Helen Gloag

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Helen Gloag (1750–1790) of Muthill, Perthshire, Scotland, became an influential favourite slave consort of Mohammed ben Abdallah the Sultan of Morocco, and as such as been famously referred to in Scottish history as the "Empress of Morocco".[1][2]

Life[]

Gloag was born on 29 January 1750 to blacksmith Andrew Gloag and his wife Ann Kay in the village of , just south of Muthill in Perthshire,[3][4] and was the eldest of four siblings. Her father remarried after her mother died, but Helen did not have a good relationship with her stepmother, and left home at the age of 19 to take a passage from Greenock to South Carolina.[citation needed] The ship was captured by Barbary corsairs, pirates from Morocco, two weeks into the voyage.[3][4]

Slave consort[]

After capture, the men were killed and the women were taken to the slave market in Algiers.[4] Gloag was purchased by a wealthy Moroccan and handed over to Sultan Sidi Mohammid ibn Abdullah.[3] Due to her beauty, red hair, and green eyes, the Sultan added her to his harem. His infatuation toward her resulted in her becoming his fourth wife and eventually a favourite wife.[5]

In Scotland, she is claimed to have been given the title of Empress.[3][4] This is however not to be taken literary. The Europeans often referred to the Sultan as "Emperor" or "King" rather than "Sultan", and to the Sultan's consorts as "Empress" or "Queen", which was the eqvivalent titles of their own rulers and their own ruler's wives; and whenever a woman entered the harem of the Sultan they referred to it as a "marriage", even when this may simply have been slave concubinage.[6] The habit of Europeans to equalize local customs to their own equivalents in this way may have caused confusion. In reality, there was no equivalent of an Empress consort or a Queen consort at a Muslim court, were the ruler could have many wives and concubines and his four wives were to be treated equally according to Islamic law, and she was not the only wife of the Sultan: he was also married to Marthe Franceschini (1755–1799), another European woman captured and enslaved by Corsairs. The first royal consort to bear an official title in Morocco is in fact Lalla Salma.

As a favourite of the Sultan, Helen Gloag had some influence in the harem. Her intervention was said to be instrumental in the releases of seafarers and slaves captured by the Salé pirates. Gloag was able to write home and to receive visits in Morocco from her brother Robert, who was responsible for her story finding its way back to Scotland.[3] She became credited for a reduction in activities of Moroccan-based pirates, though this might also have been because of an increase in the number of British and French warships present due to the increasing tensions before the Napoleonic Wars.[3]

Later life[]

Sultan Sidi Mohammid ibn Abdullah died in 1790 and his throne was seized by Mulai Yazeed, a son of the Sultan and Helen was replaced as Empress by another member of the harem. Yazeed consolidated his hold by killing any possible competition, including Helen's two sons.[3] It is presumed that Helen was also killed during the following two years of unrest.[3]

See also[]

  • Lalla Bilqis

Further reading[]

  • The Fourth Queen By Debbie Taylor ISBN 1-4000-5376-5[7]
  • Perthshire in history and legend By Archie McKerracher ISBN 0-85976-223-8[8]
  • The biographical dictionary of Scottish women By Elizabeth Ewan, Sue Innes, Siân Reynolds, Rose Pipes[9]
  • The Thistle and the Crescent By Bashir Maan ISBN 1-906134-14-6[10]
  • A Gift for the Sultan by Olga Stringfellow

References[]

  1. ^ Lowson, Stephen (29 May 2009). "Day of history to unfold in Muthill museum". Strathearn Herald. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  2. ^ The title of "Empress" did in fact not excist in the Muslim Morroccan court, were the ruler was perimtted several wives who were to be trated equally in rank.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Helen Gloag: Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide". Undiscovered Scotland. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bruce, Duncan A. (1998). The Mark of the Scots: Their Astonishing Contributions to History, Science, Democracy, Literature, and the Arts (illustrated, annotated ed.). Citadel Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780806520605.
  5. ^ Gilchrist, Jim (20 February 2008). "Islam and us". The Scotsman. pp. paragraph 9. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  6. ^ Bekkaoui, Khalid., White women captives in North Africa. Narratives of enslavement, 1735-1830, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010
  7. ^ Taylor, Debbie (2004). The Fourth Queen (reprint ed.). Random House. ISBN 9781400053766.
  8. ^ McKerracher, Archie (1988). Perthshire in history and legend. J. Donald. ISBN 9780859762236.
  9. ^ Elizabeth Ewan, Sue Innes, Siân Reynolds, Rose Pipes (2006). The biographical dictionary of Scottish women. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748617135.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  10. ^ Maan, Bashir (2008). The Thistle and the Crescent (illustrated ed.). Argyll. ISBN 9781906134143.
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