Harpactea

Harpactea; Temporal range: Palaeogene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	H. rubicunda
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Dysderidae
Genus:	Harpactea; Bristowe, 1939
Type species
	; (Scopoli, 1763)
Species
	181, see text

Harpactea is a genus of woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by W. S. Bristowe in 1939.^[2] They are non-web building predators that forage on the ground and on tree trunks at night, mainly in xerothermic forests. During the day, they hide in silk retreats they build under rocks or bark.^[3]

H. sadistica was found to use traumatic insemination, the arthropod behavior of directly inserting its sperm into the body cavity of females. It is the first time it has ever been observed in spiders.^[4]

H. hombergi is the only member of its genus that occurs in Great Britain.^[5]

Description[]

Like all woodlouse hunters, Harpactea have six eyes. The type species, , can grow up to a body length of 6 millimetres (0.24 in). Males and females are similar, but the female has no epigyne.^[5]

Like the rest of their family, they are nocturnal. Unlike them, Harpactea do not specialize on hunting woodlice. H. rubicunda also hunts Drassodes and other spiders, but most Harpactea feed on insects in addition to woodlice.

Species[]

Almost all species of this genus appear to be endemic to small regions of the Mediterranean.^[3] As of May 2019 it contains 181 species from Europe and Northern Africa to Turkmenistan and Iran:^[1]

(Simon, 1884) – Greece
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
Alicata, 1973 – Italy
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Özkütük, Elverici, Marusik & Kunt, 2015 – Turkey
(Caporiacco, 1949) – Albania
Lazarov, 2006 – Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia (Europe)
Ferrández, 1990 – Portugal
Brignoli, 1979 – Italy (Sardinia)
(Lucas, 1846) – Algeria
Bosmans, 2009 – Greece
Brignoli, 1979 – Greece
(Simon, 1907) – France, Italy
Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
Kunt, Elverici, Özkütük & Yağmur, 2011 – Turkey
Lazarov, 2008 – Bulgaria
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
(Simon, 1911) – Algeria
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Charitonov, 1956 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe)
(Nosek, 1905) – Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey
Kunt, Özkütük & Elverici, 2013 – Turkey
Ribera & Ferrández, 1986 – Spain
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Lazarov & Naumova, 2010 – Macedonia, Bulgaria
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
Alicata, 1974 – Italy, Tunisia
(Brignoli, 1984) – Greece (Crete)
(Kulczyński, 1895) – Russia (Caucasus), Georgia
(Kulczyński, 1908) – Cyprus
Van Keer, 2009 – Greece
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989 – Algeria
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Bayram, Kunt & Yağmur, 2009 – Turkey
Bosmans, 2009 – Greece, Turkey
Brignoli, 1984 – Greece (Crete)
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Deltshev, 2011 – Serbia
Brignoli, 1984 – Greece
(Simon, 1882) – France, Italy
Brignoli, 1984 – Greece (Crete)
Bosmans, 2011 – Greece
Dunin, 1993 – Azerbaijan
Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
Dimitrov & Lazarov, 1999 – Bulgaria
Gasparo, 2014 – Greece
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Alicata, 1974 – Turkey
(Thorell, 1875) – Ukraine (mainland, Crimea)
(Thorell, 1873) – Spain
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Dunin, 1989 – Georgia, Armenia
Brignoli, 1980 – Portugal, Spain
Varol & Danışman, 2018 – Turkey
(Simon, 1911) – Algeria
Pesarini, 1988 – Spain
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Wunderlich, 1995 – Italy (Sardinia)
(Simon, 1911) – Algeria
Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
(Caporiacco, 1951) – Italy
(Canestrini, 1868) – Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia
Gücel, Fuller, Göçmen & Kunt, 2018 – Cyprus
Brignoli, 1976 – Greece
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Brignoli, 1984 – Greece
(Kulczyński, 1915) – Bosnia-Hercegovina
Brignoli, 1978 – Israel
(Simon, 1882) – Spain, France
(Scopoli, 1763) (type) – Europe
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016 – Greece
Brignoli, 1979 – Greece
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Dunin, 1991 – Russia (Caucasus), Azerbaijan
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Brignoli, 1976 – Greece
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
Gücel, Charalambidou, Göçmen & Kunt, 2019 – Cyprus
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Kunt, Özkütük, Elverici, Marusik & Karakaş, 2016 – Turkey
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Kunt, Elverici, Özkütük & Yağmur, 2011 – Turkey
Lazarov, 2009 – Bulgaria
Brignoli, 1979 – Turkey
(Simon, 1884) – Greece
Lazarov, 2010 – Bulgaria
Lazarov, 2008 – Bulgaria
Brignoli, 1976 – Greece
Deltshev, 2011 – Bulgaria
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
(C. L. Koch, 1838) – Europe
Brignoli, 1974 – Greece
Dunin, 1992 – Russia (Caucasus), Georgia
Alicata, 1974 – Algeria, Tunisia
Pesarini, 2001 – Italy, Ukraine
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
Machado & Ferrández, 1991 – Portugal
(Simon, 1911) – Algeria
Komnenov, 2014 – Macedonia
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Dunin, 1992 – Georgia
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989 – Algeria
Lazarov & Naumova, 2010 – Bulgaria
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Ferrández, 1982 – Spain
Alicata, 1974 – Tunisia
Brignoli, 1979 – Turkey, Georgia
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Dunin, 1991 – Russia (Caucasus), Azerbaijan
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989 – Algeria
(Simon, 1882) – France (Corsica)
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Brignoli, 1976 – Macedonia, Greece
Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
Alicata, 1966 – Italy (Sardinia)
Gasparo, 1992 – Italy
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Ribera & De Mas, 2003 – Spain
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
Dunin, 1992 – Georgia
Brignoli, 1980 – Iran, Turkmenistan?
Gasparo, 2011 – Greece (Crete)
Lazarov & Dimitrov, 2018 – Bulgaria
(Thorell, 1875) – Italy
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Dimitrov, Deltshev & Lazarov, 2019 – Bulgaria
Ferrández, 1990 – Portugal
Varol & Akpınar, 2016 – Turkey
Alicata, 1974 – Algeria, Tunisia
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
H. rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) – Europe, Georgia
Polenec & Thaler, 1975 – Croatia
Alicata, 1974 – Tunisia
Denis, 1955 – Lebanon
H. sadistica Řezáč, 2008 – Israel
(Herman, 1879) – Slovakia, Hungary, south-eastern Europe to Ukraine
Lazarov, 2006 – Bulgaria
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Gasparo, 1997 – Italy
Alicata, 1966 – Italy
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Pesarini, 1988 – Spain
Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
(Simon, 1907) – Spain, France
Alicata, 1966 – Italy (Sicily)
Deltshev & Lazarov, 2018 – Bulgaria
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
Dunin, 1992 – Ukraine (Crimea), Russia (Caucasus)
Russell-Smith, 2011 – Greece
Dimitrov & Lazarov, 1999 – Macedonia, Bulgaria
Ribera, 1993 – Portugal
Deltshev & Lazarov, 2018 – Bulgaria
(Caporiacco, 1939) – Italy
Dimitrov, 1997 – Bulgaria, Turkey
Brignoli, 1979 – Greece
(Nosek, 1905) – Greece, Turkey, Georgia
Ferrández, 1990 – Portugal
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Deltshev, 2011 – Serbia
Gasparo, 2014 – Italy
Lazarov, 2009 – Bulgaria, Turkey
Alicata, 1966 – Switzerland, Italy
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
Brignoli, 1979 – Greece
Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016 – Greece
Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
Charitonov, 1956 – Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia
Alicata, 1966 – Italy
Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
Gasparo, 1999 – Greece

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Gen. Harpactea Bristowe, 1939". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
^ Bristowe, W. S. (1939). The comity of spiders. 1. Ray Society, London. pp. 1–228.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Řezáč, M. (2008). "Description of Harpactea sadistica n. sp. (Araneae: Dysderidae)--a haplogyne spider with reduced female genitalia". Zootaxa. 1698: 65–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1698.1.5.
^ Řezáč, M. (2009). "The spider Harpactea sadistica: co-evolution of traumatic insemination and complex female genital morphology in spiders". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276: 2697–2701. doi:10.1071/IS16071. hdl:2445/161996.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Roberts, Michael J. (1985). The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 62. ISBN 90-04-07658-1.

External links[]

BBC News (April 30, 2009): Spider sex violent but effective
YouTube: Mating of H. sadistica: Video
Uni Bonn: Diagnostic photographs of Harpactea
The Essex Field Club: Picture of H. rubicunda
Picture of H. hombergi

[NMBE-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Gen. Harpactea Bristowe, 1939". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-06-02.

[Bris1939-2] Bristowe, W. S. (1939). The comity of spiders. 1. Ray Society, London. pp. 1–228.

[rezac2008-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Řezáč, M. (2008). "Description of Harpactea sadistica n. sp. (Araneae: Dysderidae)--a haplogyne spider with reduced female genitalia". Zootaxa. 1698: 65–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1698.1.5.

[rezac2009-4] Řezáč, M. (2009). "The spider Harpactea sadistica: co-evolution of traumatic insemination and complex female genital morphology in spiders". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276: 2697–2701. doi:10.1071/IS16071. hdl:2445/161996.

[british_spiders-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Roberts, Michael J. (1985). The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 62. ISBN 90-04-07658-1.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Harpactea

Contents

Description[]

Species[]

References[]

Further reading[]

External links[]

Harpactea Temporal range: Palaeogene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

H. rubicunda
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Dysderidae
Genus:	Harpactea Bristowe, 1939^[1]
Type species
(Scopoli, 1763)
Species
181, see text