the Kuwait Red Fort. The Battle of Jahra happened as the result of the Battle of Hamdh. A force of three to four thousand Ikhwan, led by Faisal Al-Dawish, attacked the Red Fort at Al-Jahra, defended by fifteen hundred men. The fort was besieged and the Kuwaiti position precarious; had the fort fallen, Kuwait would likely have been incorporated into Ibn Saud's empire.^[126] The Ikhwan attack repulsed for the while, negotiations began between Salim and Al-Dawish; the latter threatened another attack if the Kuwaiti forces did not surrender. The local merchant class convinced Salim to call in help from British troops, who showed up with airplanes and three warships, ending the attacks.^[126] After the Battle of Jahra, Ibn Saud's warriors, the Ikhwan, demanded that Kuwait follows five rules: evict all the Shias, adopt the Ikhwan doctrine, label the Turks "heretics", abolish smoking, munkar and prostitution, and destroy the American missionary hospital.^[127]

The Kuwait–Najd War of 1919–20 erupted in the aftermath of World War I. The war occurred because Ibn Saud of Najd wanted to annex Kuwait.^[123][128] The sharpened conflict between Kuwait and Najd led to the death of hundreds of Kuwaitis. The war resulted in sporadic border clashes throughout 1919–1920.

When Percy Cox was informed of the border clashes in Kuwait, he sent a letter to the Ruler of Arabistan Sheikh Khazʽal Ibn Jabir offering the Kuwaiti throne to either him or one of his heirs, knowing that Khaz'al would be a wiser ruler than the Al Sabah family. Khaz'al, who considered the Al Sabah as his own family, replied "Do you expect me to allow the stepping down of Al Mubarak from the throne of Kuwait? Do you think I can accept this?"^[129] He then asked:

...even so, do you think that you have come to me with something new? Al Mubarak's position as ruler of Kuwait means that I am the true ruler of Kuwait. So there is no difference between myself and them, for they are like the dearest of my children and you are aware of this. Had someone else come to me with this offer, I would have complained about them to you. So how do you come to me with this offer when you are well aware that myself and Al Mubarak are one soul and one house, what affects them affects me, whether good or evil.^[129]

Following the Kuwait–Najd War in 1919–20, Ibn Saud imposed a trade blockade against Kuwait from the years 1923 until 1937.^[130] The goal of the Saudi economic and military attacks on Kuwait was to annex as much of Kuwait's territory as possible. At the Uqair conference in 1922, the boundaries of Kuwait and Najd were set; as a result of British interference, Kuwait had no representative at the Uqair conference. After the Uqair conference, Kuwait was still subjected to a Saudi economic blockade and intermittent Saudi raiding.

The Great Depression harmed Kuwait's economy, starting in the late 1920s.^[130] International trading was one of Kuwait's main sources of income before oil.^[130] Kuwaiti merchants were mostly intermediary merchants.^[130] As a result of the decline of European demand for goods from India and Africa, Kuwait's economy suffered. The decline in international trade resulted in an increase in gold smuggling by Kuwaiti ships to India.^[130] Some Kuwaiti merchant families became rich from this smuggling.^[131] Kuwait's pearl industry also collapsed as a result of the worldwide economic depression.^[131] At its height, Kuwait's pearl industry had led the world's luxury market, regularly sending out between 750 and 800 ships to meet the European elite's desire for pearls.^[131] During the economic depression, luxuries like pearls were in little demand.^[131] The Japanese invention of cultured pearls also contributed to the collapse of Kuwait's pearl industry.^[131]

In 1937, Freya Stark wrote about the extent of poverty in Kuwait at the time:^[130]

Poverty has settled in Kuwait more heavily since my last visit five years ago, both by sea, where the pearl trade continues to decline, and by land, where the blockade established by Saudi Arabia now harms the merchants.

Attempts by Faisal king of Iraq to build a railway to Kuwait and port facilities on the Gulf were rejected by Britain. These and other similar British colonial policies made Kuwait a focus of the Arab national movement in Iraq, and a symbol of Iraqi humiliation at the hands of the British.^[132]

Throughout the 1930s, Kuwaiti people opposed the British imposed separation of Kuwait from Iraq.^[132] In 1938, the "Free Kuwaiti Movement" was established by Kuwaiti youth who opposed British rule and submitted a petition requesting the Iraqi government reunifies Kuwait and Iraq.^[132][133] Due to fears of armed uprising in Kuwait, the Al Sabah agreed to the establishment of a legislative council to represent the "Free Kuwaiti Movement" demanding the reunification of Iraq and Kuwait.^[132] The council's first meeting in 1938 resulted in unanimous resolutions demanding the reunification of Kuwait and Iraq.^[132]

In March 1939, a popular armed uprising erupted within Kuwait to reunify with Iraq.^[132] The Al Sabah family, along with British military support, violently put down the uprising, and killed and imprisoned its participants.^[132] King Ghazi of Iraq publicly demanded the release of the Kuwaiti prisoners and warned the Al Sabah family to end the repression of the "Free Kuwaiti Movement".^[132][133]

1946–1982: Golden Era of Kuwait[]

Between 1946 and 1982, Kuwait experienced a period of prosperity driven by oil and its liberal atmosphere.^{[134][135][136]} In popular discourse, the years between 1946 and 1982 are referred to as the "Golden Era of Kuwait".^{[134][135][136][137]} In 1950, a major public-work programme began to enable Kuwaitis to enjoy a modern standard of living. By 1952, the country became the largest oil exporter in the Persian Gulf region. This massive growth attracted many foreign workers, especially from Palestine, India, and Egypt – with the latter being particularly political within the context of the Arab Cold War.^[138] In June 1961, Kuwait became independent with the end of the British protectorate and the Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah became Emir of Kuwait. Kuwait's national day, however, is celebrated on 25 February, the anniversary of the coronation of Sheikh Abdullah (it was originally celebrated on 19 June, the date of independence, but concerns over the summer heat caused the government to move it).^[139] Under the terms of the newly drafted Constitution, Kuwait held its first parliamentary elections in 1963. Kuwait was the first of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf to establish a constitution and parliament.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Kuwait was considered the most developed country in the region.^{[140][141][142]} Kuwait was the pioneer in the Middle East in diversifying its earnings away from oil exports.^[143] The Kuwait Investment Authority is the world's first sovereign wealth fund. From the 1970s onward, Kuwait scored highest of all Arab countries on the Human Development Index.^[142] Kuwait University was established in 1966.^[142] Kuwait's theatre industry was well known throughout the Arab world.^[134][142]

In the 1960s and 1970s, Kuwait's press was described as one of the freest in the world.^[144] Kuwait was the pioneer in the literary renaissance in the Arab region.^[145] In 1958, Al-Arabi magazine was first published. The magazine went on to become the most popular magazine in the Arab world.^[145] Many Arab writers moved to Kuwait because they enjoyed greater freedom of expression than elsewhere in the Arab world.^[146][147] The Iraqi poet Ahmed Matar left Iraq in the 1970s to take refuge in the more liberal environment of Kuwait.

Kuwaiti society embraced liberal and non-traditional attitudes throughout the 1960s and 1970s.^[148] For example, most Kuwaiti women did not wear the hijab in the 1960s and 70s.^[149][150]

1982–2015: Instability, Gulf War, and terrorism[]

In the early 1980s, Kuwait experienced a major economic crisis after the Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash and decrease in oil price.^{[151][152][153][154]}

During the Iran–Iraq War, Kuwait supported Iraq. Throughout the 1980s, there were several terror attacks in Kuwait, including the 1983 Kuwait bombings, hijacking of several Kuwait Airways planes and the attempted assassination of Emir Jaber in 1985. Kuwait was a regional hub of science and technology in the 1960s and 1970s up until the early 1980s; the scientific research sector significantly suffered due to the terror attacks.^[155]

After the Iran–Iraq War ended, Kuwait declined an Iraqi request to forgive its US$65 billion debt.^[156] An economic rivalry between the two countries ensued after Kuwait increased its oil production by 40 percent.^[157] Tensions between the two countries increased further in July 1990, after Iraq complained to OPEC claiming that Kuwait was stealing its oil from a field near the border by slant drilling of the Rumaila field.^[157]

In August 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait. After a series of failed diplomatic negotiations, the United States led a coalition to remove the Iraqi forces from Kuwait, in what became known as the Gulf War. On 26 February 1991, the coalition succeeded in driving out the Iraqi forces. As they retreated, Iraqi forces carried out a scorched earth policy by setting oil wells on fire.^[158] During the Iraqi occupation, more than 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed. In addition, more than 600 Kuwaitis went missing during Iraq's occupation;^[159] remains of approximately 375 were found in mass graves in Iraq.

In the early 1990s, Kuwait expelled approximately 400,000 Palestinian expats.^[160] Kuwait's policy was a response to alignment of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the PLO with Saddam Hussein. Kuwait also deported thousands of Iraqis and Yemenis after the Gulf War.^[161][162]

In addition, hundreds of thousands of stateless Bedoon were expelled from Kuwait in the early-to-mid 1990s.^{[23][163][161][22][162]} At the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in 1995, it was announced that the Al Sabah ruling family deported 150,000 stateless Bedoon to refugee camps in the Kuwaiti desert near the Iraqi border with minimal water, insufficient food, and no basic shelter.^[164][163] The Kuwaiti authorities also threatened to murder the stateless Bedoon.^[164][163] As a result, many of the stateless Bedoon fled to Iraq where they still remain stateless people even today.^[165][166]

At the time, Human Rights Watch reported the following:^[164]

"The totality of the treatment of the Bedoons amounts to a policy of denationalization of native residents, relegating them to an apartheid-like existence in their own country. The Kuwaiti government policy of harassment and intimidation of the Bedoons and of denying them the right to lawful residence, employment, travel and movement, contravene basic principles of human rights . . . Denial of citizenship to the Bedoons clearly violates international law . . ."^[164]

In March 2003, Kuwait became the springboard for the US-led invasion of Iraq. In 2005, women won the right to vote and run in elections. Upon the death of the Emir Jaber in January 2006, Sheikh Saad Al-Sabah succeeded him but was removed nine days later due to his ailing health. As a result, Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was sworn in as Emir. From 2006 onwards, Kuwait suffered from chronic political deadlock between the government and parliament which resulted in multiple cabinet reshuffles and dissolutions.^[167] This significantly hampered investment and economic reforms in Kuwait, making the country's economy much more dependent on oil.^[167]

From 2006 to 2009, Kuwait had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the Arab world.^{[168][169][170][171]} China awarded Kuwait Investment Authority an additional $700 million quota on top of $300 million awarded in March 2012.^[172] The quota is the highest to be granted by China to foreign investment entities.^[172] In 2014 and 2015, Kuwait was ranked first among Arab countries in the Global Gender Gap Report.^{[173][174][175]}

In March 2014, David S. Cohen, then Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, accused Kuwait of funding terrorism.^[176] Since the end of the Gulf War in 1991, accusations of Kuwait funding terrorism have been very common and come from a wide variety of sources including intelligence reports, Western government officials, scholarly research, and renowned journalists.^{[177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][176]} From 2014 to 2015, Kuwait was frequently described as the world's biggest source of terrorism funding, particularly for ISIS and Al-Qaeda.^{[177][178][179][185][176][183][180][181]} On 26 June 2015, a suicide bombing took place at a Shia Muslim mosque in Kuwait. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack. Twenty-seven people were killed and 227 people were wounded. In the aftermath, a lawsuit was filed accusing the Kuwaiti government of negligence and direct responsibility for the terror attack.^[186][187]

2016–present: Kuwait Vision 2035 and economic crisis[]

Since the mid-to-late 2010s, Kuwait has commenced a national development plan, Kuwait Vision 2035, to diversify the economy in light of the country's worst economic crisis in many decades.^{[27][188][189][190]} Due to declining oil prices and negligible economic diversification, Kuwait has been facing one of the worst economic crunches in the entire region.^[191] Historically, Kuwait's infrastructure projects market has underperformed its potential due to political deadlock between the government and parliament.^[192][167] As a result of Kuwait Vision 2035, Kuwait's infrastructure market entered a new phase of growth.^{[193][194][195][192][196][197]} Kuwait is currently one of the largest infrastructure markets in the region.^{[192][198][199]} Sabah Al Ahmad Sea City was inaugurated in mid-2016.^{[200][201][202][203][204]}

Kuwait has invested significantly in its economic relations with China.^[205] China has been Kuwait's largest trade partner since 2016.^{[206][207][208][209][210]} Under the Belt and Road Initiative, Kuwait and China have many important cooperation projects including Al Mutlaa City which is currently under construction in northern Kuwait.^{[31][32][33][211][212]} The Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway is part of the first phase of the Silk City project.^[30] The causeway was inaugurated in May 2019 as part of Kuwait Vision 2035,^[213] it connects Kuwait City to northern Kuwait.^[213][30] As part of Kuwait Vision 2035, the Amiri Diwan inaugurated the Kuwait National Cultural District (KNCD), which comprises Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Cultural Centre, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre, Al Shaheed Park, and Al Salam Palace.^{[214][215][216][195]} With a capital cost of more than US$1 billion, the project is one of the largest cultural investments in the world.^[215] In 2020, Kuwait's domestic travel and tourism spending reached $6.1 billion (up from $1.6 billion in 2019) with family tourism a rapidly growing segment.^[217]

Under Kuwait Vision 2035, Kuwait inaugurated its largest renewable energy park, Shagaya Renewable Energy Park, which includes concentrated solar power, solar photovoltaic, and wind power plants.^{[218][219][220][221]} The park consists of four phases with a target capacity of 4,000 MW.^{[222][219][223]} It is set to be one of the largest renewable energy parks in the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated Kuwait's economic crisis.^[26] Kuwait's economy faced a budget deficit of $46 billion in 2020.^{[224][225][167]} In September 2020, Kuwait's Crown Prince Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah became the 16th Emir of Kuwait and the successor to Emir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, who died at the age of 91.^[226] In October 2020, Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was appointed as the Crown Prince.^[227] Since January 2021, Kuwait has been experiencing its worst political crisis in many decades.^[228][229] Kuwait was downgraded by S&P Global Ratings two times in less than two years because of declining oil revenue and delayed fiscal reforms.^[230][231] Kuwait is facing a looming debt crisis according to various media sources.^{[232][233][224][167]}

Geography[]

Located in the north-east corner of the Arabian Peninsula, Kuwait is one of the smallest countries in the world in terms of land area. Kuwait lies between latitudes 28° and 31° N, and longitudes 46° and 49° E. Kuwait is generally low-lying, with the highest point being 306 m (1,004 ft) above sea level.^[3]

Kuwait has ten islands.^[234] With an area of 860 km² (330 sq mi), the Bubiyan is the largest island in Kuwait and is connected to the rest of the country by a 2,380-metre-long (7,808 ft) bridge.^[235] 0.6% of Kuwaiti land area is considered arable^[3] with sparse vegetation found along its 499-kilometre-long (310 mi) coastline.^[3] Kuwait City is located on Kuwait Bay, a natural deep-water harbor.

Kuwait's Burgan field has a total capacity of approximately 70 billion barrels (11 billion cubic metres) of proven oil reserves. During the 1991 Kuwaiti oil fires, more than 500 oil lakes were created covering a combined surface area of about 35.7 km² (13+3⁄4 sq mi).^[236] The resulting soil contamination due to oil and soot accumulation had made eastern and south-eastern parts of Kuwait uninhabitable. Sand and oil residue had reduced large parts of the Kuwaiti desert to semi-asphalt surfaces.^[237] The oil spills during the Gulf War also drastically affected Kuwait's marine resources.^[238]

Climate[]

Due to Kuwait's proximity to Iraq and Iran, the winter season in Kuwait is colder than other coastal countries in the Arabian Peninsula (especially UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain). Kuwait is also less humid than other coastal regions in the Arabian Peninsula. The spring season in March is warm with occasional thunderstorms. The frequent winds from the northwest are cold in winter and hot in summer. Southeasterly damp winds spring up between July and October. Hot and dry south winds prevail in spring and early summer. The shamal, a northwesterly wind common during June and July, causes dramatic sandstorms.^[239] Summers in Kuwait are some of the hottest on earth. The highest recorded temperature was 54 °C (129 °F) at Mitribah on 21 July 2016, which is the highest temperature recorded in Asia.^[240][241]

Kuwait emits a lot of carbon dioxide per person compared to most other countries.^[242] In 2014, Kuwait was the fourth highest country in the world in term of CO₂ per capita emissions after Qatar, Curaçao and Trinidad and Tobago according to the World Bank.^[243]

Access to biocapacity in Kuwait is lower than world average. In 2016, Kuwait had 0.59 global hectares ^[244] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.^[245] In 2016 Kuwait used 8.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use about 14.5 times as much biocapacity as Kuwait contains. As a result, Kuwait is running a biocapacity deficit.^[244]

National parks[]

At present, there are five protected areas in Kuwait recognized by the IUCN. In response to Kuwait becoming the 169th signatory of the Ramsar Convention, Bubiyan Island's Mubarak al-Kabeer reserve was designated as the country's first Wetland of International Importance.^[246] The 50,948 ha reserve consists of small lagoons and shallow salt marshes and is important as a stop-over for migrating birds on two migration routes.^[246] The reserve is home to the world's largest breeding colony of crab-plover.^[246]

Biodiversity[]

Currently, 442 species of birds have been recorded in Kuwait, 18 species of which breed in the country.^[247] Kuwait is situated at the crossroads of several major bird migration routes and between two and three million birds pass each year.^[248] The marshes in northern Kuwait and Jahra have become increasingly important as a refuge for passage migrants.^[248] Kuwaiti islands are important breeding areas for four species of tern and the socotra cormorant.^[248]

Kuwait's marine and littoral ecosystems contain the bulk of the country's biodiversity heritage.^[248] Twenty eight species of mammal are found in Kuwait; animals such as gerboa, desert rabbits and hedgehogs are common in the desert.^[248] Large carnivores, such as the wolf, caracal and jackal, are not found.^[248] Among the endangered mammalian species are the red fox and wild cat.^[248] Causes for wildlife extinction are habitat destruction and extensive unregulated hunting.^[248] Forty reptile species have been recorded although none are endemic to Kuwait.^[248]

Water and sanitation[]

Kuwait is part of the Tigris–Euphrates river system basin.^{[249][250][251][252][253]} Several Tigris–Euphrates confluences form parts of the Kuwait–Iraq border.^[254] Kuwait does not currently have any permanent rivers within its territory. However, Kuwait does have several wadis, the most notable of which is Wadi Al-Batin which forms the border between Kuwait and Iraq.^[255] Kuwait also has several river-like marine channels around Bubiyan Island, most notably Khawr Abd Allah which is now an estuary, but once was the point where the Shatt al-Arab emptied into the Persian Gulf. Khawr Abd Allah is located in southern Iraq and northern Kuwait, the Iraq-Kuwait border divides the lower portion of the estuary, but adjacent to the port of Umm Qasr the estuary becomes wholly Iraqi. It forms the northeast coastline of Bubiyan Island and the north coastline of Warbah Island.^[256]

Kuwait relies on water desalination as a primary source of fresh water for drinking and domestic purposes.^[257][258] There are currently more than six desalination plants.^[258] Kuwait was the first country in the world to use desalination to supply water for large-scale domestic use. The history of desalination in Kuwait dates back to 1951 when the first distillation plant was commissioned.^[257]

In 1965, the Kuwaiti government commissioned the Swedish engineering company of VBB (Sweco) to develop and implement a plan for a modern water-supply system for Kuwait City. The company built five groups of water towers, thirty-one towers total, designed by its chief architect Sune Lindström, called "the mushroom towers". For a sixth site, the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed, wanted a more spectacular design. This last group, known as Kuwait Towers, consists of three towers, two of which also serve as water towers.^[259] Water from the desalination facility is pumped up to the tower. The thirty-three towers have a standard capacity of 102,000 cubic meters of water. "The Water Towers" (Kuwait Tower and the Kuwait Water Towers) were awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (1980 Cycle).^[260]

Kuwait's fresh water resources are limited to groundwater, desalinated seawater, and treated wastewater effluents.^[257] There are three major municipal wastewater treatment plants.^[257] Most water demand is currently satisfied through seawater desalination plants.^[257][258] Sewage disposal is handled by a national sewage network that covers 98% of facilities in the country.^[261]

Government[]

Political system[]

Kuwait is an emirate with an autocratic political system,^[17] which is sometimes described as "semi-democratic".^[262] The Emir is the head of state. The political system consists of an appointed judiciary, appointed government (dominated by the Al Sabah ruling family), and nominally elected parliament.^[17] The Constitution of Kuwait was promulgated in 1962.^[263] The Emir has autocratically suspended the constitution twice: in 1976 and 1986.^[264][17] Political parties are illegal in Kuwait.

The Polity data series^[267] and Economist Democracy Index^[268] both categorise Kuwait as an autocracy (dictatorship). Freedom House rates the country as "Partly Free" in the Freedom in the World survey.^[269] Kuwait is regularly characterized as being a "rentier state" in which the ruling family uses oil revenues to buy the political acquiescence of the citizenry; more than 70% of government spending consists of public sector salaries and subsidies.^[270] Kuwait has the highest public sector wage bill in the GCC region as public sector wages account for 12.4% of GDP.^[224]

Although Kuwaiti women outnumber men in the workforce,^[271] the political participation of Kuwaiti women has been limited.^[272] Kuwaiti women are considered among the most emancipated women in the Middle East. In 2014 and 2015, Kuwait was ranked first among Arab countries in the Global Gender Gap Report.^{[173][174][175]} In 2013, 53% of Kuwaiti women participated in the labor force.^[273] Kuwait has higher female citizen participation in the workforce than other GCC countries.^{[271][273][274]} According to the Social Progress Index, Kuwait ranks first in social progress in the Arab world and Muslim world and second highest in the Middle East after Israel.^[275] Kuwait ranks among the Arab world's top countries by life expectancy,^[276] women's workforce participation,^[271][273] global food security,^[277] and school order and safety.^[278]

Executive power is executed by the government.^[17] The Emir appoints the prime minister, who in turn chooses the cabinet of ministers comprising the government. In recent decades, numerous policies of the Kuwaiti government have been characterized as "demographic engineering", especially in relation to Kuwait's stateless Bedoon crisis and the history of naturalization in Kuwait.

The judiciary is not independent of the government,^[17] the Emir appoints all the judges and many judges are foreign nationals from Egypt. The Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. Kuwait has an active public sphere and civil society with political and social organizations that are parties in all but name.^[279][280] Professional groups like the Chamber of Commerce maintain their autonomy from the government.^[279][280]

The legislative branch consists of the National Assembly, which has nominal oversight authority. The Emir can autocratically dissolve the parliament.^[17] Since the 1960s, more than 60% of all Kuwaiti parliaments have been dissolved by the Emir without completing the full four-year term.^[17] Kuwait has the most unstable political system in the entire region.^[167][231] Kuwait's lack of political stability has impacted the country's economic development and infrastructure.^{[281][167][231]}

Corruption, controversies and criticism[]

The Al Sabah ruling family are highly controversial in Kuwait for their wide range corruption and Kuwait's lack of economic development since the end of the Gulf War in 1991.^{[282][283][284][167][231]} According to the World Economic Forum, Kuwait is the least economically developed Gulf country.^[285] Kuwait has the weakest infrastructure in the entire GCC region.^[285][167] Kuwait is widely considered the region's most oil-dependent country with the least amount of economic diversification.^[167][231] Kuwait is also globally known for its human rights abuses towards stateless Bedoon.^[22][23][24] Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region.^[22][25] The Al Sabah family have exacerbated the stateless Bedoon crisis while turning a blind eye to hundreds of thousands of recently naturalized Saudi dual citizens in Kuwait.^[286][287]

Many high profile members of the Al Sabah family have been convicted of corruption and fraud in international courts.^[288][289] A prominent Al Sabah sheikh is said to have arrested a whistleblower; the latter discovered that the Al Sabah sheikh was heavily involved in Malaysia's 1MDB corruption scandal.^[288] Extensive corruption among Kuwait's high-level government officials is a serious problem resulting in political tensions between the government and the public.^[290] In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2007, Kuwait was ranked 60th out of 179 countries for corruption (least corrupt countries are at the top of the list). On a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 the most corrupt and 10 the most transparent, Transparency International rated Kuwait 4.3.^[291]

Various Kuwaitis have been jailed after they criticized the Al Sabah ruling family.^[292] In 2010, the U.S. State Department said it had concerns about the case of Kuwaiti blogger and journalist Mohammad Abdul-Kader al-Jassem who was on trial for allegedly criticizing the ruling al-Sabah family, and faced up to 18 years in prison if convicted.^[293] He was detained after a complaint against him was issued by the office of Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah.^[293] In August 2011, supporters of Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah "discovered" documents that incriminated up to one-third of Kuwaiti politicians in what quickly became the largest political corruption scandal in Kuwaiti history.^[294] By October 2011, 16 Kuwaiti politicians were alleged to have received payments of $350m in return for their support of government policy.^[295]

In December 2013, allies of Ahmad Al-Fahad claimed to possess tapes purportedly showing that Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Sabah and Jassem Al-Kharafi were discussing plans to topple the Kuwaiti government.^[296][295] Ahmad Al-Fahad appeared on local channel Al-Watan TV describing his claims.^[297]

In April 2014 the Kuwaiti government imposed a total media blackout to ban any reporting or discussion on the issue.^[298] In March 2015, Kuwait's public prosecutor dropped all investigations into the alleged coup plot and Ahmad Al-Fahad read a public apology on Kuwait state television renouncing the coup allegations.^[299] Since then, "numerous associates of his have been targeted and detained by the Kuwaiti authorities on various charges,"^[295] most notably members of the so-called "Fintas Group" that had allegedly been the original circulators of the fake coup video.^[295][300]

In December 2015, Ahmad Al-Fahad was convicted of "disrespect to the public prosecutor and attributing a remark to the country’s ruler without a special permission from the emir’s court," issuing a suspended six-month prison sentence and a fine of 1,000 Kuwaiti Dinar. In January 2016, the Kuwaiti appeals court overturned the prior ruling and cleared Ahmad Al-Fahad of all charges.^[301]

In November 2018, Ahmad Al-Fahad, along with four Al Sabah sheikhs, were charged in Switzerland with forgery related to the fake coup video.^[289] Shortly thereafter, Ahmad Al-Fahad temporarily stepped aside from his role at the International Olympic Committee, pending an ethics committee hearing into the allegations.^[302][303] Ahmad Al-Fahad remains temporarily suspended from the International Olympic Committee to date.^[304] The maximum jail sentence is five years.^[305]

On April 13 2021, a Kuwaiti court ordered the detention of Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah on corruption charges.^[45] He is the first former Kuwaiti prime minister to face pre-trial detention over graft charges.^[306] The crimes allegedly took place during Jaber Al-Sabah's 2001-11 term as defense minister.^[45]

For many years, Kuwait was suspended from participating in international sports due to undue government interference and corruption. Since 2007, Kuwait has been suspended by FIFA three times for "political interference" and were allowed to participate in the 2011 Asian Cup qualifying campaign and other international competitions on a provisional basis.^[307] Contrary to the road map established by FIFA and the AFC, the Al Sabah ruling family continued to interfere in sport elections. Elections were held on 9 October 2007 in direct violation of the FIFA Executive Committee's May 2007 decision to the contrary. As a consequence, the committee recommended to the FIFA Executive Committee that the Kuwait Football Association be unsuspended.^[308] Kuwait's football federation board resigned days after world governing body FIFA unsuspended Kuwait.^[309] The suspension was lifted after the federation said it will ratify new statutes to prevent government interference in the sport as demanded by FIFA. "Otherwise FIFA will immediately suspend the (federation) again," FIFA said in a statement.^[310] The suspension was conditionally lifted and extended by the FIFA Congress in June 2009.^[311] FIFA was closely monitoring the situation within Kuwait.^[312]

The International Olympic Committee imposed a suspension on the Kuwait committee with effect from 1 January 2010 due to Kuwaiti government legislation that permits the state to interfere in elections of sporting organizations. The government had failed to meet the IOC's 31 December 2009 deadline for amending the legislation. As a result, Kuwait was barred from receiving IOC funding and Kuwaiti athletes and officials were banned from Olympic Games and Olympic meetings.^[313]

At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, the 2010 Asian Games, and the 2011 Asian Winter Games, Kuwaiti athletes competed as independent athletes in a team named "Athletes from Kuwait" (code: IOC) under the Olympic Flag.^[314] On 14 July 2012 the suspension was lifted and Kuwaiti athletes were allowed to participate in the 2012 Summer Olympics under their own flag.^[315]

On 16 October 2015, FIFA suspended Kuwait and all remaining results from AFC Asian Cup and FIFA World Cup qualification were added as forfeits while all Kuwaiti teams that were participating in international competitions were withdrawn.^[316] Kuwait tried to get the suspension lifted at the 66th FIFA Congress but this was rejected and therefore from the earlier announcement on 27 April 2016, the hosting of the Gulf Cup of Nations tournament was moved to Qatar.^[317] The suspension was eventually lifted on 6 December 2017 after Kuwait's adoption of a new sports law.^[318]

The Kuwait Olympic Committee was again suspended on 27 October 2015 by the IOC to protect the Olympic movement in Kuwait from undue Kuwaiti government interference and corruption.^[319] As a result of this suspension, participation by athletes from Kuwait at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was allowed by the IOC in a special team named "Independent Olympic Athletes" (code: IOA) under the Olympic flag.^[320] In response to the Olympics suspension, Kuwait filed a $1 billion lawsuit against the IOC.^[321] The Kuwaiti government responded to the Olympics suspension in an official press release:

It's totally unacceptable that Kuwait is treated in this unfair way and barred from international sports activities without any appropriate probe being conducted. From the very beginning Kuwait did it its utmost to prevent the IOC suspension and showed a sincere desire to co-operate, but all to no avail. We sent a UN-sponsored delegation to Geneva to explain to the sports body that the Kuwaiti government by no means intervenes in sports activities. Kuwait has been left in an embarrassing position in sports circles where it is viewed as an outlaw.^[321]

Foreign relations[]

The foreign affairs of Kuwait are handled at the level of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The first foreign affairs department bureau was established in 1961. Kuwait became the 111th member state of the United Nations in May 1963. It is a long-standing member of the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation Council.

Before the Gulf War, Kuwait was the only "pro-Soviet" state in the Persian Gulf region.^[322] Kuwait acted as a conduit for the Soviets to the other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Kuwait was used to demonstrate the benefits of a pro-Soviet stance.^[322] In July 1987, Kuwait refused to allow U.S. military bases in its territory.^[323] As a result of the Gulf War, Kuwait's relations with the U.S. have improved (major non-NATO ally) and it currently hosts thousands of US military personnel and contractors within active U.S. facilities. Kuwait is also a major ally of ASEAN and enjoys a close relationship with China while working to establish a model of cooperation in numerous fields.^[324][325] According to Kuwaiti officials, Kuwait is the largest Arab investor in Germany, particularly with regard to the Mercedes-Benz company.^[326]

Military[]

The Military of Kuwait traces its original roots to the Kuwaiti cavalrymen and infantrymen that used to protect Kuwait and its wall since the early 1900s. These cavalrymen and infantrymen formed the defense and security forces in metropolitan areas and were charged with protecting outposts outside the wall of Kuwait.

The Military of Kuwait consists of several joint defense forces. The governing bodies are the Kuwait Ministry of Defense, the Kuwait Ministry of Interior, the Kuwait National Guard and the Kuwait Fire Service Directorate. The Emir of Kuwait is the commander-in-chief of all defense forces by default.

Legal system[]

Kuwait follows the "civil law system" modeled after the French legal system,^{[327][328][329]} Kuwait's legal system is largely secular.^{[330][331][332][333]} Sharia law governs only family law for Muslim residents,^[331][334] while non-Muslims in Kuwait have a secular family law. For the application of family law, there are three separate court sections: Sunni (Maliki), Shia, and non-Muslim. According to the United Nations, Kuwait's legal system is a mix of English common law, French civil law, Egyptian civil law and Islamic law.^[335]

The court system in Kuwait is secular.^[336][337] Unlike other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Kuwait does not have Sharia courts.^[337] Sections of the civil court system administer family law.^[337] Kuwait has the most secular commercial law in the Persian Gulf region.^[338] The parliament criminalized alcohol consumption in 1983.^[339] Kuwait's Code of Personal Status was promulgated in 1984.^[340]

Human rights[]

Human rights in Kuwait has been the subject of significant criticism, particularly regarding the Bedoon (stateless people).^{[22][23][341][161]} The Kuwaiti government's handling of the stateless Bedoon crisis has come under significant criticism from many human rights organisations and even the United Nations.^[287] According to Human Rights Watch in 1995, Kuwait has produced 300,000 stateless Bedoon.^[25] Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region.^[23][24] Since 1986, the Kuwaiti government has refused to grant any form of documentation to the Bedoon including birth certificates, death certificates, identity cards, marriage certificates, and driving licences.^[24][342] The Kuwaiti Bedoon crisis resembles the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar (Burma).^[343] According to several human rights organizations, Kuwait is committing ethnic cleansing and genocide against the stateless Bedoon.^[22][23][24]

On the other hand, human rights organizations have criticized Kuwait for the human rights abuses toward foreign nationals. Foreign nationals account for 70% of Kuwait's total population. The kafala system leaves foreign nationals prone to exploitation. Administrative deportation is very common in Kuwait for minor offenses, including minor traffic violations. Kuwait is one of the world's worst offenders in human trafficking. Hundreds of thousands of foreign nationals are subjected to numerous human rights abuses including involuntary servitude. They are subjected to physical and sexual abuse, non-payment of wages, poor work conditions, threats, confinement to the home, and withholding of passports to restrict their freedom of movement.^[344][345] Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic vaccination rollout, Kuwait has been regularly accused of implementing an xenophobic vaccine policy toward foreign nationals.^[346]

In 2009, 20% of the youth in juvenile centres had dyslexia, as compared to the 6% of the general population.^[347] Data from a 1993 study found that there is a higher rate of psychiatric morbidity in Kuwaiti prisons than in the general population.^[348]

Administrative divisions[]

Kuwait is divided into six governorates: Al Asimah Governorate (or Capital Governorate); Hawalli Governorate; Farwaniya Governorate; Mubarak Al-Kabeer Governorate; Ahmadi Governorate; and Jahra Governorate. The governorates are further subdivided into areas.

Economy[]

Kuwait has a wealthy petroleum-based economy.^[349] Kuwait is one of the richest countries in the world.^{[19][350][351][352]} The Kuwaiti dinar is the highest-valued unit of currency in the world.^[18] According to the World Bank, Kuwait is the fifth richest country in the world by gross national income per capita.^[19] As a result of various diversification policies, petroleum now accounts for 43% of total GDP and 70% of export earnings.^[209] The biggest non-oil industry is steel manufacturing.^{[353][354][355][356][357]}

In the past five years, there has been a significant rise in entrepreneurship and small business start-ups in Kuwait.^[358][359] The informal sector is also on the rise,^[360] mainly due to the popularity of Instagram businesses.^{[361][362][363]} In 2020, Kuwait ranked fourth in the MENA region in startup funding after the UAE, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.^[364]

In 2019, Kuwait's main export products were mineral fuels including oil (89.1% of total exports), aircraft and spacecraft (4.3%), organic chemicals (3.2%), plastics (1.2%), iron and steel (0.2%), gems and precious metals (0.1%), machinery including computers (0.1%), aluminum (0.1%), copper (0.1%), and salt, sulphur, stone and cement (0.1%).^[365] Kuwait was the world's biggest exporter of sulfonated, nitrated and nitrosated hydrocarbons in 2019.^[366] Kuwait was ranked 63rd out of 157 countries in the 2019 Economic Complexity Index (ECI).^[366]

In recent years, Kuwait has enacted certain measures to regulate foreign labor due to security concerns. For instance, workers from Georgia are subject to heightened scrutiny when applying for entry visas, and an outright ban was imposed on the entry of domestic workers from Guinea-Bissau and Vietnam.^[367] Workers from Bangladesh are also banned.^[368] In April 2019, Kuwait added Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Bhutan, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the list of banned countries bringing the total to 20. According to Migrant Rights, the bans are put in place mainly due to the fact that these countries lack embassies and labour corporations in Kuwait.^[369]

Petroleum and natural gas[]

Despite its relatively small territory, Kuwait has proven crude oil reserves of 104 billion barrels, estimated to be 10% of the world's reserves. Kuwait also has substantial natural gas reserves. All natural resources in the country are state property.

As part of Kuwait Vision 2035, Kuwait aims to position itself as a global hub for the petrochemical industry.^[370][190] Al Zour Refinery is the largest refinery in the Middle East.^{[371][372][373]} It is Kuwait's largest environmental friendly oil refinery.^[374][370] Al Zour Refinery is a Kuwait-China cooperation project under the Belt and Road Initiative.^[375] Al Zour LNG Terminal is the Middle East's largest import terminal for liquefied natural gas.^{[376][377][378]} It is the world's largest capacity LNG storage and regasification green field project.^[379][380] The project has attracted investments worth US$3 billion.^[381][382] Other megaprojects include biofuel and clean fuels.^[383][384]

Steel manufacturing[]

Steel manufacturing is Kuwait's second biggest industry.^[354] United Steel Industrial Company (KWT Steel) is Kuwait's main steel manufacturing company, the company caters to all of Kuwait's domestic market demands (particularly construction).^{[355][353][356][357]} Kuwait is self-sufficient in steel.^{[355][353][356][357]}

Agriculture[]

In 2016, Kuwait's food self-sufficiency ratio was 49.5% in vegetables, 38.7% in meat, 12.4% in diary, 24.9% in fruits, and 0.4% in cereals.^[385] 8.5% of Kuwait's entire territory consists of agricultural land, although arable land constitutes 0.6% of Kuwait's entire territory.^[386][387] Historically, Jahra was a predominantly agricultural area. There are currently various farms in Jahra.^[388]

Finance[]

The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA) is Kuwait's largest sovereign wealth fund specializing in foreign investment. The KIA is the world's oldest sovereign wealth fund. Since 1953, the Kuwaiti government has directed investments into Europe, United States and Asia Pacific. In 2021, the holdings were valued at around $700 billion in assets.^[389][390] It is the 3rd largest sovereign wealth fund in the world.^[389][390]

Kuwait has a leading position in the financial industry in the GCC.^[391] The Emir has promoted the idea that Kuwait should focus its energies, in terms of economic development, on the financial industry.^[391] The historical preeminence of Kuwait (among the GCC monarchies) in finance dates back to the founding of the National Bank of Kuwait in 1952.^[391] The bank was the first local publicly traded corporation in the GCC region.^[391] In the late 1970s and early 1980s, an alternative stock market, trading in shares of GCC companies, emerged in Kuwait, the Souk Al-Manakh.^[391] At its peak, its market capitalization was the third highest in the world, behind only the United States and Japan, and ahead of the United Kingdom and France.^[391]

Kuwait has a large wealth-management industry that stands out in the region.^[391] Kuwaiti investment companies administer more assets than those of any other GCC country, save the much larger Saudi Arabia.^[391] The Kuwait Financial Centre, in a rough calculation, estimated that Kuwaiti firms accounted for over one-third of the total assets under management in the GCC.^[391]

The relative strength of Kuwait in the financial industry extends to its stock market.^[391] For many years, the total valuation of all companies listed on the Kuwait Stock Exchange far exceeded the value of those on any other GCC bourse, except Saudi Arabia.^[391] In 2011, financial and banking companies made up more than half of the market capitalization of the Kuwaiti bourse; among all the GCC states, the market capitalization of Kuwaiti financial-sector firms was, in total, behind only that of Saudi Arabia.^[391] In recent years, Kuwaiti investment companies have invested large percentages of their assets abroad, and their foreign assets have become substantially larger than their domestic assets.^[391]

Kuwait is a major source of foreign economic assistance to other states through the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, an autonomous state institution created in 1961 on the pattern of international development agencies. In 1974, the fund's lending mandate was expanded to include all developing countries in the world.

Health[]

Kuwait has a state-funded healthcare system, which provides treatment without charge to Kuwaiti nationals. There are outpatient clinics in every residential area in Kuwait. A public insurance scheme exists to provide reduced cost healthcare to expatriates. Private healthcare providers also run medical facilities in the country, available to members of their insurance schemes. As part of Kuwait Vision 2035, many new hospitals recently opened.^{[392][393][394]} In the years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic, Kuwait invested in its health care system at a rate that was proportionally higher than most other GCC countries.^[395] Under the Kuwait Vision 2035 healthcare strategy, the public hospital sector significantly increased its capacity.^{[393][392][394]} Many new hospitals recently opened, Kuwait currently has 20 public hospitals.^{[396][393][392][394]} The new Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital is the largest hospital in the Middle East.^[397] Kuwait also has 16 private hospitals.^[392]

Science and technology[]

Kuwait has a growing scientific research sector. According to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Kuwait has registered 448 patents as of 31 December 2015,^[398] Kuwait is the second largest patent producer in the Arab world.^{[398][399][400][401]} In the early 2010s, Kuwait produced the largest number of scientific publications and patents per capita in the Arab world and OIC.^{[402][403][404][405][406]} The Kuwaiti government has implemented various programs to foster innovation resulting in patent rights.^[403][402] Between 2010 and 2014, Kuwait registered the highest growth in patents in the Arab world.^{[403][402][400]} The WIPO Global Innovation Index found that Kuwait ranks relatively high for its innovation efficiency ratio (which shows how much innovation output a country is getting for its inputs).^[407]

Kuwait was the first country in the region to implement 5G technology.^[408] Kuwait is among the world's leading markets in 5G penetration.^[408][409]

Space[]

Kuwait has an emerging space industry which is largely driven by private sector initiatives.^[410]

Kuwait's first satellite

Kuwait's Orbital Space in collaboration with the Space Challenges Program^[411] and EnduroSat^[412] introduced an international initiative called "Code in Space". The initiative allows students from around the world to send and execute their own code in space.^[413] The code is transmitted from a satellite ground station to a cubesat (nanosatellite) orbiting earth 500 km (310 mi) above sea level. The code is then executed by the satellite's onboard computer and tested under real space environment conditions. The nanosatellite is called "QMR-KWT" (Arabic: قمر الكويت) which means "Moon of Kuwait", translated from Arabic.^[414]

QMR-KWT launched to space on 30 June 2021^[415] on SpaceX Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket and was part of the payload of a satellite carrier called ION SCV Dauntless David by D-Orbit.^[416] It was deployed into its final orbit (Sun-synchronous orbit) on 16 July 2021.^[417] QMR-KWT is Kuwait's first satellite.^{[415][418][414]}

Um Alaish 4

Seven years after the launch of the world's first communications satellite, Telstar 1, Kuwait in October 1969 inaugurated the first satellite ground station in the Middle East, "Um Alaish".^[419] The Um Alaish satellite station complex housed several satellite ground stations including Um Alaish 1 (1969), Um Alaish 2 (1977), and Um Alaish 3 (1981). It provided satellite communication services in Kuwait until 1990 when it was destroyed by the Iraqi armed forces during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.^[420] In 2019, Kuwait's Orbital Space established an amateur satellite ground station to provide free access to signals from satellites in orbit passing over Kuwait. The station was named Um Alaish 4 to continue the legacy of "Um Alaish" satellite station.^[421] Um Alaish 4 is member of FUNcube distributed ground station network^[422] and the Satellite Networked Open Ground Station project (SatNOGS).^[423]

Kuwait Space Rocket

The Kuwait Space Rocket (KSR) is a Kuwaiti project to build and launch the first suborbital liquid bi-propellant rocket in Arabia.^[424] The project is divided into two phases with two separate vehicles: an initial testing phase with KSR-1 as a test vehicle capable of reaching an altitude of 8 km (5.0 mi) and a more expansive suborbital test phase with the KSR-2 planned to fly to an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).^[425]

Mission Patch for Kuwait's Experiment in Space

TSCK experiment in space

Kuwait's Orbital Space in collaboration with the Kuwait Scientific Center (TSCK) introduced for the first time in Kuwait the opportunity for students to send a science experiment to space. The objectives of this initiative was to allow students to learn about (a) how science space missions are done; (b) microgravity (weightlessness) environment; (c) how to do science like a real scientist. This opportunity was made possible through Orbital Space agreement with DreamUp PBC and Nanoracks LLC, which are collaborating with NASA under a Space Act Agreement.^[426] The students' experiment was named "Kuwait’s Experiment: E.coli Consuming Carbon Dioxide to Combat Climate Change".^[427][428] The experiment was launched on SpaceX CRS-21 (SpX-21) spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS) on 6 December 2020. Astronaut Shannon Walker (member of the ISS Expedition 64) conducted the experiment on behalf of the students.

National satellite project

In July 2021, Kuwait University announced that it is launching a national satellite project as part of state-led efforts to pioneer the country's sustainable space sector.^[429][430]

Education[]

Kuwait had the highest literacy rate in the Arab world in 2010.^[431] The general education system consists of four levels: kindergarten (lasting for 2 years), primary (lasting for 5 years), intermediate (lasting for 4 years) and secondary (lasting for 3 years).^[432] Schooling at primary and intermediate level is compulsory for all students aged 6 – 14. All the levels of state education, including higher education, are free.^[433] The public education system is undergoing a revamp due to a project in conjunction with the World Bank.^[434][435]

Tourism[]

In 2020, Kuwait's domestic travel and tourism spending reached $6.1 billion (up from $1.6 billion in 2019) with family tourism a rapidly growing segment.^[217] The WTTC named Kuwait as one of the world's fastest-growing countries in travel and tourism GDP in 2019, with 11.6% year-on-year growth.^[217] In 2016, the tourism industry generated nearly $500 million in revenue.^[436] In 2015, tourism accounted for 1.5 percent of the GDP.^[437][438] Sabah Al Ahmad Sea City is one of Kuwait's biggest attractions.

The Amiri Diwan recently inaugurated the new Kuwait National Cultural District (KNCD), which comprises Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem Cultural Centre, Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre, Al Shaheed Park, and Al Salam Palace.^[215][214] With a capital cost of more than US$1 billion, the project is one of the largest cultural investments in the world.^[215] The Kuwait National Cultural District is a member of the Global Cultural Districts Network.^[439] Al Shaheed Park is the largest green roof project ever undertaken in the Arab world.^[440] The annual "Hala Febrayer" festival attracts many tourists from neighboring GCC countries,^[441] and includes a variety of events including music concerts, parades, and carnivals.^{[441][442][443]} The festival is a month-long commemoration of the liberation of Kuwait, and runs from 1 to 28 February. Liberation Day itself is celebrated on 26 February.^[444]

Transport[]

Kuwait has an extensive and modern network of highways. Roadways extended 5,749 km (3,572 mi), of which 4,887 km (3,037 mi) is paved. There are more than two million passenger cars, and 500,000 commercial taxis, buses, and trucks in use. On major highways the maximum speed is 120 km/h (75 mph). Since there is no railway system in the country, most people travel by automobiles.

The country's public transportation network consists almost entirely of bus routes. The state owned Kuwait Public Transportation Company was established in 1962. It runs local bus routes across Kuwait as well as longer distance services to other Gulf states. The main private bus company is CityBus, which operates about 20 routes across the country. Another private bus company, Kuwait Gulf Link Public Transport Services, was started in 2006. It runs local bus routes across Kuwait and longer distance services to neighbouring Arab countries.

There are two airports in Kuwait. Kuwait International Airport serves as the principal hub for international air travel. State-owned Kuwait Airways is the largest airline in the country. A portion of the airport complex is designated as Al Mubarak Air Base, which contains the headquarters of the Kuwait Air Force, as well as the Kuwait Air Force Museum. In 2004, the first private airline of Kuwait, Jazeera Airways, was launched. In 2005, the second private airline, Wataniya Airways was founded.

Kuwait has one of the largest shipping industries in the region. The Kuwait Ports Public Authority manages and operates ports across Kuwait. The country's principal commercial seaports are Shuwaikh and Shuaiba, which handled combined cargo of 753,334 TEU in 2006.^[445] Mina Al-Ahmadi, the largest port in the country, handles most of Kuwait's oil exports.^[446] Mubarak Al Kabeer Port in Bubiyan Island is currently under construction. The port is expected to handle 2 million TEU when operations start.

Demographics[]

Kuwait's 2018 population was 4.6 million people, of which 1.4 million were Kuwaitis, 1.2 million are other Arabs, 1.8 million Asian expatriates,^[2] and 47,227 Africans.^[447]

Ethnic groups[]

Expatriates in Kuwait account for around 70% of Kuwait's total population. At the end of December 2018, 57.65% of Kuwait's total population were Arabs (including Arab expats).^[2] Indians and Egyptians are the largest expat communities respectively.^[448]

Religion[]

Kuwait's official state religion is Maliki Sunni Islam. The Al Sabah ruling family including the Emir, adhere to the Maliki madhhab of Sunni Islam. Most Kuwaiti citizens are Muslim; there is no official national census but it is estimated that 60%–70% are Sunni and 30%–40% are Shia.^[449][450] The country includes a native Christian community, estimated to be composed of between 259 and 400 Christian Kuwaiti citizens.^[451] Kuwait is the only GCC country besides Bahrain to have a local Christian population who hold citizenship. There is also a small number of Kuwaiti citizens who follow the Baháʼí Faith.^[452][453] Kuwait also has a large community of expatriate Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, and Sikhs.^[452]

Languages[]

Kuwait's official language is Modern Standard Arabic, but its everyday usage is limited to journalism and education. Kuwaiti Arabic is the variant of Arabic used in everyday life.^[454] English is widely understood and often used as a business language. Besides English, French is taught as a third language for the students of the humanities at schools, but for two years only. Kuwaiti Arabic is a variant of Gulf Arabic, sharing similarities with the dialects of neighboring coastal areas in Eastern Arabia.^[455] Due to immigration during its pre-oil history as well as trade, Kuwaiti Arabic borrowed a lot of words from Persian, Indian languages, Balochi language, Turkish, English and Italian.^[456]

Due to historical immigration, Kuwaiti Persian is used among Ajam Kuwaitis.^[457][458] The Iranian sub-dialects of Larestani, Khonji, Bastaki and Gerashi also influenced the vocabulary of Kuwaiti Arabic.^[459] Most Shia Kuwaiti citizens are of Iranian ancestry.^{[460][461][462][463][464][465]}

Culture[]

Kuwaiti popular culture, in the form of theatre, radio, music, and television soap opera, flourishes and is even exported to neighboring states.^[466][467] Within the Gulf Arab states, the culture of Kuwait is the closest to the culture of Bahrain; this is evident in the close association between the two states in theatrical productions and soap operas.^[468]

Television and theatre[]

Kuwait's television drama industry tops other Gulf Arab drama industries and produces a minimum of fifteen serials annually.^{[469][470][471]} Kuwait is the production centre of the Gulf television drama and comedy scene.^[470] Most Gulf television drama and comedy productions are filmed in Kuwait.^{[470][472][473]} Kuwaiti soap operas are the most-watched soap operas from the Gulf region.^{[469][474][475]} Soap operas are most popular during the time of Ramadan, when families gather to break their fast.^[476] Although usually performed in the Kuwaiti dialect, they have been shown with success as far away as Tunisia.^[477] Kuwait is frequently dubbed the "Hollywood of the Gulf" due to the popularity of its television soap operas and theatre.^[478]

Kuwait is known for its home-grown tradition of theatre.^{[479][480][481]} Kuwait is the only country in the Gulf Arab region with a theatrical tradition.^[479] The theatrical movement in Kuwait constitutes a major part of the country's cultural life.^[482] Theatrical activities in Kuwait began in the 1920s when the first spoken dramas were released.^[483] Theatre activities are still popular today.^[482] Abdulhussain Abdulredha is the most prominent actor.

Kuwait is the main centre of scenographic and theatrical training in the Gulf region.^[484][485] In 1973, the Higher Institute of Theatrical Arts was founded by the government to provide higher education in theatrical arts.^[485] The institute has several divisions. Many actors have graduated from the institute, such as Souad Abdullah, Mohammed Khalifa, Mansour Al-Mansour, along with a number of prominent critics such as Ismail Fahd Ismail.

Theatre in Kuwait is subsidized by the government, previously by the Ministry of Social Affairs and now by the National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters (NCCAL).^[486] Every urban district has a public theatre.^[487] The public theatre in Salmiya is named after Abdulhussain Abdulredha.

Music[]

Kuwait is the birthplace of various popular musical genres, such as sawt and fijiri.^[488][489] Traditional Kuwaiti music is a reflection of the country's seafaring heritage,^[490] which is known for genres such as fijiri.^{[491][492][488]} Kuwait is widely considered the centre of traditional music in the Gulf region.^[488] Kuwaiti music has considerably influenced the music culture in other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.^[493][489] Kuwait pioneered contemporary Khaliji music.^{[494][495][496]} Kuwaitis were the first commercial recording artists in the Gulf region.^{[494][495][496]} The first known Kuwaiti recordings were made between 1912 and 1915.^[497]

Kuwait is home to various music festivals, including the International Music Festival hosted by the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters (NCCAL).^[498][499] The Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre contains the largest opera house in the Middle East.^[500] Kuwait has several academic institutions specializing in university-level music education.^[501][502] The Higher Institute of Musical Arts was established by the government to provide bachelor's degrees in music.^{[503][501][502]} In addition, the College of Basic Education offers bachelor's degrees in music education.^{[503][501][502]} The Institute of Musical Studies offers music education qualifications equivalent to secondary school.^{[503][502][501]}

Kuwait has a reputation for being the central music influence of the GCC countries.^[504] Over the last decade of satellite television stations, many Kuwaiti musicians have become household names in other Arab countries. For example, Bashar Al Shatty became famous due to Star Academy. Contemporary Kuwaiti music is popular throughout the Arab world. Nawal El Kuwaiti, Nabeel Shoail and Abdallah Al Rowaished are the most popular contemporary performers.^[505]

Arts[]

Kuwait has the oldest modern arts movement in the Arabian Peninsula.^{[506][507][508]} Beginning in 1936, Kuwait was the first Gulf Arab country to grant scholarships in the arts.^[506] The Kuwaiti artist Mojeb al-Dousari was the earliest recognized visual artist in the Gulf Arab region.^[509] He is regarded as the founder of portrait art in the region.^[510] The Sultan Gallery was the first professional Arab art gallery in the Gulf.^[511][512]

Kuwait is home to more than 30 art galleries.^[513][514] In recent years, Kuwait's contemporary art scene has boomed.^{[515][516][517]} Khalifa Al-Qattan was the first artist to hold a solo exhibition in Kuwait. He founded a new art theory in the early 1960s known as "circulism".^[518][519] Other notable Kuwaiti artists include Sami Mohammad, Thuraya Al-Baqsami and Suzan Bushnaq.

The government organizes various arts festivals, including the Al Qurain Cultural Festival and Formative Arts Festival.^{[520][521][522]} The Kuwait International Biennial was inaugurated in 1967,^[523] more than 20 Arab and foreign countries have participated in the biennial.^[523] Prominent participants include Layla Al-Attar. In 2004, the Al Kharafi Biennial for Contemporary Arab Art was inaugurated.

Cuisine[]

Kuwaiti cuisine is a fusion of Arabian, Iranian, and Mesopotamian cuisines. Kuwaiti cuisine is part of the Eastern Arabian cuisine. A prominent dish in Kuwaiti cuisine is machboos, a rice-based dish usually prepared with basmati rice seasoned with spices, and chicken or mutton.

Seafood is a significant part of the Kuwaiti diet, especially fish.^[524] Mutabbaq samak is a national dish in Kuwait. Other local favourites are hamour (grouper), which is typically served grilled, fried, or with biryani rice because of its texture and taste; safi (rabbitfish); maid (mulletfish); and sobaity (sea bream).

Kuwait's traditional flatbread is called Iranian khubz. It is a large flatbread baked in a special oven and it is often topped with sesame seeds. Numerous local bakeries dot the country; the bakers are mainly Iranians (hence the name of the bread, "Iranian khubuz"). Bread is often served with mahyawa fish sauce.

Museums[]

The new Kuwait National Cultural District (KNCD) consists of various cultural venues including Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem Cultural Centre, Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre, Al Shaheed Park, and Al Salam Palace.^[215][214] With a capital cost of more than US$1 billion, it is one of the largest cultural districts in the world.^[215] The Abdullah Salem Cultural Centre is the largest museum complex in the Middle East.^[525][526] The Kuwait National Cultural District is a member of the Global Cultural Districts Network.^[439]

Several Kuwaiti museums are devoted to Islamic art, most notably the Tareq Rajab Museums and Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah cultural centres.^[527][528] The Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah cultural centres include education wings, conservation labs, and research libraries.^{[529][530][531]} There are several art libraries in Kuwait.^{[532][531][533]} Khalifa Al-Qattan's Mirror House is the most popular art museum in Kuwait.^[534] Many museums in Kuwait are private enterprises.^[535][527] In contrast to the top-down approach in other Gulf states, museum development in Kuwait reflects a greater sense of civic identity and demonstrates the strength of civil society in Kuwait, which has produced many independent cultural enterprises.^{[536][527][535]}

Sadu House is among Kuwait's most important cultural institutions. Bait Al-Othman is the largest museum specializing in Kuwait's history. The Scientific Center is one of the largest science museums in the Middle East. The Museum of Modern Art showcases the history of modern art in Kuwait and the region.^[537] The National Museum, established in 1983, has been described as "underused and overlooked".^[538]

Society[]

Kuwaiti society is markedly more open than other Gulf Arab societies.^[539] Kuwaiti citizens are ethnically diverse, consisting of both Arabs and Persians ('Ajam).^[540] Kuwait stands out in the region as the most liberal in empowering women in the public sphere.^{[541][542][543]} Kuwaiti women outnumber men in the workforce.^[271] Kuwaiti political scientist Ghanim Alnajjar sees these qualities as a manifestation of Kuwaiti society as a whole, whereby in the Gulf Arab region it is "the least strict about traditions".^[544]

Media[]

Kuwait produces more newspapers and magazines per capita than its neighbors.^[545][546] The state-owned Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) is the largest media house in the country. The Ministry of Information regulates the media industry in Kuwait. Kuwait's media is annually classified as "partly free" in the Freedom of Press survey by Freedom House.^[547] Since 2005,^[548] Kuwait has frequently earned the highest ranking of all Arab countries in the annual Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders.^{[549][550][551][552][553][554][555][556][557]} In 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2014, Kuwait surpassed Israel as the country with the greatest press freedom in the Middle East.^{[549][550][551][552][556]} Kuwait is also frequently ranked as the Arab country with the greatest press freedom in Freedom House's annual Freedom of Press survey.^{[558][559][560][561][562][563][564]}

Kuwait has 15 satellite television channels, of which four are controlled by the Ministry of Information. State-owned Kuwait Television (KTV) offered first colored broadcast in 1974 and operates five television channels. Government-funded Radio Kuwait also offers daily informative programming in several languages including Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and English on the AM and SW.

Literature[]

Kuwait has in recent years produced several prominent contemporary writers such as Ismail Fahd Ismail, author of over twenty novels and numerous short story collections. There is also evidence that Kuwaiti literature has long been interactive with English and French literature.^[565]

Sport[]

Football is the most popular sport in Kuwait. The Kuwait Football Association (KFA) is the governing body of football in Kuwait. The KFA organises the men's, women's, and futsal national teams. The Kuwaiti Premier League is the top league of Kuwaiti football, featuring eighteen teams. The Kuwait national football team have been the champions of the 1980 AFC Asian Cup, runners-up of the 1976 AFC Asian Cup, and have taken third place of the 1984 AFC Asian Cup. Kuwait has also been to one FIFA World Cup, in 1982; they drew 1–1 with Czechoslovakia before losing to France and England, failing to advance from the first round. Kuwait is home to many football clubs including Al-Arabi, Al-Fahaheel, Al-Jahra, Al-Kuwait, Al-Naser, Al-Salmiya, Al-Shabab, Al Qadsia, Al-Yarmouk, Kazma, Khaitan, Sulaibikhat, Sahel, and Tadamon. The biggest football rivalry in Kuwait is between Al-Arabi and Al Qadsia.

Basketball is one of the country's most popular sports. The Kuwait national basketball team is governed by the Kuwait Basketball Association (KBA). Kuwait made its international debut in 1959. The national team has been to the FIBA Asian Championship in basketball eleven times. The Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League is the highest professional basketball league in Kuwait. Cricket in Kuwait is governed by the Kuwait Cricket Association. Other growing sports include rugby union. Handball is widely considered to be the national icon of Kuwait, although football is more popular among the overall population.

Ice hockey in Kuwait is governed by the Kuwait Ice Hockey Association. Kuwait first joined the International Ice Hockey Federation in 1985, but was expelled in 1992 due to a lack of ice hockey activity.^[566] Kuwait was re-admitted into the IIHF in May 2009.^[567] In 2015, Kuwait won the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia.^[568][569]

In February 2020 Kuwait held for the first time a leg of the UIM Aquabike World Championship in front of Marina Beach City.^[570]

See also[]

• Outline of Kuwait
• Index of Kuwait-related articles

References[]

Further reading[]

External links[]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kuwait.

• Wikimedia Atlas of Kuwait