Harappan architecture

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The Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan)

Harappa architecture is the architecture of the Indus Valley Civilization, an ancient society of people who lived during circa 2500 BCE to 1700 BCE in the Indus Valley of modern-day India and Pakistan.

The civilization's cities were noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin).^[1] Its large urban centres of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa very likely grew to containing between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals,^{[2][note 1]} and the civilisation itself during its florescence may have contained between one and five million individuals.^{[3][note 2]}

Town planning[]

Regularity of streets and buildings suggests the influence of ancient urban planning in Mohenjo-daro's construction.

Mohenjo-daro had a planned layout with rectilinear buildings arranged on a grid plan.^[4] Most were built of fired and mortared brick; some incorporated sun-dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures.

Sites were often raised, or built on man made hills.^[5] This could be to combat flooding in the nearby areas. Another aspect of the architecture is they often built walls around their entire cities. This could have served several different needs. Many believe that the walls were built as defensive structures, where “Large and impressive construction works can be used to intimidate potential attackers (Trigger 1990),” . It was also an obvious feature to show the city was strong and powerful by being able to divert resources and labor to make such a large structure and not focus all of their energy on survival. This was not the only purpose for the wall, it is thought that the wall also served as protection from floods. There is also evidence of a tapering at the bottom of the wall to guide the water away from the city.^[6][7]

The city could be split into two different sections: an upper "acropolis" and a "lower town". The lower town consisted of lower valued residential building located on the eastern side of the city, while the upper acropolis would be on the western side of the city which contained the higher value buildings and public buildings. The acropolis was a “parallelogram that was 400–500 yards north-south and 200–300 yards east-west”^[7][8] It was also thought that the acropolis area would be built on the highest part of the mound in the city showing the importance and status of the area was much higher than the rest of the area. Another feature which suggests the acropolis is of higher importance is that the fortifications around the area where bigger and stronger than those around the rest of the city.^[5]

Indus Valley civilisation Architecture[]

In Indus Valley civilisation architecture we will read about

1. Town planning
2. The Great bath
3. Granaries
4. Dockyard

Feature of Indus Valley civilization Architecture-[]

1. Art of the Indus Valley civilization architecture was indigenous and without any influence.
2. sculpture had no integral role in architecture. They were found separately.
3. Concentration of utility factor rather than aesthetic factor because they are traders.

Town Planning-

• In IVC, roads cut on right angle and majorly are in rectangular shape.
• there were presence of multi storey buildings.
• Town planning can be divide on 2 forms – 1. Citadel (upper part or political, economy rich and VIP area). 2. Non Citadel
• Citadel for Elite class.
• Houses are created from stone, mud-brick and wood.
• Assembly halls are also found there.

Public bath-

• Public bath was used for rituals and ceremonies.
• There were Small rooms along with the bath.
• no leakages and cracks on stairs.
• Bricks use for making public bath.

Granaries-

• Granaries are found In citadel to save from rats and the other reason where the people from citadel were prosperous.
• These are also found at Lothal Dockyard to facilitate import and export.

Drainage system-

• There is a modern system use for drainage which were temporarily covered to cure the blockages.

Lothal Dockyard-

• The Dockyard is away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt.
• There is a Lock gate (wooden) system too, to avoid tidal flow.[1]

Cut brick from Chanhudaro (Pakistan); circa 2500-1900 BC; Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto, Canada)

Buildings and materials[]

The materials of houses depended on the location of the building. If the house was more rural the bricks would be mud. If the house was in an urban area then the bricks would be baked. The bricks were made in ratios of 1x2x4. “Houses range from 1–2 stories in height, with a central courtyard around which the rooms are arranged”^[7][8]

Harappan revival[]

The , in Pakistan

There are few buildings built in the Harappan Revival style. The best well-known is the . It is made of bricks with a very similar color to the buildings from Mohenjo-daro or Harappa. One entrance has a geometric pattern made of bricks similar to those of the original gates.

See also[]

• Lothal
• Dholavira
• Mehrgarh
• Sokhta Koh
• Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation

Notes[]

References[]

Sources[]

• Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8.
• McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2.
• Wright, Rita P. (2009). The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57219-4. Retrieved 29 September 2013.

External links[]

• Harappan Civilization: An Analysis in Modern Context
• Recent Indus Discoveries
• How Indus Towns Developed
• INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION ARCHITECTURE
• Harappa.com on tools