![Page semi-protected](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png)
History of YouTube
![]() | hideThis article has multiple issues. Please help or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/YouTube_Logo_2017.svg/250px-YouTube_Logo_2017.svg.png)
YouTube is an American online video-sharing platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. Three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—created the service in February 2005. Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion; YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries.
YouTube allows users to upload videos, view them, rate them with likes and dislikes, share them, add videos to playlists, report, make comments on videos, and subscribe to other users. It offers a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media videos. Available content includes video clips, TV show clips, music videos, short and documentary films, audio recordings, movie trailers, live streams, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.
As of February 2017, there were more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, and one billion hours of content being watched on YouTube every day. As of October 2020, YouTube is the second-most popular website in the world, behind Google, according to Alexa Internet.[1] As of May 2019, more than 500 hours of video content are uploaded to YouTube every minute.[2] Based on reported quarterly advertising revenue, YouTube is estimated to have US$15 billion in annual revenues.
YouTube has faced criticism over aspects of its operations, including its handling of copyrighted content contained within uploaded videos,[3] its recommendation algorithms perpetuating videos that promote conspiracy theories and falsehoods,[4] hosting videos ostensibly targeting children but containing violent or sexually suggestive content involving popular characters,[5] videos of minors attracting pedophilic activities in their comment sections,[6] and fluctuating policies on the types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising.[3]
2005 | July – Video HTML embedding |
---|---|
July – Top videos page | |
August – 5-star rating system | |
October – Playlists | |
October – Full-screen view | |
October – Subscriptions | |
2006 | January – Groups function |
February – Personalized profiles | |
March – 10-minute video limit | |
April – Directors function | |
May – Video responses | |
May – Cell phone uploading | |
June – Further personalized profiles | |
June – Viewing history | |
2007 | June – Local language versions |
June – Mobile web front end with RTSP streaming | |
2008 | March – 480p videos |
March – Video analytics tool | |
December – Audioswap | |
2009 | January – Google Videos uploading halted |
June – Launch of "YouTube XL" front end for television sets | |
July – 720p videos | |
November – 1080p videos | |
December – Automatic speech recognition | |
December – Vevo launch | |
2010 | March – "Thumbs" rating system |
July – 4K video | |
2011 | November – YouTube Analytics |
November – Feature film rental | |
2012 | March – Seek bar preview tooltips |
June – Merger with Google Video | |
2013 | March – Transition to the "One" channel layout |
September – Removal of video reponses feature | |
2014 | October – 60 fps videos |
2015 | March – 360° videos |
November – YouTube Red launches | |
2016 | February – YouTube subscription service |
2017 | February – YouTube TV launches |
March – Ability to modify video annotations removed | |
August – Logo changed and new "polymer" website version defaulted (preselected) | |
2018 | June – Introduction of "Premieres" |
2019 | January – Removal of annotations and AutoShare features |
September – Visisble subscriber counts abbreviated to three leading digits | |
2020 | Removal of option for legacy website version ("disable_polymer ") |
Removal of legacy "Creator Studio" | |
August – Removal of optional email notifications for uploads | |
2021 | Purge of pre-2017 unlisted videos through mass-privatization. |
Founding (2005)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Youtube_founders.jpg/400px-Youtube_founders.jpg)
YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, when they worked for PayPal.[7] Prior to working for PayPal, Hurley studied design at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[8] YouTube's initial headquarters was above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California.[9]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/YouTube_screenshot_2005.png/250px-YouTube_screenshot_2005.png)
The domain name "YouTube.com" was activated on February 14, 2005, with video upload options being integrated on April 23, 2005, after being named "Tune In, Hook Up" ─ the original idea of Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim. The concept was an online dating service that ultimately failed but had an exceptional video and uploading platform.[11] After the infamous Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson Halftime show incident, the three creators realized they couldn't find any videos of it on the internet, after noticing that this type of platform did not exist they made the changes to become the first major video sharing platform.[12] The idea of the new company was for non-computer experts to be able to use a simple interface that allowed the user to publish, upload and view streaming videos through standard web browsers and modern internet speeds. Ultimately, creating an easy to use video streaming platform that wouldn't stress out the new internet users of the early 2000s.[13] The first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo and currently has over 120 million views and almost 5 million likes.[14][15] Hurley was behind more of the looks of the website, he used his art skills to create the logo and designed the look of the website.[16] Chen made sure the page actually worked and that there would be no issues with the uploading and playback process. Karim was a programmer and helped in making sure the initial website got put together properly and helped in both design and programming.[16]
YouTube began as an angel-funded enterprise working from a makeshift office in a garage. In November 2005, venture firm Sequoia Capital invested an initial $3.5 million,[17] and Roelof Botha (a partner of the firm and former CFO of PayPal) joined the YouTube board of directors. In April 2006, Sequoia and Artis Capital Management invested an additional $8 million in the company, which had experienced significant growth in its first few months.[18]
Growth (2006)
After opening on a beta service in May 2005 YouTube.com was trafficking around 30,000 viewers a day in just months of time. After launching six months later they would be hosting well over two million viewers a day on the website. By March 2006 the site had more than 25 million videos uploaded and was generating around 20,000 uploads a day.[19] During the summer of 2006, YouTube was one of the fastest growing sites on the World Wide Web,[20] hosting more than 65,000 new video uploads. The site delivered an average of 100 million video views per day in July.[21] However, this did not come without any problems, the rapid growth in users meant YouTube had to keep up with it technologically speaking. They needed new equipment and wider broadband internet connection to serve an ever growing audience. The increasing copyright infringement problems and lack in commercializing YouTube eventually led to outsourcing to Google who later failed in their own video platform "Google Video".[19] It was ranked the fifth-most-popular website on Alexa, far out-pacing even MySpace's rate of growth.[22] The website averaged nearly 20 million visitors per month according to Nielsen/NetRatings,[21] with around 44% female and 56% male visitors. The 12- to 17-year-old age group was dominant.[23] YouTube's pre-eminence in the online market was substantial. According to the website Hitwise.com, YouTube commanded up to 64% of the UK online video market.[24]
YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006.[25]
Purchase by Google (2006)
![]() |
Wikinews has related news: |
The first targeted advertising on the site came in February 2006 in the form of participatory video ads, which were videos in their own right that offered users the opportunity to view exclusive content by clicking on the ad.[26] The first such ad was for the Fox show Prison Break and solely appeared above videos on Paris Hilton's channel.[26][27] At the time, the channel was operated by Warner Bros. Records and was cited as the first brand channel on the platform.[27] Participatory video ads were designed to link specific promotions to specific channels rather than advertising on the entire platform at once. When the ads were introduced, in August 2006, YouTube CEO Chad Hurley rejected the idea of expanding into areas of advertising seen as less user-friendly at the time, saying, "we think there are better ways for people to engage with brands than forcing them to watch a commercial before seeing content. You could ask anyone on the net if they enjoy that experience and they’d probably say no."[27] However, YouTube began running in-video ads in August 2007, with preroll ads introduced in 2008.[28]
On October 9, 2006, it was announced that the company would be purchased by Google for US$1.65 billion in stock, which was completed on November 13. At that time it was Google's second-largest acquisition.[29] This kickstarted YouTube's rise to becoming a global media dominator, creating a multi-billion-dollar business that has surpassed most television stations and other media markets, sparking success for many YouTubers.[13] Indeed, YouTube as an entity generated more than twice the amount of revenues in 2018 than any major TV network (with $15 billion compared to NBC's $7 billion).[30] The agreement between Google and YouTube came after YouTube presented three agreements with media companies in an attempt to avoid copyright-infringement lawsuits. YouTube planned to continue operating independently, with its co-founders and 68 employees working within Google.[31] Viral videos were the main factor for YouTube's growth in the beginning of its early days with Google, for example Evolution of Dance, Charlie Bit My Finger, David After the Dentist, and more viral videos.[32]
Google's February 7, 2007 SEC filing revealed the breakdown of profits for YouTube's investors after the sale to Google. In 2010, Chad Hurley's profit was more than $395 million while Steve Chen's profit was more than $326 million.[33]
Person of the year (2006)
In 2006, Time Magazine featured a YouTube screen with a large mirror as its annual 'Time Person Of The Year'. It cited user-created media such as that posted on YouTube and featured the site's originators along with several content creators. The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times also reviewed posted content on YouTube in 2006, with particular regard to its effects on corporate communications and recruitment. PC World Magazine named YouTube the ninth of its Top 10 Best Products of 2006.[34] In 2007, both Sports Illustrated and Dime Magazine featured positive reviews of a basketball highlight video titled, The Ultimate Pistol Pete Maravich MIX.[35]
Continued growth and functionality (2007–2013)
![YouTube's current headquarters in San Bruno, California](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg/220px-901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg)
It is estimated that in 2007, YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000.[36]
YouTube's early website layout featured a pane of currently watched videos, as well as video listings with detailed information such as full (2006) and later expandable (2007) descriptions, as well as profile pictures (2006), ratings, comment counts, and tags.[37][38] Channels' pages were equipped with standalone view counters, bulletin boards, and were awarded badges for various rank-based achievements, such as "#15 - Most Subscribed (This Month)", "#89 - Most Subscribed (All Time)", and "#15 - Most Viewed (This Week)".[39]
In March 2007, YouTube launched the YouTube Awards, an annual competition in which users voted on the best user-generated videos of the year.[40] The awards were presented twice, in 2007 and 2008.
In June 2007, YouTube launched a mobile web front end, where videos are served through RTSP.[41]
On July 23, 2007, and November 28, 2007, CNN and YouTube produced televised presidential debates in which Democratic and Republican US presidential hopefuls fielded questions submitted through YouTube.[42][43]
In December 2007, YouTube launched the Partner Program, which allows channels that meet certain metrics (currently 1000 subscribers and 4000 public watch hours in the past year)[44] to run ads on their videos and earn money doing so.[28]
Around 2008, "Warp Player" was tested out. It was an experimental interactive interface for browsing videos, where links to videos appeared as thumbnails, visualized in a floating and navigable net.[45]
In June 2008, video annotations were introduced. Users were able to add text boxes and speech bubbles at any desired location and custom sizes in various colours, and optionally with a link and short pausing, allowing for interactive videos. In February 2009, the feature was extended to allow for collaboration, meaning uploaders could invite others to edit their video's annotations.[46][47][48]
Since October 2008, deep linking to a playback position through a timestamped URL is possible.[49]
In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney.[50][51]
YouTube was awarded a 2008 Peabody Award and cited as being "a 'Speakers' Corner' that both embodies and promotes democracy".[52][53]
In early 2009, YouTube registered the domain www.youtube-nocookie.com
for videos embedded on United States federal government websites.[54][55] In November of the same year, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners.[56]
Throughout 2009, the alphabetical sorting of YouTube's "AudioSwap" feature helped popularizing Alexander Perls' "009 Sound System" music project through frequent use in videos.[57][58]
![YouTube XL Logo (2009-2013).png](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/YouTube_XL_Logo_%282009-2013%29.png/220px-YouTube_XL_Logo_%282009-2013%29.png)
In June 2009, YouTube XL was launched. It was a front-end for viewing and browsing on television sets, and as such, for use on stationary game consoles with web browser, such as the Nintendo Wii. Its appearance varied depending on device.[59][60]
Entertainment Weekly placed YouTube on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list In December 2009, describing it as: "Providing a safe home for piano-playing cats, celeb goof-ups, and overzealous lip-synchers since 2005."[61]
In January 2010, the watch page layout was overhauled. Changes include a shortcut labelled with the number of channels' public videos added above the player to allow quickly accessing other videos of a channel without having to navigate to the channel page.[62]
In January 2010,[63] YouTube introduced an online film rentals service which is currently available only to users in the US, Canada and the UK.[64][65] The service offers over 6,000 films.[66] In March 2010 YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including 60 cricket matches of the Indian Premier League. According to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event.[67]
On March 31, 2010, YouTube launched a new design with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter."[68] In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which was "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined".[69] In May 2011, YouTube reported on the company blog that the site was receiving more than three billion views per day.[70] In January 2012, YouTube stated that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day.[71]
According to May 2010 data published by market research company comScore, YouTube was the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of roughly 43 percent and more than 14 billion videos viewed during May.[72]
Around 2010, an easter egg of the Flash-based video player was discovered, where pressing the arrow key while the dotted loading animation is visible initiates a Snake game formed by the dots. The HTML5-based player, which initially had the same dotted loading animation, did not support it.[73][74]
In September 2010, a unique full-page interactive TippEx advertising campaign was launched on YouTube, where the entire watch page was simulated in a Flash viewport. A hunter who does not wish to shoot a bear grabs outside of the video's viewport to reach for a Tipp-Ex tape roller, and uses it to cover the word "shoots" in the video titled "A hunter shoots a bear". Users were able to enter words in the gap, which lead to different unlisted videos with a multitude of pre-recorded reactions.[75]
In October 2010, Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as the chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role, with Salar Kamangar taking over as the head of the company.[76]
James Zern, a YouTube software engineer, revealed in April 2011 that 30 percent of videos accounted for 99 percent of views on the site.[77]
In June 2011, YouTube started experimenting with reaction buttons, allowing users to react to videos with a multitude of expressions, similar to Facebook's 2016 reaction buttons, though YouTube removed reaction buttons soon after.[78][79]
During November 2011, the Google+ social networking site was integrated directly with YouTube and the Chrome web browser, allowing YouTube videos to be viewed from within the Google+ interface.[80] In December 2011, YouTube launched a new version of the site interface, with the video channels displayed in a central column on the home page, similar to the news feeds of social networking sites.[81] At the same time, a new version of the YouTube logo was introduced with a darker shade of red, which was the first change in design since October 2006.[82] It is based on a similar user interface was put to test as early as July 2011 under the code name "Cosmic Panda".[83]
In 2012, YouTube said that roughly 60 hours of new videos are uploaded to the site every minute, and that around three-quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S.[70][71][84] The site has eight hundred million unique users a month.[85]
As of 2012, users were able to rate playlists, and videos' view counts and playlists' total duration were indicated on playlist pages.[86]
In March 2012, preview tooltips for the video player's seek bar were introduced on the desktop web front end, initially available on select videos and gradually rolled out. This feature allows the viewer to additionally preview portions of a video by hovering above the seek bar with the mouse cursor, whereas only the time stamp was indicated before. Dragging the position handle of the video player additionally showed surrounding preview images in a film strip layout. For videos longer than 90 minutes, a magnified portion of the seek bar was additionally displayed since to facilitate fine seeking.[87]
From 2010 to 2012, Alexa ranked YouTube as the third most visited website on the Internet after Google and Facebook.[88]
In late 2011 and early 2012, YouTube launched over 100 "premium" or "original" channels. It was reported the initiative cost $100 million.[89] Two years later, in November 2013, it was documented that the landing page of the original channels became a 404 error page.[90][91] Despite this, original channels such as SourceFed and Crash Course were able to become successful.[92][93]
An algorithm change was made in 2012 that replaced the view-based system for a watch time-based one that is credited for causing a surge in the popularity of gaming channels.[94]
In October 2012, for the first-time ever, YouTube offered a live stream of the U.S. presidential debate and partnered with ABC News to do so.[95] The peak in concurrent views on any live stream was reached on October 14, where over eight million watched a sky dive.[96]
On October 25, 2012U.S. presidential debate.
, The YouTube slogan (Broadcast Yourself) was taken down due to the live stream of theYouTube relaunched its design and layout on December 4, 2012, to be very similar to the mobile and tablet app version of the site.[citation needed] On December 21, 2012, Gangnam Style became the first YouTube video to surpass one billion views.[97]
As of early 2013, YouTube video recommendations contain both videos and channels.[98]
Modern era, feature trimdown (2013-present)
In early 2013, YouTube transitioned channels to the initially optional "One" channel layout, which added the ability to put playlists into shelves on the channel front page, but removed custom backgrounds. Formerly unified channel pages were separated into multiple sub pages such as "Videos", "Playlists", "Discussion" (channel comments), "Channels" (featured by user), and "About" (channel description, total video view count, join date, outlinks). On the watch page, the title notably is no longer above but below the video's viewport. Coarsely, this layout is still in operation as of 2021.[99]
In March 2013, the number of unique users visiting YouTube every month reached 1 billion.[100] In the same year, YouTube continued to reach out to mainstream media, launching YouTube Comedy Week and the YouTube Music Awards.[101][102] Both events were met with negative to mixed reception.[103][104][105][106]
In September 2013, the "video responses" feature introduced in 2006 was removed, citing a low click-through rate. It allowed users to respond to videos through a new or existing video which appeared above the comment section.[107]
In November 2013, YouTube's own YouTube channel surpassed Felix Kjellberg's PewDiePie channel to become the most subscribed channel on the website. This was due to auto-suggesting new users to subscribe to the channel upon registration.[108]
In March 2015, YouTube introduced the ability to automatically publish videos at a scheduled time,[109] as well as "info cards" and "end cards", which allow referring to videos and channels through a notification at the top right of the video at any playback time, and thumbnails shown in the last 20 seconds. In contrary to annotations, these work in the mobile app too, though are far less customizable.[110][111]
In December 2015 and January 2016, direct uploading through email and webcam recording respectively were removed. The former existed to support cell phones with limited web browsing capabilities.[112][113]
Live streaming from the mobile app was rolled out in early 2017, initially only available to channeles with at least 10,000 subscribers.[114]
Annotations became uneditable in May 2017. Since then, users were only able to remove all annotations from individual videos. Parts of the feature such as collaborative annotations and pause markings were already removed earlier.[115][116]
On April 3, 2018, a shooting took place at YouTube headquarters.[117]
In June 2018, a "Premiere" feature was added, where a video can be broadcast like a live stream after uploaded, and users can discuss in a live chat like they can in live streams. Before the video starts, an animated two-minute preroll with the soundtrack "Space Walk" by "Silent Partner" is played. A premiere can be set to start immediately after upload or at a scheduled time, though scheduled publications existed since March 2015.[118][119]
On July 9, 2018, the private messaging feature has been removed from "Creator Studio", purging existing messages.[120] In the earlier years of YouTube, the feature existed separately as "Inbox".[121]
The removal of existing annotations on all videos was announced on November 27, 2018, and occurred as scheduled on January 15, 2019.[122][123][124]
On January 31, 2019, AutoShare was removed. The feature allowed users to opt to automatically broadcast actions such as liking videos, playlist additions, new uploads, and earlier added subscriptions to Google Plus and Twitter, and the channel feed.[125][126]
Since September 2019, channels' publicly displayed subscriber counts are abbreviated to the leading three digits, including those served through the site API. This means, for example, that a subscriber count of 102,648 is indicated as "102K" or "102.000". This change disabled third-party real-time subscriber count indicators such as that of Social Blade, and diminished the accuracy of historical log data. Exact counts remained accessible to channel operators through the "YouTube Studio" web application.[127][128]
Also in September 2019, the new "direct messaging" system was removed two years after introduction. This is a distinct system not to be confused with the legacy one removed in July 2018 after existing since YouTube's early years.[129][130]
In November 2019, YouTube has announced that the service would phase out the classic version of YouTube Studio to all YouTube creators by the spring of 2020.[131] It was available and accessible to some YouTube creators by the end of March 2020.[132]
In that month, a watch queue feature was added, which resembles the intermittently removed "QuickList" feature that was originally introduced in 2006.[133][134]
Since December 2019, users are no longer able to share the automatically generated playlist of positively rated videos.[135]
The ability to add polls with up to five options as video info cards was removed in May 2020.[136]
In June 2020, YouTube phased out the ability to use categories.
In August 2020, automated Email notifications of newly published videos by user-opted channels have been shut down, citing low numbers of users who open them. Only push notifications (mobile) and internal web notifications (desktop) of new uploads remained.[137]
In December 2020, comments on so-called "art tracks" which are automatically posted music tracks with album cover, frequently on "topic channels",[138][139] have been permanently deactivated.[140]
After introducing the ability to visibly divide the video player's seek bar into chapters in May 2020 using time stamp lists in the video description, the platform started experimenting with automatic estimation of videos' chapters in November 2020 using artificial intelligence that detects in-video chapter titles.[141]
In July 2021, all unlisted videos prior to 2017[a] were set to private, making them unplayable except on channels whose owners intervened by manually opting out.[142][143]
On August 24, 2021, YouTube sent a cease and desist to the developers of Groovy, a Discord bot which enabled audio from YouTube videos to be played in Discord voice chats, as the bot violated YouTube's Terms of Service.[144][145][146] A YouTube spokesperson stated, "We notified Groovy about violations of our Terms of Service, including modifying the service and using it for commercial purposes."[144] In a message announcing the bot's closure, the owner of Groovy, Nik Ammerlaan, said, "Groovy has been a huge part of my life over the past five years. It started because my friend’s bot sucked and I thought I could make a better one."[144]
Internationalization
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system.[147] The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 103 countries and regions, one territory (Hong Kong) and a worldwide version.[148]
![]() | ||||
Country | Language(s) | Launch date | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
English | February 15, 2005[147] | First location | |
![]() |
Portuguese | June 19, 2007[147] | First international location | |
![]() |
French and Basque | June 19, 2007[147] | ||
![]() |
English | June 19, 2007[147] | ||
![]() |
Italian | June 19, 2007[147] | ||
![]() |
Japanese | June 19, 2007[147] | First Asian location | |
![]() |
Dutch | June 19, 2007[147] | ||
![]() |
Polish | June 19, 2007[147] | ||
![]() |
Spanish, Galician, Catalan, and Basque | June 19, 2007[147] | ||
![]() |
English | June 19, 2007[147] | ||
![]() |
Spanish | October 11, 2007[149] | ||
![]() |
Chinese and English | October 17, 2007[150] | Blocked in China | |
![]() |
Chinese | October 18, 2007[151] | ||
![]() |
English | October 22, 2007[152] | ||
![]() |
English | October 22, 2007[152] | ||
![]() |
French and English | November 6, 2007[153] | ||
![]() |
German | November 8, 2007[154] | ||
![]() |
Russian | November 13, 2007[155] | ||
![]() |
Korean | January 23, 2008[156] | ||
![]() |
Hindi, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu | May 7, 2008[157] | ||
![]() |
Hebrew | September 16, 2008 | First Middle East location | |
![]() |
Czech | October 9, 2008[158] | ||
![]() |
Swedish | October 22, 2008[159] | Location never launched in 2009 | |
![]() |
Afrikaans, Zulu, and English | May 17, 2010[147] | First African location | |
![]() |
Spanish | September 8, 2010[160] | ||
![]() |
French and Arabic | March 9, 2011[161] | One of the first Arab World locations | |
![]() |
Arabic | March 9, 2011[161] | ||
![]() |
Arabic | March 9, 2011[161] | ||
![]() |
French and Arabic | March 9, 2011[161] | ||
![]() |
Arabic | March 9, 2011[161] | ||
![]() |
French and Arabic | March 9, 2011[161] | ||
![]() |
Arabic | March 9, 2011[161] | ||
![]() |
Swahili and English | September 1, 2011[162] | ||
![]() |
Filipino and English | October 13, 2011[163] | First Southeast Asian location | |
![]() |
English, Malay, Chinese, and Tamil | October 20, 2011[164] | ||
![]() |
French, Dutch, and German | November 16, 2011[147] | ||
![]() |
Spanish | November 30, 2011[165] | ||
![]() |
English | December 2, 2011[166] | ||
![]() |
English | December 7, 2011[167] | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 20, 2012[168] | ||
![]() |
Hungarian | February 29, 2012[169] | ||
![]() |
Malay and English | March 22, 2012[170] | ||
![]() |
Spanish | March 25, 2012[171] | ||
![]() |
Arabic and English | April 1, 2012[172] | ||
![]() |
Greek | May 1, 2012 | ||
![]() |
Indonesian and English | May 17, 2012[173] | ||
![]() |
English | June 5, 2012[174] | ||
![]() |
French and English | July 4, 2012[175] | ||
![]() |
Turkish | October 1, 2012[176] | ||
![]() |
Ukrainian | December 13, 2012[177] | ||
![]() |
Danish | February 1, 2013[178] | ||
![]() |
Finnish and Swedish | February 1, 2013[179] | ||
![]() |
Norwegian | February 1, 2013[180] | ||
![]() |
German, French, and Italian | March 29, 2013[181] | ||
![]() |
German | March 29, 2013[182] | ||
![]() |
Romanian | April 18, 2013[183] | ||
![]() |
Portuguese | April 25, 2013[184] | ||
![]() |
Slovak | April 25, 2013[185] | ||
![]() |
Arabic | August 16, 2013[186] | Multiple Middle East locations launched | |
![]() |
Arabic | August 16, 2013[186] | ||
![]() |
Arabic | August 16, 2013[186] | ||
![]() |
Arabic | August 16, 2013[186] | ||
![]() |
Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian | March 17, 2014 | ||
![]() |
Bulgarian | March 17, 2014[187] | ||
![]() |
Croatian | March 17, 2014[188] | ||
![]() |
Estonian | March 17, 2014[189] | ||
![]() |
Latvian | March 17, 2014[190] | ||
![]() |
Lithuanian | March 17, 2014 | Baltic area fully locally accessible | |
![]() |
Macedonian, Serbian, and Turkish | March 17, 2014 | ||
![]() |
Serbian and Croatian | March 17, 2014 | ||
![]() |
Serbian | March 17, 2014 | ||
![]() |
Slovenian | March 17, 2014[191] | ||
![]() |
Thai | April 1, 2014[192] | ||
![]() |
Arabic | May 1, 2014[186] | ||
![]() |
Spanish and English | August 23, 2014 | Used Spain version or USA version before launch. | |
![]() |
Icelandic | ?, 2014 | ||
![]() |
French and German | ?, 2014 | ||
![]() |
Vietnamese | October 1, 2014 | First contemporary communist location | |
![]() |
Arabic | February 1, 2015 | Blocked in 2010; unblocked in 2011. | |
![]() |
Swahili and English | June 2, 2015 | ||
![]() |
English | June 2, 2015 | ||
![]() |
Azerbaijani | October 12, 2015[193] | ||
![]() |
Russian | October 12, 2015[193] | ||
![]() |
Georgian | October 12, 2015[193] | ||
![]() |
Kazakh | October 12, 2015[193] | ||
![]() |
Arabic | November 9, 2015[citation needed] | ||
![]() |
Nepali | January 12, 2016[194] | ||
![]() |
Urdu and English | January 12, 2016[195] | Blocked in 2012; unblocked in 2015. | |
![]() |
Sinhala and Tamil | January 12, 2016[194] | ||
![]() |
English | August 4, 2016[citation needed] | ||
![]() |
English | June 24, 2018 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 30, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 30, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 30, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 30, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 30, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 30, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 30, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 30, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | January 30, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish and Guarani | February 21, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Spanish | February 21, 2019 | ||
![]() |
Greek and Turkish | March 13, 2019 | Last European Union location | |
![]() |
German | March 13, 2019 |
On October 17, 2007, it was announced that a Hong Kong version had been launched. At the time, YouTube's Steve Chen said that its next target would be Taiwan.[196][197]
YouTube was blocked from Mainland China from October 18 due to the censorship of the Taiwanese flag.[198] URLs to YouTube were redirected to China's own search engine, Baidu. It was subsequently unblocked on October 31.[199]
The YouTube interface suggests which local version should be chosen on the basis of the IP address of the user. In some cases, the message "This video is not available in your country" may appear because of copyright restrictions or inappropriate content.[200] The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions, including Amharic, Albanian, Armenian, Bengali, Burmese, Khmer, Kyrgyz, Laotian, Mongolian, Persian and Uzbek, which do not have local channel versions.[201] Access to YouTube was blocked in Turkey between 2008 and 2010, following controversy over the posting of videos deemed insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and some material offensive to Muslims.[202][203] In October 2012, a local version of YouTube was launched in Turkey, with the domain youtube.com.tr
. The local version is subject to the content regulations found in Turkish law.[204] In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the British royalty collection agency PRS for Music led to premium music videos being blocked for YouTube users in the United Kingdom. The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach agreement on a licensing deal. The dispute was resolved in September 2009.[205] In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany.[206]
Business model, advertising, and profits
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Youtubeheadquarterssanbruno.jpg/250px-Youtubeheadquarterssanbruno.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Youtubeheadquarters.jpg/250px-Youtubeheadquarters.jpg)
Before being purchased by Google, YouTube declared that its business model was advertisement-based, making 15 million dollars per month.
Google did not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[207] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[208]
Some industry commentators have speculated that YouTube's running costs (specifically the network bandwidth required) might be as high as 5 to 6 million dollars per month,[209] thereby fuelling criticisms that the company, like many Internet startups, did not have a viably implemented business model. Advertisements were launched on the site beginning in March 2006. In April, YouTube started using Google AdSense.[210] YouTube subsequently stopped using AdSense but has resumed in local regions.
Advertising is YouTube's central mechanism for gaining revenue. This issue has also been taken up in scientific analysis. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams argue in their book Wikinomics that YouTube is an example for an economy that is based on mass collaboration and makes use of the Internet.
- "Whether your business is closer to Boeing or P&G, or more like YouTube or flickr, there are vast pools of external talent that you can tap with the right approach. Companies that adopt these models can drive important changes in their industries and rewrite the rules of competition"[211]:270 "new business models for open content will not come from traditional media establishments, but from companies such as Google, Yahoo, and YouTube. This new generation of companies is not burned by the legacies that inhibit the publishing incumbents, so they can be much more agile in responding to customer demands. More important, they understand that you don't need to control the quantity and destiny of bits if they can provide compelling venues in which people build communities around sharing and remixing content. Free content is just the lure on which they layer revenue from advertising and premium services".[211]:271sq
Tapscott and Williams argue that it is important for new media companies to find ways to make a profit with the help of peer-produced content. The new Internet economy, (that they term Wikinomics) would be based on the principles of "openness, peering, sharing, and acting globally". Companies could make use of these principles in order to gain profit with the help of Web 2.0 applications: "Companies can design and assemble products with their customers, and in some cases customers can do the majority of the value creation".[211]:289sq Tapscott and Williams argue that the outcome will be an economic democracy.
There are other views[by whom?] in the debate that agree with Tapscott and Williams that it is increasingly based on harnessing open source content, networking, sharing, and peering, but they argue that the result is not an economic democracy, but a subtle form and deepening of exploitation, in which labour costs are reduced by Internet-based global outsourcing.[citation needed]
The second view is e.g. taken by Christian Fuchs in his book "Internet and Society". He argues that YouTube is an example of a business model that is based on combining the gift with the commodity. The first is free, the second yields profit. The novel aspect of this business strategy is that it combines what seems at first to be different, the gift and the commodity. YouTube would give free access to its users, the more users, the more profit it can potentially make because it can in principle increase advertisement rates and will gain further interest of advertisers.[212] YouTube would sell its audience that it gains by free access to its advertising customers.[212]:181
- "Commodified Internet spaces are always profit-oriented, but the goods they provide are not necessarily exchange-value and market-oriented; in some cases (such as Google, Yahoo, MySpace, YouTube, Netscape), free goods or platforms are provided as gifts in order to drive up the number of users so that high advertisement rates can be charged in order to achieve profit."[212]:181
In June 2009, BusinessWeek reported that, according to San Francisco-based IT consulting company RampRate, YouTube was far closer to profitability than previous reports, including the April 2009, projection by investment bank Credit Suisse estimating YouTube would lose as much as $470 million in 2009.[213] RampRate's report pegged that number at no more than $174 million.[214]
In May 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program to begin offering some content providers the ability to charge $0.99 per month or more for certain channels, but the vast majority of its videos would remain free to view.[215][216]
See also
- Social impact of YouTube
- YouTube Awards
- YouTube Comedy Week
- YouTube Original Channel Initiative
- List of the most subscribed channels on YouTube
Notes
- ^ Whether YouTube means the original upload date or the first publishing date of videos which were later made unlisted is unclear. The latter likely applies, as that date is indicated on the watch page after initial publication.
References
- ^ "Youtube.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors". www.alexa.com. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ^ Loke Hale, James (May 7, 2019). "More Than 500 Hours Of Content Are Now Being Uploaded To YouTube Every Minute". TubeFilter. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Alexander, Julia (May 10, 2018). "The Yellow $: a comprehensive history of demonetization and YouTube's war with creators". Polygon. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
- ^ Wong, Julia Carrie; Levin, Sam (January 25, 2019). "YouTube vows to recommend fewer conspiracy theory videos". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
- ^ Orphanides, K. G. (March 23, 2018). "Children's YouTube is still churning out blood, suicide and cannibalism". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
- ^ Orphanides, K. G. (February 20, 2019). "On YouTube, a network of paedophiles is hiding in plain sight". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
- ^ Graham, Jefferson (November 21, 2005). "Video websites pop up, invite postings". USA Today. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
- ^ Wooster, Patricia (2014). YouTube founders Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. ISBN 978-1467724821. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
- ^ Sara Kehaulani Goo (October 7, 2006). "Ready for Its Close-Up". Washington Post. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ "YouTube on May 7, 2005". Wayback Machine. May 7, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2005. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
- ^ Dredge, Stuart (March 16, 2016). "YouTube was meant to be a video-dating website". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ "The history of YouTube". Phrasee. May 9, 2016. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Burgess, Jean, and Joshua Green. YouTube : Online Video and Participatory Culture, Polity Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5502950.
- ^ Alleyne, Richard (July 31, 2008). "YouTube: Overnight success has sparked a backlash". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Jawed Karim and Yakov Lapitsky (April 23, 2005). "Me at the Zoo" (Video). YouTube. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Owings, L. (2017). YouTube. Checkerboard Library.
- ^ Woolley, Scott (March 3, 2006). "Raw and Random". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
- ^ "Sequoia's Investment Memo on YouTube". Thornbury Bristol. June 11, 2016. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "YouTube | History, Founders, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ "YouTube is the Fastest Growing Website", Gavin O'malley, Advertising Age, July 21, 2006.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online". USA Today. Reuters. July 16, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ "Info for YouTube.com". Alexa.com. July 26, 2006. Retrieved July 26, 2006.
- ^ "YouTube U.S. Web Traffic Grows 17 Percent Week Over Week, According to Nielsen//Netratings" (Press Release). Netratings, Inc. Nielsen Media Research. July 21, 2006. Retrieved September 12, 2006.
- ^ James Massola (October 17, 2006). "Google pays the price to capture online video zeitgeist". Eureka Street. 16 (15). Jesuit Communications Australia. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
- ^ "Online Video: The Market Is Hot, but Business Models Are Fuzzy". Retrieved August 25, 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "YouTube expands types of advertising". NBC News. August 22, 2006. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Morrissey, Brian (August 22, 2006). "YouTube Shuns Pre-Roll Video Advertising". Adweek. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, Nicholas (August 3, 2011). "Infographic: The History of Video Advertising on YouTube". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
- ^ "Google closes $A2b YouTube deal". The Age. Melbourne. Reuters. November 14, 2006. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ "Infographic: YouTube Beats Cable TV in Ad Revenue". Statista Infographics. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- ^ La Monica, Paul R. (October 9, 2006). "Google to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion". CNNMoney. CNN. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
- ^ "The History of Viral Videos". Business 2 Community. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Schonfeld, Erick. "Chad Hurley's Take From The Sale Of YouTube: $334 Million". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
- ^ Stafford, Alan (May 31, 2006). "The 100 Best Products of 2006". PC World. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ "GooTube: Google buys YouTube". Boing Boing. October 9, 2006. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
- ^ Carter, Lewis (April 7, 2008). "Web could collapse as video demand soars". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
- ^ "YouTube in 2006 timeline | Web Design Museum". Web Design Museum.
- ^ "YouTube in 2007 timeline | Web Design Museum". Web Design Museum.
- ^ Sample channel page archive from April 20th, 2007
- ^ Coyle, Jake (March 20, 2007). "YouTube announces awards to recognize best user-created videos of the year". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
- ^ "YouTube Mobile A Bust! (Getting 3GP/RTSP to work on WM5)". Chris Duke. June 23, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Gough, Paul (July 25, 2007). "CNN's YouTube debate draws impressive ratings". Reuters. p. 1. Retrieved August 3, 2007.
- ^ "Part I: CNN/YouTube Republican presidential debate transcript - CNN.com". CNN. November 28, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- ^ "YouTube Partner Program overview & eligibility". YouTube Help. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
- ^ van Zanten, Boris Veldhuijzen (February 10, 2008). "'Warp' through YouTube with Visual Browser". The Next Web. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ^ DaveWeLike (June 4, 2008). "Youtube Annotations". StuffWeLike. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ "New on YouTube: Collaborative Annotations". ReadWrite. February 20, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ Eves, Derral (February 6, 2013). "How To Create YouTube Video Annotations". DerralEves.com. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ "Link To The Best Parts In Your Videos". YouTube company blog. October 30, 2008.
- ^ Brad Stone and Brooks Barnes (November 10, 2008). "MGM to Post Full Films on YouTube". The New York Times. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ Staci D. Kramer (April 30, 2009). "It's Official: Disney Joins News Corp., NBCU In Hulu; Deal Includes Some Cable Nets". paidContent. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ "Complete List of 2008 Peabody Award Winners". Peabody Awards, University of Georgia. April 1, 2009. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ Ho, Rodney (April 2, 2009). "Peabody honors CNN, TMC". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
- ^ Chris Soghoian (March 2, 2009). "Is the White House changing its YouTube tune?". CNET. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
- ^ "YouTube's Guide to Video Embedding for the U.S. Federal Government Overview".[dead link]
- ^ Allen, Kati (November 19, 2009). "YouTube launches UK TV section with more than 60 partners". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
- ^ "009 Sound System Background Songs". Know Your Meme. 2007 (last updated: 2020-08-05). Retrieved 21 August 2021. Check date values in:
|date=
(help) - ^ "Change Background Music in Youtube Videos with Audioswap". MUO. December 11, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
- ^ "YouTube XL Brings The World's Most Popular Video Portal To Your TV". TechCrunch. June 2, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Accessing YouTube XL on the television". TV True.
- ^ "100 greatest movies, TV shows, and more". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
- ^ Parr, Ben (January 21, 2010). "YouTube Makes Major Changes to Video Pages [SCREENSHOTS]". Mashable.
- ^ Miguel Helft (January 20, 2010). "YouTube takes a small step into the film rental market". The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ Shiels, Maggie (January 21, 2010). "YouTube turns to movie rental business". BBC News. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ "YouTube to offer film rentals in the UK". BBC News. October 7, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ Tsotsis, Alexia (May 9, 2011). "Google Partners With Sony Pictures, Universal And Warner Brothers For YouTube Movies". techcrunch.com. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Sweney, Mark (January 20, 2010). "Cricket: IPL goes global with live online deal". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
- ^ Chapman, Glenn (April 1, 2010). "YouTube redesigns website to keep viewers captivated". Sydney Morning Herald. AFP. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
- ^ Chapman, Glenn (May 18, 2010). "YouTube serving up two billion videos daily". Sydney Morning Herald. AFP. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Shane Richmond (May 26, 2011). "YouTube users uploading two days of video every minute". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Oreskovic, Alexei (January 23, 2012). "YouTube hits 4 billion daily video views". Reuters. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ "comScore Releases May 2010 U.S. Online Video Rankings". comScore. June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
- ^ O'Neill, Megan (July 26, 2020). "YouTube Easter Egg: Play Snake While You Watch". Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ^ "YouTube's Hidden Secret Easter Eggs – AskVG". www.askvg.com. June 3, 2014.
- ^ "Best YouTube Ad Campaign: Tipp-Ex Impresses With Interactive YouTube Video". Tubular Insights. September 3, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ "Hurley stepping down as YouTube chief executive". AFP. October 29, 2010. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
- ^ Whitelaw, Ben (April 20, 2011). "Almost all YouTube views come from just 30% of films". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
- ^ "YouTube Testing New "Reaction" Buttons: OMG, Epic, LOL, Fail, WTF, & Cute". Tubular Insights. June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Updated YouTube Reactions System For Audience Feedback". Tubular Insights. August 4, 2011.
- ^ Whitney, Lance (November 4, 2011). "Google+ now connects with YouTube, Chrome". CNET. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
- ^ "YouTube's website redesign puts the focus on channels". BBC. December 2, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
- ^ Cashmore, Pete (October 26, 2006). "YouTube Gets New Logo, Facelift, and Trackbacks – Growing Fast!". Retrieved December 2, 2011.
- ^ "YouTube's gorgeous, Hulu-like redesign makes videos pop". VentureBeat. July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
- ^ "Eric Schmidt, Princeton Colloquium on Public & Int'l Affairs" (video). YouTube. April 18, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ Seabrook, John (January 16, 2012). "Streaming Dreams". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
- ^ 2012 sample YouTube playlist page
- ^ Janakiram, Nundu (March 6, 2012). "Looking ahead in the YouTube player". blog.youtube. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
- ^ "Alexa Traffic Rank for YouTube (three-month average)". Alexa Internet. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
- ^ Nakashima, Ryan (October 29, 2011). "YouTube launching 100 new channels". USA Today. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ Gutelle, Sam (November 12, 2013). "YouTube Has Removed All References To Its Original Channels Initiative". Tubefilter. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ "Error 404 (Not Found)!". YouTube. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ Cicconet, Marcelo (April 7, 2013). "YouTube not just a site for entertainment, but education". Washington Square News. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ Humphrey, Michael (July 27, 2012). "YouTube PrimeTime: Philip DeFranco's 'People First' Plan Has SourceFed Booming". Forbes. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ The Game Theorists (May 7, 2017), Game Theory: How Minecraft BROKE YouTube!, retrieved June 22, 2017
- ^ "YouTube Partners With ABC News To Offer Its First-Ever Live Stream of the U.S. Presidential Debates". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
- ^ Humphrey, Michael. "Updated: Red Bull Stratos On YouTube Live Topped 8 Million Concurrent Views". Forbes. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Burns, Matt. "Gangnam Style Hits 1 Billion YouTube Views, The World Does Not End". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
- ^ Archive of playback page with channel recommendations
- ^ "Tips on How to Convert to the New YouTube Channel Design 2013 | Black Box Social Media". March 2013.
- ^ "YouTube Reaches 1 Billion Users Milestone". CNBC. March 21, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ Shields, Mike (May 28, 2013). "Arnold Schwarzenegger, Ryan Higa Win YouTube Comedy Week—Maybe". Adweek. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ Spangler, Todd (October 21, 2013). "YouTube Music Awards Nominees Announced". Variety. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ Jaworski (May 23, 2013). "YouTube has a Hollywood problem". The Daily Dot. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ Gutelle, Sam (May 20, 2013). "Six Reasons Why YouTube's 'Big Live Comedy Show' Didn't Work". Tubefilter. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ Gelt, Jessica (November 3, 2013). "YouTube Music Awards: Eminem wins Artist of the Year ... wait, what?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ Gutelle, Sam (November 4, 2013). "The YouTube Music Awards Were Weird, And That's A Problem". Tubefilter. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ "Google Dumps Video Responses From YouTube Due To Dismal .0004% Click-Through Rate". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Cohen, Joshua (November 4, 2013). "YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube". Tubefilter. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ "How To Schedule YouTube Videos Using YouTube Video Scheduling". Video Production Washington DC - MiniMatters. March 15, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Welch, Chris (March 16, 2015). "YouTube's new 'cards' will now obstruct your videos instead of annotations". The Verge.
- ^ Lopez, Napier (March 16, 2015). "YouTube's Mobile-Friendly Cards Will Replace Annotations". TNW | Insider. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ "Upload Videos to YouTube Using Email". Instructional Tech Talk. March 7, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
- ^ "YouTube will turn off its Webcam Capture feature after January 16, 2016". VentureBeat. December 13, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
- ^ "YouTube Adds Mobile Video Streaming for Top Talent". NDTV Gadgets 360. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ "YouTube Will Remove All Video Annotations on Jan. 15". PCMAG.
- ^ Statt, Nick (March 16, 2017). "YouTube to discontinue video annotations because they never worked on mobile". The Verge. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ "Woman wounds 3 at YouTube headquarters in California before killing herself". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- ^ "YouTube creators can hype prerecorded videos with 'Premieres'". Engadget. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Alexander, Julia (June 21, 2018). "YouTube Premieres hopes to redefine how people watch videos". Polygon. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ "YouTube Private Messages Ending Soon - The Reloaders Network". June 4, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
- ^ Eves, Derral (April 8, 2014). "How to Find Your YouTube Inbox". DerralEves.com. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
- ^ Schoon, Ben (November 27, 2018). "YouTube will delete all of those annoying video annotations early next year". 9to5Google. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- ^ Porter, Jon (November 27, 2018). "YouTube annotations will disappear for good in January". The Verge. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- ^ Binder, Matt (December 14, 2018). "The death of YouTube annotations marks an end for early interactive web video". Mashable. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- ^ Partis, Danielle. "YouTube is apparently removing the ability to auto-share videos to Twitter". influencerupdate.biz.
- ^ Archive of chronological channel feed with uploads, liked videos, subscriptions, and playlist additions
- ^ "Abbreviated public-facing subscriber counts". YouTube Engineering and Developers Blog (official).
- ^ "YouTube kills exact public subscriber count". Android Police. August 30, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
- ^ "Heads Up - We're removing the ability to message directly on YouTube after September 18 - YouTube Community". support.google.com. Team YouTube.
|first1=
missing|last1=
(help) - ^ "YouTube is removing its direct messaging feature in September". Engadget.
- ^ "Transition to YouTube Studio - YouTube Help". support.google.com. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ "YouTube Studio – How To Permanently Switch To Classic". TehnoBlog.org. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ Pathak, Khamosh (November 13, 2019). "How to Use YouTube's Queue Feature". How-To Geek.
- ^ Cashmore, Pete (October 5, 2006). "YouTube QuickList: New Feature". Mashable.
- ^ Monday, Last updated (February 24, 2020). "YouTube – How to show liked videos on your public video channel".
- ^ Nixon, Joe (September 16, 2020). "Why Did YouTube Remove Polls?". VideoCreator.chat.
- ^ "YouTube Will Stop Sending Out New Video Email Notifications Soon". Android Headlines. August 11, 2020.
- ^ "What is an Art Track? - YouTube Help". support.google.com.
- ^ "Find music from artists you like - YouTube Help". support.google.com.
- ^ "TeamYouTube auf Twitter: "Thanks for sending this our way – Art Tracks are different from other videos on YouTube: 1) they're auto generated 2) they consist of still images 3) their comments can't be moderated. At this point of time, we have decided to discontinue comments on such Art Tracks.… https://t.co/Xb3KaqP7Rd"". web.archive.org. December 17, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2021. External link in
|title=
(help) - ^ Fingas, Jonathan (November 24, 2020). "YouTube's AI-generated video chapters could help you skip lengthy intros". Engadget.
- ^ Li, Abner (June 23, 2021). "YouTube will make Unlisted videos uploaded before 2017 private next month". 9to5Google. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ "Older unlisted content - YouTube Help". support.google.com. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Warren, Tom (August 24, 2021). "YouTube is forcing the popular Groovy Discord music bot offline". The Verge. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ "Discord music bot Groovy is going offline after YouTube crackdown". Engadget. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ Clayton, Natalie (August 25, 2021). "Google has killed Discord's best music bot". PC Gamer. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sayer, Peter (June 19, 2007). "Google launches YouTube France News". PC Advisor. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ See YouTube localization list on the bottom of YouTube website.
- ^ "Presentan hoy YouTube México" [YouTube México launched today]. El Universal (in Spanish). October 11, 2007. Archived from the original on May 16, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
- ^ "中文上線 – YouTube 香港中文版登場!". Stanley5. October 17, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- ^ "YouTube台灣網站上線 手機版再等等". ZDNet. October 18, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Nicole, Kristen (October 22, 2007). "YouTube Launches in Australia & New Zealand". Mashable. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ Nicole, Kristen (November 6, 2007). "YouTube Canada Now Live". Mashable. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ Ostrow, Adam (November 8, 2007). "YouTube Germany Launches". Mashable. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ "YouTube перевелся на русский" (in Russian). Kommersant Moscow. November 14, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ Williams, Martyn (January 23, 2008). "YouTube Launches Korean Site". PC World. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ Joshi, Sandeep (May 8, 2008). "YouTube now has an Indian incarnation". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ Bokuvka, Petr (October 12, 2008). "Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks". The Czech Daily Word. Wordpress.com. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
- ^ "YouTube launches in Argentina". September 9, 2010. Archived from the original on September 9, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen". ArabCrunch. Archived from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- ^ Jidenma, Nmachi (September 1, 2011). "Google launches YouTube in Kenya". The Next Web. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ Nod, Tam (October 13, 2011). "YouTube launches 'The Philippines'". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 13, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "YouTube Launches Singapore Site". Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
- ^ YouTube launches localized website for Colombia December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- ^ Google Launches YouTube Uganda Archived January 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today Archived January 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine December 7, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ Google launches YouTube Chile March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. Archived March 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Google Launches Hungarian YouTube March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
- ^ Bindu Suresh Rai (April 2, 2012). "UAE version of YouTube launched". Emirates 247. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
- ^ "YouTube Launches Indonesian Version" Archived July 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
- ^ "Google launches YouTube in Ghana", June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
- ^ "YouTube launches local portal in Senegal", Jubr> ^ [3] itag 120 is for live streaming and has metadata referring to "Elemental Technologies Live".July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
- ^ "YouTube's Turkish version goes into service", October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
- ^ Tarasova, Maryna (December 13, 2012). "YouTube приходить в Україну! (YouTube comes in Ukraine!)" (in Ukrainian). Ukraine: Google Ukraine Blog.
- ^ "YouTube lanceres i Danmark". Denmark: iProspect. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Sormunen, Vilja (February 6, 2013). "YouTube Launches in the Nordics". Nordic: KLOK. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
- ^ "YOUTUBE LAUNCHED IN NORWAY". Norway: TONO. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ "YouTube goes Swiss". Swiss: swissinfo. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ "YouTube.at since Thursday online". Austria: Wiener Zeitung. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ "Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână". Romania: ZF.ro. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
- ^ "Google lança versão lusa do YouTube". Portugal: Luso Noticias. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
- ^ tš (May 21, 2013). "Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube" (in Slovak). Vat Pravda. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nick Rego (September 16, 2013). "YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC". tbreak Media. Archived from the original on February 6, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
- ^ Ивелина Атанасова (March 18, 2014). "YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България" (in Bulgarian). New Trend. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
- ^ "Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj" (in Croatian). Lider. March 19, 2014. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
- ^ Siiri Oden (March 19, 2014). "Youtube reklaamid – uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis!" (in Estonian). Meedium. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
- ^ Marta (March 18, 2014). "Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā" (in Latvian). Marketing. Archived from the original on March 21, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
- ^ STA (March 18, 2014). "Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi" (in Slovenian). Dnevnik. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
- ^ Asina Pornwasin (April 3, 2014). "YouTube introduces homepage especially". The Nation. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Stephen Hall (October 12, 2015). "YouTube continues global expansion w/ versions of its site in 7 new locales". 9to5 Google. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "YouTube launches Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka-specific homepages". The Himalayan Times. January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
- ^ "YouTube launches country-specific homepage for Pakistan". The Express Tribune. January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
- ^ 881903.com Commercial Radio Archived December 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ CableTV Archived March 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (July 19, 2016). "Sorry for Having Insulted China? Here's Your Chance to Apologize". The New York Times.
- ^ "YouTube unblocked in China, but could Google have cooperated?". CNET.
- ^ "Learn More: Video not available in my country". google.com. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
- ^ "YouTube language versions". Retrieved June 2, 2015.
- ^ "Turkey lifts two-year ban on YouTube". BBC News. October 30, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
- ^ Danforth, Nick (July 31, 2009). "Turks censor YouTube censorship". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
- ^ "YouTube cedes to Turkey and uses local Web domain". CNET. October 2, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
- ^ Barnett, Emma (September 3, 2009). "Music videos back on YouTube in multi-million pound PRS deal". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ "Now YouTube stops the music in Germany". The Guardian. London. April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
- ^ Yen, Yi-Wyn (March 25, 2008). "YouTube Looks for the Money Clip". fortune.CNN.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
- ^ Hardy, Quentin; Evan Hessel (May 22, 2008). "GooTube". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ "Youtube bandwidth usage: 25 Petabytes per month". Willy Dobbe. July 20, 2006.
- ^ "YouTube: a history". Telegraph.co.uk. April 17, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Tapscott, Don and Williams, Anthony D. (2006). Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59184-138-8.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Fuchs, Christian (2008), Internet and Society: Social Theory in the Information Age. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415961327. 408 Pages.
- ^ "Analyst: YouTube Could Lose $470M This Year". Chris Albrecht, Gigaom, April 3, 2009.
- ^ "Maybe Google Isn't Losing Big Bucks on YouTube After All", Rob Hof, Bloomberg Businessweek, June 17, 2009.
- ^ "YouTube launches pay-to-watch subscription channels". BBC News. May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
- ^ Nakaso, Dan (May 7, 2013). "YouTube providers could begin charging fees this week". Mercury News. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
External links
- History of YouTube
- 21st century in the United States
- History of mass media in the United States
- History of companies of the United States
- History of the Internet
- Digital Revolution