Hungarian alphabet

Hungarian language
Hungarian keyboard
Alphabet
ő ű cs dz dzs gy ly ny sz ty zs
Grammar
Noun phrases Verbs T–V distinction
History
Sound correspondences with other Uralic languages
Other features
Phonetics and phonology Vowel harmony Orthography Old Hungarian script Hungarian Braille Hungarian names
Hungarian and English
Hungarian pronunciation of English English words from Hungarian
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The Hungarian alphabet (Hungarian: magyar ábécé) is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hungarian language.

The alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with several added variations of letters. The alphabet consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, as well as 5 letters with an acute accent, 2 letters with an umlaut, 2 letters with a double acute accent, 8 letters made up of two characters, and 1 letter made up of three characters. In some other languages, characters with diacritical marks would be considered variations of the base letter, however in Hungarian, these characters are considered letters in their own right.^[1]

One sometimes speaks of the smaller (or basic) and greater (or extended) Hungarian alphabets, depending on whether or not the letters Q, W, X, Y are listed, which can only be found in foreign words and traditional orthography of names.^[2] (As for Y, however, it exists as part of several digraphs)

The 44 letters of the extended Hungarian alphabet are:

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)

A

Á

B

C

Cs

D

Dz

Dzs

E

É

F

G

Gy

H

I

Í

J

K

L

Ly

M

N

Ny

O

Ó

Ö

Ő

P

Q

R

S

Sz

T

Ty

U

Ú

Ü

Ű

V

W

X

Y

Z

Zs

Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)

a

á

b

c

cs

d

dz

dzs

e

é

f

g

gy

h

i

í

j

k

l

ly

m

n

ny

o

ó

ö

ő

p

q

r

s

sz

t

ty

u

ú

ü

ű

v

w

x

y

z

zs

Description[]

Each sign shown above counts as a letter in its own right in Hungarian. Some, such as the letter ⟨ó⟩ and ⟨ő⟩, are inter-filed with the letter preceding it when sorting words alphabetically, whereas others, such as ⟨ö⟩, have their own place in collation rather than also being inter-filed with ⟨o⟩.

While long vowels count as different letters, long (or geminate) consonants do not. Long consonants are marked by duplication: e.g. ⟨tt⟩, ⟨gg⟩, ⟨zz⟩ (ette 'he ate' (det.obj.), függ 'it hangs', azzal 'with that'). For the di- and tri-graphs a simplification rule normally applies (but not when the compound is split at the end of a line of text due to hyphenation): only the first letter is duplicated: e.g. ⟨sz⟩ + ⟨sz⟩ → ⟨ssz⟩ (asszony 'woman'), ⟨ty⟩ + ⟨ty⟩ → ⟨tty⟩ (hattyú 'swan'), ⟨dzs⟩ + ⟨dzs⟩ → ⟨ddzs⟩ (briddzsel 'with bridge (playing game)').

An exception is made at the joining points of compound words, for example: jegygyűrű 'engagement ring' (jegy + gyűrű) not jeggyűrű.

⟨Dz⟩ and ⟨dzs⟩ were recognized as individual letters in the 11th edition of Hungarian orthography (1984).^[3] Prior to that, they were analyzed as two-letter combinations ⟨d⟩+⟨z⟩ and ⟨d⟩+⟨zs⟩.

Pronunciation[]

The pronunciation given for the following Hungarian letters is that of standard Hungarian.

Letter	Name	Phoneme (IPA)	Complementary allophones (IPA)[4]	Close to	Notes
A	a	/ɒ/  (help·info)		similar to British English cot	[ɑ̝̹] might describe it better (raised, more rounded; sign rendered probably incorrectly, containing two diacritical marks below). Still definitely not [ɔ], but more like [ɒ] (the o in traditional Received Pronunciation hot)
Á	á	/aː/  (help·info)		an extended father	Not nearly as open as the a in American English hat, but closer to it than Hungarian a (without the accent mark)
B	bé	/b/  (help·info)		as by, absence etc.
C	cé	/ts/  (help·info)		like pots
Cs	csé	/tʃ/		as check, cheek, etching etc.
D	dé	/d/  (help·info)		deck, wide etc.
(Dz)	dzé	/dz/  (help·info)		as in kids	Uncommon, usually occurs in loanwords. Formerly regarded as a digraph of 'd' followed by 'z'. When neither post- nor preconsonantic, always realised as a geminate.
(Dzs)	dzsé	/dʒ/		jam, George, bridge, edge, fridge	Uncommon, usually occurs in loanwords. Formerly regarded as a digraph of 'd' then 'zs'. When final or intervocalic, usually realised as a geminate: maharadzsa /mɑhɑrɑdʒɑ/ [mɑhɑrɑd͡ʒːɑ] 'maharajah', bridzs /bridʒ/ [brid͡ʒː] 'bridge (card game)', but dzsungel /dʒuŋɡɛl/ [d͡ʒuŋɡɛl] 'jungle', fridzsider /fridʒidɛr/ [frid͡ʒidɛr] coll. 'refrigerator'
E	e	/ɛ/  (help·info)		like less, cheque, edge, bed	about 40-50% of speakers also have a phoneme /e/ (see below at Ë). /e/ is not considered part of standard Hungarian, wherein /ɛ/ takes the place of /e/.
É	é	/eː/  (help·info)		café
F	ef	/f/  (help·info)		find, euphoria
G	gé	/ɡ/  (help·info)		get, leg, go etc.
Gy	gyé	/ɟ/  (help·info)		(not used in English; soft form of /d/. Mostly similar to during, as pronounced in Received Pronunciation)	denoting /ɟ/ by <gy> is a remnant of (probably) Italian scribes who tried to render the Hungarian sound. <dy> would be a more consistent notation in scope of <ty>, <ny>, <ly> (see there), as the <y> part of digraphs show palatalisation in the Hungarian writing system.
H	há	/h/	1. [ɦ]  (help·info) 2. ∅ 3. [x]  (help·info) 4. [ç]  (help·info)	Basic: hi 1. behind 2. honest 3. Loch, Chanukah 4. human	1. when in intervocalic position. 2. not rendered usually when in final position méh /meː/ 'bee', cseh /tʃɛ/ 'Czech' 3. seldom, in final position, such as in doh 'dampness', MÉH 'metal recycling facility' 4. seldom, such as in ihlet 'inspiration'
I	i	/i/		sea, key, tree	Pronounced the same as Í, only shorter
Í	i̇́	/iː/  (help·info)		leek, leave, seed, sea	Vowel length is phonemically distinctive in Hungarian: irt = 'to exterminate' and írt = 'to write (past tense)'
J	jé	/j/  (help·info)	[ç], [ʝ]	you, yes, faith	allophones occur when /j/ occurs after a consonant; (voiceless after voiceless, voiced after voiced consonants). e.g. férj 'husband', kapj 'get! (imperative)'
K	ká	/k/  (help·info)		key, kiss, weak
L	el	/l/  (help·info)		leave, list
Ly	elly, el-ipszilon	/j/  (help·info) / /ʎ/  (help·info)		play, pray
M	em	/m/  (help·info)		mind, assume, might,
N	en	/n/	[ŋ]  (help·info) [n]  (help·info)	thing, lying (before k, g), need, bone (anywhere else)	allophone before /k/, /ɡ/
Ny	eny	/ɲ/  (help·info)		canyon
O	o	/o/		force, sorcerer	A shorter, more open variant of Ó. Unlike with short e, which is opened to /ɛ/ in standard speech, short o remains /o/, rather than opening to /ɔ/ where it would come close to clashing with short a.
Ó	ó	/oː/  (help·info)		Not in standard English. go, snow are approximations, but are diphthongs, unlike the Hungarian	Same as /o/ except longer. It is important to pay attention to. (eg.: kor = 'age' and kór = 'disease')
Ö	ö	/ø/  (help·info)		(Not used in English; corresponds to (short) German Ö); similar to shwa /ə/ (e.g. cola) except with rounded lips.	A shorter, more open variant of Ő
Ő	ő	/øː/		(Not used in English; a longer, more closed variant of Ö, similar to non-rhotic murder.)	Minimal pair to /ø/: öt = 'five' and őt = 'him/her (Hungarian pronouns do not specify gender)'
P	pé	/p/  (help·info)		peas, apricot, hope
(Q)	kú				Q occurs only as part of the digraph qu in foreign words, realised as /kv/: Aquincum [ɑkviŋkum] (name of an old Roman settlement on the area of present-day Óbuda). Words originally spelled with qu are today usually spelled with kv, as in akvarell 'watercolor painting'.
R	er	/r/  (help·info)		The closest equivalent is r	also called apical trill as pronounced by trilling the tip of your tongue (the apex) and not the uvula.
S	es	/ʃ/  (help·info)		share, wish, shout	This notation is unusual for European writing systems where <s> usually stands for /s/. In Hungarian, /s/ is represented by <sz>.
Sz	esz	/s/  (help·info)		say, estimate
T	té	/t/  (help·info)		tell, least, feast
Ty	tyé	/c/  (help·info)		tube
U	u	/u/		rude
Ú	ú	/uː/  (help·info)		do, fool	minimal pair to /u/: hurok 'loop' ∼ húrok 'cords'
Ü	ü	/y/		(not used in English, corresponds to German Ü)	A shorter, more open variant of ű
Ű	ű	/yː/  (help·info)		(not used in English)
V	vé	/v/  (help·info)		very, every
(W)	dupla vé	/v/  (help·info)		view, evolve, vacuum	only occurs in foreign words and in Hungarian aristocratic surnames
(X)	iksz				occurs only in loanwords, and there only when denoting /ks/; [ɡz] is transcribed: extra, Alexandra, but egzakt 'exact'.
(Y)	ipszilon	/i/		happy	Usually combined with another letter to form a new sound (see ly, ny, gy, ty). In loanwords, usually rendered as /i/ or /j/. Occurs very often in old Hungarian aristocratic surnames where it stands for /i/ or /ʲi/: 'Báthory' [baːtori], 'Batthyány' [bɑcːaːɲi] or [bɑcːaːni] (<n>+<y> ∼ /ɲi/)
Z	zé	/z/  (help·info)		desert, roses
Zs	zsé	/ʒ/  (help·info)		pleasure, leisure

The letter ë is not part of the Hungarian alphabet; however, linguists use this letter to distinguish between the two kinds of short e sounds of some dialects. This letter was first used in 1770 by György Kalmár, but has never officially been part of the Hungarian alphabet, as the standard Hungarian language does not distinguish between these two sounds. However, the ë sound is pronounced differently from the e sound in 6 out of the 10 Hungarian dialects and the sound is pronounced as ö in 1 dialect. It is also used in names.

The digraph ch also exists in some words (technika, monarchia) and is pronounced the same as h. In names, however, it is pronounced like cs as well as like h or k (as in German) (see below).

Historic spellings used in names and historical documents[]

Old spellings (sometimes similar to German orthography) used in some Hungarian names and their corresponding pronunciation according to modern spelling include the following:

Consonants

Historic spelling	Pronounced like modern spelling
bb	b
cz	c
tz	c
z	c
ch	cs
cz	cs
č	cs
ć	cs
ts	cs
csh	cs
tsch	cs
tzsch	cs
chs	cs
cy	cs
ʟ	cs
dd	d
dsz	dz
ds	dzs
ff	f
ph	f
gh	g
dgy	ggy
dy	gy
g	gy
gi	gy
gj	gy
gʹ~g′	gy
ǵ	gy
ġ	gy
j	gy
jj	j
l	j
y	j
ck	k
kh	k
x	ks
xy	ksz
xz	ksz
qu	kv
ll	l
l	ll
w	lv
j	ly
l	ly
li	ly
ry	ly
lly	ly
′l(ʹl)~l′(lʹ)~ŀ	ly
n	ny
ni	ny
nʹ~n′	ny
ń	ny
ṅ	ny
my	ny
ph	p
pp	p
rh	r
rr	r
ꝛ	r
sch	s
ss	s
ss	ssz
s	sz
sc	sz
sy	sz
z	sz
th	t
tt	t
ti	ty
tʹ~t′	ty
ṫ	ty
ky	ty
u	v
w	v
s	z
s	zs
ss	zs
zy	zs
['s]	zs

^[5]

Vowels

Historic spelling	Pronounced as in modern spelling
a	á
aa	á
aá	á
áá	á
áh	á
ä	e
ae	e
ai	e
ay	e
áe	é
ái	é
áy	é
e	é
ee	é
eé	é
éh	é
i	í
ié	í
íh	í
ii	í
ií	í
å	o
o	ó
óh	ó
oo	ó
oó	ó
ua	ó
â	ö
åe	ö
åi	ö
åy	ö
eö	ö
ew	ö
oe	ö
oi	ö
oy	ö
eö	ő
eő	ő
ew	ő
ia	ő
ö	ő
őh	ő
öö	ő
öő	ő
óe	ő
ói	ő
óy	ő
üa	ő
u	ú
úh	ú
uó	ú
uu	ú
uú	ú
ue	ü
ui	ü
uy	ü
ü	ű
űh	ű
üő	ű
üü	ű
üű	ű
úe	ű
úi	ű
úy	ű
aë	aj
aï	aj
aÿ	aj
ei	aj
áë	áj
áï	áj
áÿ	áj
åë	oj
åï	oj
åÿ	oj
eu	oj
oë	oj
oï	oj
oÿ	oj
óë	ój
óï	ój
óÿ	ój
au	uj
uë	uj
uï	uj
uÿ	uj
úë	új
úï	új
úÿ	új
(g)y ~ gÿ	gi
y	ji
ý	jí
(l)y ~ lÿ	(l)i
(n)y ~ nÿ	(ny)i or (n)i
(t)y ~ tÿ	ti

On áá: ^[6]

Generally, y in historic spellings of names formed with the -i affix (not to be confused with a possessive -i- of plural objects, as in szavai!) can exist after many other letters (e.g.: Teleky, Rákóczy, Dézsy). Here are listed only examples which can be easily misread because of such spelling.

Examples:

Name	Pronounced as if spelled
Madách	Madács
Széchenyi	Szécsényi or Szécsenyi
Batthyány	Battyányi
	Gajdácsi
Thököly	Tököli
Weöres	Vörös
Eötvös	Ötvös
Kassay	Kassai
Debrődy	Debrődi
Karczagy	Karcagi
Vörösmarty	Vörösmarti
Cházár	Császár
Czukor	Cukor
Balogh	Balog
Vargha	Varga
Paal	Pál
Gaál	Gál
Veér	Vér
Rédey	Rédei
Soós	Sós
Thewrewk	Török
Dessewffy	Dezsőfi

Historic spellings of article and conjunctions[]

In early editions the article a/az was written according to the following rules:

• before vowels and h — az: az ember, az híd
• before consonants — a': a' csillag.

The abbreviated form of the conjunction és (and), which is always written today as s, was likely to be written with an apostrophe before — ’s (e.g. föld ’s nép).

Capitalisation[]

The di- and the trigraphs are capitalised in names and at the beginning of sentences by capitalising the first glyph of them only.

• Csak jót mondhatunk Székely Csabáról.

In abbreviations and when writing with all capital letters, however, one capitalises the second (and third) character as well.

Thus ("The Rules of Hungarian Orthography", a book edited by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences):

• A magyar helyesírás szabályai
• MHSZ (not MHSz)
• A MAGYAR HELYESÍRÁS SZABÁLYAI (not SzABÁLyAI)

Alphabetical ordering (collation)[]

While the characters with diacritical marks are considered separate letters, vowels that differ only in length are treated the same when ordering words. Therefore, for example, the pairs O/Ó and Ö/Ő are not distinguished in ordering, but Ö follows O. In cases where two words are differentiated solely by the presence of an accent, the one without the accent is put before the other one. (The situation is the same for lower and upper-case letters: in alphabetical ordering, varga is followed by Varga.)

The polygraphic consonant signs are treated as single letters.

comb
cukor
csak	<cs> comes after <c>
...
folyik
folyó	<ó> is sorted as <o>
folyosó
...
fő	and <ő> is sorted as <ö>,
födém	but <ö> comes after <o>
...

The simplified geminates of multigraphs (see above) such as <nny>, <ssz> are collated as <ny>+<ny>, <sz>+<sz> etc., if they are double geminates, rather than co-occurrences of a single letter and a geminate.

könnyű is collated as <k><ö><ny><ny><ű>. tizennyolc of course as <t><i><z><e><n><ny><o><l><c>, as this is a compound: tizen+nyolc ('above ten' + 'eight' = 'eighteen').

Similar 'ambiguities', which can occur with compounds (which are highly common in Hungarian) are dissolved and collated by sense.

e.g. házszám 'house number (address)' = ház + szám and of course not *házs + *zám.

These rules make Hungarian alphabetic ordering algorithmically difficult (one has to know the correct segmentation of a word to sort it correctly), which was a problem for computer software development.

Keyboard layout[]

The standard Hungarian keyboard layout is German-based (QWERTZ). This layout allows direct access to every character in the Hungarian alphabet.

The letter "Í" is often placed left of the space key, leaving the width of the left Shift key intact. "Ű" may be located to the left of Backspace, making that key smaller, but allowing for a larger Enter key. Ű being close to Enter often leads to it being typed instead of hitting Enter, especially when one has just switched from a keyboard that has Ű next to backspace. The German "ß" and the Polish "Ł" are also present.

Letter frequencies[]

The most common letters in Hungarian are e and a.^[7]

The list below shows the letter frequencies for the smaller Hungarian alphabet in descending order.

Letter	Frequency
e	12.256%
a	9.428%
t	7.380%
n	6.445%
l	6.383%
s	5.322%
k	4.522%
é	4.511%
i	4.200%
m	4.054%
o	3.867%
á	3.649%
g	2.838%
r	2.807%
z	2.734%
v	2.453%
b	2.058%
d	2.037%
sz	1.809%
j	1.570%
h	1.341%
gy	1.185%
ő	0.884%
ö	0.821%
ny	0.790%
ly	0.738%
ü	0.655%
ó	0.634%
f	0.582%
p	0.509%
í	0.499%
u	0.416%
cs	0.260%
ű	0.125%
c	0.114%
ú	0.104%
zs	0.021%
dz	<0.010%
dzs	<0.010%
ty	<0.010%

The spelling alphabet[]

Note that some letters were omitted (notably, Dz, Dzs, Gy, Í, Ly, Ny, Ty, Ú, Ű).^[8][9]

Letter	spelling name	meaning of word
A, a	András	Male given name, the Hungarian form of Andrew
Á, á	Ágnes	Agnes (name)
B, b	Borbála	Female given name, the Hungarian form of Barbara
C, c	Cegléd	City of Cegléd
Cs, cs	Csongrád	City of Csongrád
D, d	Dénes	Male given name, the equivalent of Denis
E, e	Erzsébet	Female given name, the Hungarian form of Elizabeth
É, é	Éva	Female given name (Eva)
F, f	Ferenc	Male given name
G, g	Gábor	Male given name, the equivalent of Gabriel.
H, h	Hungária	Latin for Hungary
I, i	István	Equivalent of the name Stephen or Stefan
J, j	János	Male Hungarian given name, a variant of John
K, k	Kálmán	Hungarian surname and male given name Kálmán
L, l	Lőrinc	Male given name, the equivalent of Laurence
M, m	Mihály	Masculine given name, the Hungarian form of Michael
N, n	Nándor	a Hungarian form of given name Ferdinand
O, o	Olga	Female given name
Ó, ó	Ó-buda	Town of Óbuda
Ö, ö	Ödön	Male given name
Ő, ő	Őrség
P, p	Piroska	Feminine given name (Piroska)
R, r	Rozál	Form of Rozália (Rosa) female given name
S, s	Sári	Form of Sára female given name
Sz, Sz	Szabadka	Hungarian name for city of Subotica
T, t	Tamás	Masculine given name, equivalent of the name Thomas
U, u	Ungvár	Hungarian name for city of Uzhhorod
Ü, ü	Üteg	Hungarian word for an artillery battery
V, v	Veronika	Female given name, form of Veronica
Y, y	Ypszilon	Greek letter Upsilon (Υ)
Z, z	Zoltán	Masculine given name Zoltán
Zs, Zs	Zsófia	Female given name, the Hungarian equivalent of Sophia

See also[]

• Hungarian orthography
• Hungarian braille
• Hungarian phonology
• ISO/IEC 8859-2

References[]

External links[]

• X-SAMPA for Hungarian