Magdeburg

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:  –  ·  ·  · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Magdeburg
Clockwise: Magdeburg Cathedral at night, Green Citadel, Elbe River, view of the city, Our Dear Ladies' Monastery, town hall and golden Magdeburg Rider statue
Flag Coat of arms
show Location of Magdeburg Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Magdeburg Magdeburg Show map of GermanyShow map of Saxony-AnhaltShow all
Coordinates: 52°8′0″N 11°37′0″E / 52.13333°N 11.61667°E / 52.13333; 11.61667Coordinates: 52°8′0″N 11°37′0″E / 52.13333°N 11.61667°E / 52.13333; 11.61667
Country	Germany
State	Saxony-Anhalt
District	Urban district
Subdivisions	40 boroughs
Government
• Lord mayor (2015–22)	Lutz Trümper[1] (SPD)
Area
• Total	200.95 km2 (77.59 sq mi)
Elevation	43 m (141 ft)
Population  (2020-12-31)[2]
• Total	235,775
• Density	1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes	39104–39130
Dialling codes	0391
Vehicle registration	MD
Website	www.magdeburg.de

Magdeburg (German: [ˈmakdəbʊʁk] (listen); Low Saxon: Meideborg [ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐ̯x]) is the capital and second-largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, after Halle (Saale). It is situated on the Elbe River.^[3]

Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the archbishopric of Magdeburg, was buried in the city's cathedral after his death.^[3] Magdeburg's version of German town law, known as Magdeburg rights, spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Until 1631, Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of the Hanseatic League.

Magdeburg has been destroyed twice in its history. The Catholic League sacked Magdeburg in 1631,^[3] resulting in the death of 25,000 non-combatants, the largest loss of the Thirty Years' War. Allies bombed the city in 1945, destroying much of it.

Magdeburg is the site of two universities, the Otto-von-Guericke University and the Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences.^[4]

Magdeburg is situated on autobahn route 2, and hence is at the connection point of the East (Berlin and beyond) with the West of Europe, as well as the North and South of Germany. As a modern manufacturing centre, the production of chemical products, steel, paper, and textiles are of particular economic significance, along with mechanical engineering and plant engineering, ecotechnology and life-cycle management, health management and logistics.

In 2005 Magdeburg celebrated its 1200th anniversary. In June 2013 the city was hit by record breaking flooding.^[5]

History[]

Kaiser Otto I and his wife Edith arrive near Magdeburg (Hugo Vogel 1898, Ständehaus Merseburg)

Early years[]

Founded by Charlemagne in 805 as Magadoburg (probably from Old High German magado for big, mighty and burga for fortress^[6]), the town was fortified in 919 by King Henry the Fowler against the Magyars and Slavs. In 929 King Otto I granted the city to his English-born wife Edith as dower. Queen Edith loved the town and often resided there;^[7] at her death she was buried in the crypt of the Benedictine abbey of Saint Maurice, later rebuilt as the cathedral. In 937, Magdeburg was the seat of a royal assembly. Otto I repeatedly visited Magdeburg, establishing a convent here about 937^[3] and was later buried in the cathedral. He granted the abbey the right to income from various tithes and to corvée labour from the surrounding countryside.

The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was founded in 968^[3] at the synod of Ravenna; Adalbert of Magdeburg was consecrated as its first archbishop. The archbishopric under Adalbert included the bishoprics of Havelberg, Brandenburg, Merseburg, Meissen and Naumburg-Zeitz. The archbishops played a prominent role in the German colonisation of the Slavic lands east of the Elbe river.

In 1035 Magdeburg received a patent giving the city the right to hold trade exhibitions and conventions, which form the basis of the later family of city laws known as the Magdeburg rights. These laws were adopted and modified throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Visitors from many countries began to trade with Magdeburg. It was burnt down in 1188.^[3]

In the 13th century, Magdeburg became a member of the Hanseatic League. With more than 20,000 inhabitants Magdeburg was one of the largest cities in the Holy Roman Empire. The town had active maritime commerce on the west (towards Flanders), with the countries of the North Sea, and maintained traffic and communication with the interior (for example Brunswick).^[7]

Reformation[]

Gaspar Schott's sketch of Otto von Guericke's Magdeburg hemispheres experiment.

The citizens constantly struggled against the archbishop, becoming nearly independent from him by the end of the 15th century. Around Easter 1497, the then twelve-year-old Martin Luther attended school in Magdeburg, where he was exposed to the teachings of the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1524, he was called to Magdeburg, where he preached and caused the city's defection from Roman Catholicism. The Protestant Reformation had quickly found adherents in the city, where Luther had been a schoolboy. Emperor Charles V repeatedly outlawed the unruly town, which had joined the League of Torgau and the Schmalkaldic League.^[7]

As it had not accepted the Augsburg Interim decree (1548), the city, by the emperor's commands, was besieged (1550–1551) by Maurice, Elector of Saxony, but it retained its independence. The rule of the archbishop was replaced by that of various administrators belonging to Protestant dynasties. In the following years, Magdeburg gained a reputation as a stronghold of Protestantism and became the first major city to publish the writings of Martin Luther. In Magdeburg, Matthias Flacius and his companions wrote their anti-Catholic pamphlets and the Magdeburg Centuries, in which they argued that the Roman Catholic Church had become the kingdom of the Antichrist.^[7]

In 1629 the city withstood its first siege during the Thirty Years' War, by Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Protestant convert to Catholicism. However, in 1631, imperial troops under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, stormed the city and massacred the inhabitants, killing about 20,000 and burning the city.^[8]

After the war, a population of only 4,000 remained. Under the Peace of Westphalia (1648), Magdeburg was to be assigned to Brandenburg-Prussia after the death of the administrator August of Saxe-Weissenfels, as the semi-autonomous Duchy of Magdeburg. This occurred in 1680.^[9][10][11]

The city made an astonishingly quick recovery, due especially to the energy and dedication of its mayor Otto von Guericke, who was also a noted scientist. Just six years after the end of the terribly destructive war, Magdeburg was the scene of the famous scientific experiment known as The Magdeburg hemispheres by which the existence of vacuum - hitherto hotly debated - was empirically proven, with enormous implications for the later developments of physics.^[12]

19th century[]

In the course of the Napoleonic Wars, the fortress surrendered to French troops in 1806. The city was annexed to the French-controlled Kingdom of Westphalia in the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit. King Jérôme appointed Count Heinrich von Blumenthal as mayor. In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, Magdeburg was made the capital of the new Prussian Province of Saxony. In 1912, the old fortress was dismantled, and in 1908, the municipality Rothensee became part of Magdeburg.^[13]

20th century[]

Magdeburg was heavily bombed by British and American air forces during the Second World War. The RAF bombing raid on the night of 16 January 1945 destroyed much of the city. The death toll is estimated at 2,000–2,500. Near the end of World War II, the city of about 340,000 became capital of the Province of Magdeburg. Brabag's Magdeburg/Rothensee plant that produced synthetic oil from lignite coal was a target of the Oil Campaign of World War II. The impressive Gründerzeit suburbs north of the city, called the Nordfront, were destroyed as well as the city's main street with its Baroque buildings. It was occupied by 9th US Army troops on 18 April 1945 and was left to the Red Army on 1 July 1945. Post-war the area was part of the Soviet Zone of Occupation and many of the remaining pre-World War II city buildings were destroyed, with only a few buildings near the cathedral and in the southern part of the old city being restored to their pre-war state. Before the reunification of Germany, many surviving Gründerzeit buildings were left uninhabited and, after years of degradation, waiting for demolition. From 1949 until German reunification on 3 October 1990, Magdeburg belonged to the German Democratic Republic.

• 

  Map of Magdeburg, 1900

• 

  Sealing stamp (1850–1923)

• 

  Magdeburg after World War II

• 

  Destroyed Magdeburg

Since German reunification[]

In 1990 Magdeburg became the capital of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt within reunified Germany. Huge parts of the city and its centre were also rebuilt in a modern style. Its economy is one of the fastest-growing in the former East German states.^[14]

In 2005 Magdeburg celebrated its 1200th anniversary.

The city was hit by 2013 European floods. Authorities declared a state of emergency and said they expected the Elbe river to rise higher than in 2002. In Magdeburg, with water levels of five metres (16 ft) above normal, about 23,000 residents had to leave their homes on 9 June.^[15]

• 

  Magdeburg is the capital and seat of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt

• 

  Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, created in 1993

• 

  The Green Citadel of Magdeburg, built in 2005

• 

  Magdeburg during the 2013 Elbe flood

• 

  Magdeburg's centre has a number of Stalinist buildings from the 1950s.

Geography[]

This section needs expansion. You can help by . (May 2020)

Magdeburg is one of the major towns along the Elbe Cycle Route (Elberadweg).

Climate[]

Magdeburg has a Humid continental climate (Dfb) bordering on an oceanic climate (Cfb) according to Köppen climate classification.

Demographics[]

Population change[]

Population 1400 to 1870

Population since 1871

Population change since 1400:

Foreign population[]

Largest groups of foreigners:[citation needed]
Nationality	Population (31 December 2019)
Syria	5,176
Romania	1,708
Afghanistan	1,090
Poland	1,066
Ukraine	877
Russia	788
Vietnam	758
China	702
Turkey	567
India	400

Education[]

The Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (German: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg) was founded in 1993 and is one of the youngest universities in Germany. The university in Magdeburg has about 13,000 students in nine faculties. There are 11,700 papers published in international journals from this institute.

The was founded in 1991. There are 30 direct study programs in five departments in Magdeburg and two departments in Stendal. The university has more than 130 professors and approximately 4,500 students at Magdeburg and 1,900 at Stendal.

• 

  Aerial view of the University area

• 

  Campus tower of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg

• 

  Magdeburg library

• 

  Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Science

Culture and architecture[]

Magdeburg Christmas market

Entertainment[]

Magdeburg has a municipal theatre, Theater Magdeburg.

Magdeburg is well known for its Christmas market, which is an attraction for 1.5 million visitors every year. Other events are the Stadtfest, Christopher Street Day, Elbe in Flames, and the Europafest Magdeburg. The autumn fair (formerly men's fair) of Magdeburg goes back to Germany's oldest folk festival. The tradition dates back to September 1010, when the holy feast of the Theban Legion was celebrated in Magdeburg (then called Magathaburg).^[17]

Event venues[]

• Cathedral of Magdeburg

The GETEC Arena

Lake-Stage at Elbauenpark

• GETEC Arena – Biggest multi-purpose hall in Saxony-Anhalt, home of handball team SC Magdeburg
• AMO – Culture and congress building
• Altes Theater am Jerichower Platz – Former theater, used for parties and large conferences
• Stadthalle – Concert hall
• St. Johannis Church
• St. Petri Church, with stained glass by Charles Crodel
• Seebühne at Elbauenpark
• Paulus Church
• Concert hall Georg Philipp Telemann at "Kloster unser lieben Frauen"
• Projekt 7 – Night club at the university campus. Concerts with indie-pop and rock music
• Factory – Former factory building, German and international pop, rock, metal, and indie music artists are featured
• Kulturwerk Fichte – used mainly for conferences
• Prinzzclub – Night club at Halberstädter Straße – house-, electro, and black music
• Festung Mark – Part of the former city fortification, now reconstructed for parties and conventions
• Kunstkantine – Factory cafeteria, monthly electro-music parties
• Feuerwache – Former fire station, repurposed for events
• MDCC-Arena – Home of 1. FC Magdeburg

Museums[]

• Magdeburg Museum of Cultural History
• Otto-von-Guericke-Museum Lukasklause
• Jahrtausendturm
• Magdeburg Museum of Nature
• Magdeburg Museum of Technology
• Art Museum in the Monastery of Our Lady
• Magdeburg Circus Museum
• Magdeburg Hairdressing Museum
• Steamboat Württemberg - a museum ship

Architecture[]

Cathedral of Magdeburg

The three churches at night

Grüne Zitadelle

Cathedral[]

One of Magdeburg's most impressive buildings is the Lutheran Cathedral of Saints Catherine and Maurice with a height of 104 m (341.21 ft), making it the tallest church building of eastern Germany. It is notable for its beautiful and unique sculptures, especially the "Twelve Virgins" at the Northern Gate, the depictions of Otto I the Great and his wife Editha as well as the statues of St Maurice and St Catherine. The predecessor of the cathedral was a church built in 937 within an abbey, called St. Maurice. Emperor Otto I the Great was buried here beside his wife in 973. St. Maurice burnt to ashes in 1207. The exact location of that church remained unknown for a long time. The foundations were rediscovered in May 2003, revealing a building 80 m (262.47 ft) long and 41 m (134.51 ft) wide.

The construction of the new church lasted 300 years. The cathedral of Saints Catherine and Maurice was the first Gothic church building in Germany. The building of the steeples was completed as late as 1520.

While the cathedral was virtually the only building to survive the massacres of the Thirty Years' War, it suffered damage in World War II. It was soon rebuilt and completed in 1955.

The square in front of the cathedral (also called the Neuer Markt, or "new marketplace") was occupied by an imperial palace (Kaiserpfalz), which was destroyed in the fire of 1207. The stones from the ruin were used for the building of the cathedral. The presumed remains of the palace were excavated in the 1960s.

Other sights[]

• Unser Lieben Frauen Monastery (Our Lady), 11th century, containing the church of St. Mary. Today a museum for Modern Art. Home of the National Collection of Small Art Statues of the GDR (Nationale Sammlung Kleinkunstplastiken der DDR).
• The Magdeburger Reiter ("Magdeburg Rider", 1240), the first free-standing equestrian sculpture north of the Alps. It probably depicts the Emperor Otto I.
• City hall (1698). This building had stood on the market place since the 13th century, but it was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War; the new city hall was built in a Renaissance style influenced by Dutch architecture. It was renovated and re-opened in Oct 2005.
• Landtag; the seat of the government of Saxony-Anhalt with its Baroque façade built-in 1724.
• Monuments depicting Otto von Guericke (1907), Eike von Repkow and Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben.
• Ruins of the greatest fortress of the former Kingdom of Prussia.
• Rotehorn-Park.
• Elbauenpark containing the highest wooden structure in Germany.
• St. Sebastian's Cathedral, the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Magdeburg.
• St. John Church (Johanniskirche)
• The Gruson-Gewächshäuser, a botanical garden within a greenhouse complex
• The Magdeburg Water Bridge, Europe's longest water bridge
• "Die Grüne Zitadelle" or The Green Citadel of Magdeburg, a large, pink building of a modern architectural style designed by Friedensreich Hundertwasser and completed in 2005.
• Jerusalem Bridge.

View of Magdeburg, from the tower of the Johanniskirche

Sports[]

Magdeburg has a proud history of sports teams, with football proving the most popular. 1. FC Magdeburg currently play in the 3. Liga, the third division of German football. They are the only East German football club to have won a European club football competition. The now-defunct clubs SV Victoria 96 Magdeburg and Cricket Viktoria Magdeburg were among the first football clubs in Germany.

There is also the very successful handball team, SC Magdeburg who are the first German team to win the EHF Champions League.

The discus was re-discovered in Magdeburg in the 1870s by Christian Georg Kohlrausch, a gymnastics teacher.

Twin towns – sister cities[]

Magdeburg is twinned with:^[18]

Notable people[]

A–K[]

Otto von Guericke

• Max Albert (1905–1976), writer
• Ernst Anders (1845–1911), portrait and genre painter
• Richard Assmann (1845–1918), meteorologist
• Theodor Avé-Lallemant (1806–1890), music critic and writer on music
• Alfons Bach, (1904–1999), industrial designer^[19]
• Kurt Behrens (1884–1928), springboard diver
• Arno Bieberstein (1884–1918), swimmer
• Jessica Böhrs (born 1980), actress and singer
• Henry Busse (1894–1955), trumpeter and bandleader, emigrated to the US at 18
• Adelbert Delbrück (1822–1890), banker and lawyer
• Friedrich Ernst Fesca (1789–1826), violinist and composer
• Hans Gericke (1912–2014), architect
• Frank Giering (1971–2010), actor
• Harry Giese (1903–1991), actor and spokesman in Nazi newsreels
• Georg Gradnauer (1866–1946), newspaper editor and politician
• Alfred Grünberg (1901–1942), worker, KPD member and resistance fighter against Nazism
• Otto von Guericke (1602–1686), mayor and inventor of the Magdeburg hemispheres. The Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg is named after him.
• Carl Gustav Friedrich Hasselbach (1809–1882), mayor and member of the Prussian House of Lords; a square in the centre of Magdeburg is named after him
• Ulrike Helzel, soprano
• Gottlieb von Haeseler (1701–1752), entrepreneur in the Duchy of Magdeburg
• Ingolf Huhn (born in 1955), theatre and opera manager
• (1876–1960), immigrated to the US, where he changed his name to William Hartman and served as a Rough Rider in the Spanish–American War together with Theodore Roosevelt.
• Christian Georg Kohlrausch (1851–1934), gymnastics teacher and re-discoverer of discus throwing
• Carl Hindenburg (1820–1899), cycling official and first president of the German Cyclist Federation (DRB)
• Heinrich Jost (1889–1948), typeface designer
• Georg Kaiser (1878–1945), writer
• Nadine Kleinert (born 1975), retired shot putter, Olympic and World Championship silver medallist
• Wilhelm Kobelt (1865–1927), member of the Reichstag and local politician in Magdeburg
• (born 1938), engineer, 3 times Australian masters cycling champion
• Stefan Kretzschmar (born 1973), handball player and Olympic medallist
• Hans Kühne (1880–1969), chemist on the board of I.G. Farben and defendant during the Nuremberg trials

L–Z[]

Erich Ollenhauer Bundestag 1954

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben 1782

• Ernst Lehmann (1908–1945), SPD politician, active in the resistance against Nazism
• Otto Lehmann (1900–1936), resistance fighter against Nazism
• Werner Marcks (1896–1967), lieutenant general in World War II
• Olaf Malolepski (born 1946), singer-songwriter
• Johann Carl Simon Morgenstern (1770–1852), philologist who coined the term Bildungsroman
• Felix von Niemeyer (1820–1871), physician, royal Württemberg personal physician
• Leo Nowak (born 1929), Roman Catholic bishop of Magdeburg (1990–2004)
• Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born 1942), biologist, the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1991 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995
• Richard Ölze (1900–1980), painter
• Erich Ollenhauer (1901–1963), leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 1952–1963
• Menahem Pressler (born 1923), pianist
• Ernst Reuter (1889–1953), Mayor of Magdeburg 1931–1933, then Mayor of West Berlin in 1948–1953
• Willy Rosen (born 1894–1944) composer and songwriter
• Ekkehard Schall (1930–2005), actor and theatre director
• Karl Schmidt (1902–1945), resistance fighter against Nazism
• Manfred Schoof (born 1936), jazz trumpeter
• Wolfgang Schreyer (1927–2017), writer
• Petra Schmidt-Schaller (born 1980), actress
• Margarete Schön (1895–1985), stage and film actress
• Kurt Singer (1886–1962), philosopher
• Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (1730–1794), American patriot
• Christoph Christian Sturm (1740–1786), preacher and author, wrote the majority of his devotional works here
• Bruno Taut (1880–1938), city architect 1921–1923, completed two housing projects in Magdeburg
• Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767), composer
• Klaus Thunemann (born 1937), bassoon professor
• Henning von Tresckow (1901–1944), major general in the Wehrmacht, active in the military resistance
• Lothar von Trotha (1848–1920), military commander notorious for presiding over the near-extermination of the Herero in German South-West Africa
• Karl Wallenda (1905–1978), highwire acrobat
• Camillo Walzel (1829–1895), librettist and theatre director
• Dieter Zahn (born 1940), double-bassist
• Dejan Zavec, (born 1976), Slovenian welterweight boxer, IBF Welterweight Champion
• Heinrich Zschokke, (1771–1848), author and reformer
• Arthur Ruppin, (1876–1943), Zionist thinker and leader
• Marcel Schmelzer, (born 1988), footballer
• Wilhelm Weitling, (1808–1871), utopian Communist
• George William Ziemann (1809–1881), Christian missionary who served in Magdeburg in the infantry

Gallery[]

• 

  View over Magdeburg in 2012

• 

  Cathedral of Magdeburg

• 

  Kloster Unser Lieben Frauen

• 

  The three churches on the banks of the Elbe river

• 

  Magdeburg Hauptbahnhof

• 

  Magdeburg Opera

• 

  The Grüne Zitadelle (Green Citadel)

• 

  Justizzentrum

• 

  View over Elbauenpark with Jahrtausendturm

• 

  Elbe river in Magdeburg

• 

  City Hall with Sankt-Johannis-Church

• 

  Jerusalem Bridges

• 

  The Elbe in Magdeburg

• 

  Magdeburg Water Bridge

• 

  The Hasselbachplatz, an important transport hub

• 

  Gruson-Gewächshäuser

• 

  The Magdeburger Reiter

• 

  Allee-Center shopping centre is one of seven shopping centres

See also[]

• The Magdeburg hemispheres, an experimental apparatus used to demonstrate the force of atmospheric pressure in 1656 by scientist Otto von Guericke
• Timeline of Magdeburg

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magdeburg.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Magdeburg.

• Official website
• IKUS – the intercultural Students of Magdeburg (in English and German)
• History society of Magdeburg and surround e.V.
• tramway in Magdeburg (in English and German)
• Magdeburg Notgeld (emergency banknotes) [1]
• The Virtual Tour of Magdeburg