ISO metric screw thread

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The ISO metric screw thread is the most commonly used type of general-purpose screw thread worldwide.^[1] They were one of the first international standards agreed when the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was set up in 1947.^{[citation needed]}

The "M" designation for metric screws indicates the nominal outer diameter of the screw thread, in millimetres. This is also referred to as the "major" diameter in the information below. It indicates the diameter of smooth-walled hole that a male thread (e.g. on a bolt) will pass through easily to create a well-located connection to an internally threaded component (e.g. a nut) on the other side. That is, an M6 screw has a nominal outer diameter of 6 millimetres and will therefore be a well-located, co-axial fit in a hole drilled to 6mm diameter.

Basic profile[]

Basic profile of all ISO metric screw threads, where the male part has the external thread

The design principles of ISO general-purpose metric screw threads ("M" series threads) are defined in international standard ISO 68-1.^[2] Each thread is characterized by its major diameter, D (D_maj in the diagram), and its pitch, P. ISO metric threads consist of a symmetric V-shaped thread. In the plane of the thread axis, the flanks of the V have an angle of 60° to each other. The thread depth is 0.54125 × pitch. The outermost 1⁄8 and the innermost 1⁄4 of the height H of the V-shape are cut off from the profile.

The relationship between the height H and the pitch P is found using the following equation where θ is half the included angle of the thread, in this case 30°:^[3]

${\displaystyle H={\frac {1}{2\tan \theta }}\cdot P={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}\cdot P\approx 0.866025\cdot P}$

or

${\displaystyle P=2\tan \theta \cdot H={\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}\cdot H\approx 1.154701\cdot H}$

In an external (male) thread (e.g., on a bolt), the major diameter D_maj and the minor diameter D_min define maximum dimensions of the thread. This means that the external thread must end flat at D_maj, but can be rounded out below the minor diameter D_min. Conversely, in an internal (female) thread (e.g., in a nut), the major and minor diameters are minimum dimensions; therefore the thread profile must end flat at D_min but may be rounded out beyond D_maj. In practice this means that one can measure the diameter over the threads of a bolt to find the nominal diameter D_maj, and the inner diameter of a nut is D_min.

The minor diameter D_min and effective pitch diameter D_p are derived from the major diameter and pitch as

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}D_{\text{min}}&=D_{\text{maj}}-2\cdot {\frac {5}{8}}\cdot H=D_{\text{maj}}-{\frac {5{\sqrt {3}}}{8}}\cdot P\approx D_{\text{maj}}-1.082532\cdot P\\[3pt]D_{\text{p}}&=D_{\text{maj}}-2\cdot {\frac {3}{8}}\cdot H=D_{\text{maj}}-{\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{8}}\cdot P\approx D_{\text{maj}}-0.649519\cdot P\end{aligned}}}$

Designation[]

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A metric ISO screw thread is designated by the letter M followed by the value of the nominal diameter D (the maximum thread diameter) and the pitch P, both expressed in millimetres and separated by the hyphen sign, - (e.g., M8-1.25). If the pitch is the normally used "coarse" pitch listed in ISO 261 or ISO 262, it can be omitted (e.g., M8).

The length of a machine screw or bolt is indicated by a following x and the length expressed in millimetres (e.g., M8-1.25x30 or M8x30).

A common error or colloquialism is to use the 'x' or '/' when describing the pitch, so "M8x1.0" or "M8/1" might be seen where "M8-1.0" would be the clearer text to use. Similarly a 30 mm bolt with this pitch might be written as "M8x1x30", where only "M8-1.0x30 is correct.

Tolerance classes defined in ISO 965-1 can be appended to these designations, if required (e.g., M500– 6g in external threads). External threads are designated by lowercase letter, g or h. Internal threads are designated by upper case letters, G or H.

Preferred sizes[]

ISO 261 specifies a detailed list of preferred combinations of outer diameter D and pitch P for ISO metric screw threads.^[4][5] ISO 262 specifies a shorter list of thread dimensions – a subset of ISO 261.^[6]

The R10 series is from ISO 3, and the R20 series are rounded off values from ISO 3.^{[clarification needed][4]}

The coarse pitch is the commonly used default pitch for a given diameter. In addition, one or two smaller fine pitches are defined, for use in applications where the height of the normal coarse pitch would be unsuitable (e.g., threads in thin-walled pipes). The terms coarse and fine have (in this context) no relation to the manufacturing quality of the thread.

In addition to coarse and fine threads, there is another division of extra fine, or superfine threads, with a very fine pitch thread. Superfine pitch metric threads are occasionally used in automotive components, such as suspension struts, and are commonly used in the aviation manufacturing industry. This is because extra fine threads are more resistant to coming loose from vibrations.^[8] Fine and superfine threads also have a greater minor diameter than coarse threads, which means the bolt or stud has a greater cross-sectional area (and therefore greater load-carrying capability) for the same nominal diameter.

Spanner (wrench) sizes[]

Below are some common spanner (wrench) sizes for metric screw threads. Hex head widths (width across flats, spanner size) are for DIN 934 hex nuts and hex head bolts. Other (usually smaller) sizes may occur for reasons of weight and cost reduction.

Thread	Spanner (wrench) size (mm)
	Hex nut, and bolt		Socket-head cap screw	Button-head cap screw Counter-sunk flat-head cap screw	Set, or grub, screw
	ISO	DIN
M1	-	2.5	-	-	-
M1.2	-	3	-	-	-
M1.4	-	3	1.25	-	0.7
M1.6	3.2		1.5	0.9	0.7
M2	4		1.5	1.25	0.9
M2.5	5		2	1.5	1.3
M3	5.5		2.5	2	1.5
M3.5	6		-	-	-
M4	7		3	2.5	2
M5	8		4	3	2.5
M6	10		5	4	3
M7	11		-	-	-
M8	13		6	5	4
M10	16	17	8	6	5
M12	18	19	10	8	6
M14	21	22	10	-	-
M16	24		14	10	8
M18	27		14	12	-
M20	30		17	12	10
M22	34	32	17	14	-
M24	36		19	14	12
M27	41		19	17	14
M30	46		22	17	14
M33	50		24	-	-
M36	55		27	-	-
M39	60		-	-	-
M42	65		32	-	-
M45	70		-	-	-
M48	75		36	-	-
M52	80		36	-	-
M56	85		41	-	-
M60	90		-	-	-
M64	95		46	-	-

Standards[]

International[]

• ISO 68-1: ISO general purpose screw threads — Basic profile — Metric screw threads.
• ISO 261: ISO general purpose metric screw threads — General plan.
• ISO 262: ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Selected sizes for screws, bolts and nuts.
• ISO 965: ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Tolerances^[9]
  • ISO 965-1: Principles and basic data
  • ISO 965-2: Limits of sizes for general purpose external and internal screw threads.
  • ISO 965-3: Deviations for constructional screw threads
  • ISO 965-4: Limits of sizes for hot-dip galvanized external screw threads to mate with internal screw threads tapped with tolerance position H or G after galvanizing
  • ISO 965-5: Limits of sizes for internal screw threads to mate with hot-dip galvanized external screw threads with maximum size of tolerance position h before galvanizing

National[]

• BS 3643: ISO metric screw threads
• ANSI/ASME B1.13M: Metric Screw Threads: M Profile
• ANSI/ASME B4.2-1978 (R2009): Preferred Metric Limits and Fits
• Page 519 DIN13

See also[]

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (2000), Machinery's Handbook (26th ed.), New York: Industrial Press Inc., ISBN 0-8311-2635-3.

External links[]

• Metric screw thread dimensions and tolerances
• Metric coarse thread dimensions
• Metric fine thread dimensions
• Detailed metric thread dimensions
• Diagrams and tables of many screwthread series. In German
• DIN 931
• ISO 272