Ice worm

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For methane ice worms, see Hesiocaeca methanicola.

Ice worm
Mesenchytraeus solifugus anterior.png
Mesenchytraeus solifugus
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Clitellata
Order: Haplotaxida
Family: Enchytraeidae
Genus: Mesenchytraeus
Eisen, 1878[1]
Type species

Eisen, 1878
Species

See text

Ice worms (also written as ice-worms or iceworms) are enchytraeid annelids of the genus Mesenchytraeus. The majority of the species in the genus are abundant in gravel beds or the banks of riverine habitats,[2][3] but the best-known members of the genus are found in glacial ice. They include the only annelid worms known to spend their entire lives in glacial ice,[4] and some of the few metazoans to complete their entire life cycle at conditions below 0 °C (32 °F).[5]

Unknown species of ice worm

The genus contains 77 species, including the North American glacier ice worm (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) and the Yosemite snow worm ().[6][7][8]

Ice worms eat snow algae and bacteria.[9] They live at zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), but if temperatures dip even slightly below that, according to a Washington State University researcher, the worms die.[10]


Species[]

The genus contains 77 species. They are the following:[6][7][11]

  • Michaelsen, 1901
  • Welch, 1917
  • Bell, 1942
  • Shen, Chen & Xie, 2012
  • Rota & Brinkhurst, 2000
  • Bell, 1962
  • Nurminen, 1973b
  • (Levinsen, 1884)
  • (Levinsen, 1884)
  • Dash, 1970
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Altman, 1936
  • Eisen, 1904
  • (Michaelsen, 1886b)
  • Michaelsen, 1901
  • Cernosvitov, 1937d
  • Southern, 1909
  • Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Altman, 1936
  • Timm, 1994
  • Bell, 1949
  • Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Stephenson, 1925
  • Eisen, 1878
  • Michaelsen, 1887
  • (Levinsen, 1884)
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Cognetti, 1903a
  • Welch, 1916
  • Xie, 2012
  • (Levinsen, 1884)
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Michaelsen, 1901
  • Nielsen & Christensen, 1959
  • Healy, 1996b
  • Mesenchytraeus harrimani Eisen, 1904
  • Welch, 1919a
  • Welch, 1919b
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Michaelsen, 1916
  • Dózsa-Farkas, 1991a
  • Healy & Timm, 2000
  • Collado, Martínez-Ansemil & Giani,1993
  • Bell, 1942
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Altman, 1936
  • Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
  • Altman, 1936
  • Eisen, 1878
  • Bretscher, 1900
  • Shen, Chen & Xie, 2012
  • Bell, 1945
  • (Grube, 1851)
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Černosvitov, 1928b
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Issel, 1905c
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Eisen, 1878
  • Healy & Fend, 2002
  • Nielsen & Christensen, 1959
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus solifugus (Emery, 1898)
  • Mesenchytraeus solifugus solifugus (Emery, 1898)
  • Mesenchytraeus solifugus rainierensis Welch, 1916
  • Rota, 1995
  • Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
  • Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Timm, 1978
  • Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
  • Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Cejka, 1914
  • Eisen, 1904
  • Timm, 1978
  • Timm, 1994

Mesenchytraeus franzi is a junior synonym of .[6] Mesenchytraeus megachaetae Shen, Chen & Xie, 2011 has been renamed Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus Xie, 2012 due to the previous name being preoccupied by Mesenchytraeus megachaetae Bretscher, 1901, a junior synonym of .[7][12]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Kathryn A. Coates; Jan M. Locke; Brenda M. Healy; Mark J. Wetzel (August 26, 2008). "The aphanoneuran and clitellate Annelida occurring in the United States and Canada: families Enchytraeidae and Propappidae". University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
  2. ^ Paula L. Hartzell & Daniel H. Shain (2009). "Glacier Ice Worms". In Daniel H. Shain (ed.). Annelids in Modern Biology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 305. ISBN 9780470455197.
  3. ^ Brenda Healy & Steve Fend (2002). "The occurrence of Mesenchytraeus (Enchytraeidae: Oligochaeta) in riffle habitats of north-west American rivers, with description of a new species". Journal of Natural History. 36 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1080/713833842. S2CID 84290342.
  4. ^ Shain, Daniel H.; Carter, Melissa R.; Murray, Kurt P.; Maleski, Karen A.; Smith, Nancy R.; McBride, Taresha R.; Michalewicz, Lisa A.; Saidel, William M. (2000). "Morphologic characterization of the ice worm Mesenchytraeus solifugus". Journal of Morphology. 246 (3): 192–7. doi:10.1002/1097-4687(200012)246:3<192::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-B. PMID 11077431.
  5. ^ A.H. Farrell, K.A.Hohenstein, & D.H. Shain (2004). "Molecular adaptation in the ice worm, Mesenchytraeus solifugus: divergence of energetic-associated genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 59 (5): 666–673. Bibcode:2004JMolE..59..666F. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-2658-z. PMID 15693622. S2CID 22139929.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2012). "An updated checklist of currently accepted species of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida)". VTI Agriculture and Forestry Research. 357: 67–87.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2015). "Checklist of taxa of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta): an update" (PDF). Soil Organisms. 87 (2): 149–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
  8. ^ Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus sp. nov. (Annelida: Cliterllata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to Mesenchytraeus with enlarged chaetae". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (3): 215–227. doi:10.2988/12-08.1. S2CID 84234028.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Ice Worms (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) and Their Habitats on North Cascade Glaciers-North Cascade Glacier Climate Project". North Cascade Glacier Climate Project. November 6, 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  10. ^ Greenfieldboyce, Nell (July 13, 2021). "It's Summer, And That Means The Mysterious Return Of Glacier Ice Worms". NPR. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  11. ^ Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus sp. nov. (Annelida: Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to Mesenchytraeus with enlarged chaetae". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (3): 215–227. doi:10.2988/12-08.1. S2CID 84234028.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus, new name, a replacement name for Mesenchytraeus megachaetus Shen et al., 2011". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (1): 18. doi:10.2988/11-41.1. S2CID 86642220.

External links[]

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