Indian hog deer
Indian hog deer | |
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Indian hog deer in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand | |
Conservation status
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Artiodactyla |
Family: | Cervidae |
Subfamily: | Cervinae |
Genus: | Axis |
Species: | A. porcinus
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Binomial name | |
Axis porcinus (Zimmermann, 1780)
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The Indian hog deer (Axis porcinus) is a small deer native to the Indo-Gangetic Plain in Pakistan, northern India, Nepal, Bangladesh to mainland Southeast Asia. It also occurs in western Thailand and southwestern Yunnan Province in China.[1] Introduced populations exist in Australia.[2][3]
Its name derives from the hog-like manner in which it runs through forests (with its head hung low), to ease ducking under obstacles instead of leaping over them, like most other deer.
Taxonomy[]
Cervus porcinus was the scientific name used by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1777 and 1780, based on an earlier description of Indian hog deer brought to England from India.[4][5] It was placed in the genus Axis by William Jardine in 1835 and by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1847.[6][7] In 2004, it was proposed to be placed in the genus Hyelaphus.[8][9] The proposal has not been accepted, with most authors keeping it under Axis.[10][1][11][12] A subspecies, A. p. annamiticus, was once considered its own species, but is now generally considered the same species as A. porcinus.[1]
Description[]
A mature hog deer stag stands about 70 centimetres (28 in) at the shoulder, and weighs approximately 50 kilograms (110 lb); hinds are much smaller, standing about 61 centimetres (24 in) and weighing around 30 kilograms (66 lb). They are very solidly built, with a long body and relatively short legs; the line of the back slopes upward from the shoulders to a high rump. The ears are rounded; older animals tend to become light coloured in the face and neck. The Indian hog deer's coat is quite thick, and generally a uniform dark-brown in winter, except for the underparts of the body and legs, which are lighter in colour. During late spring, the change to a summer coat of rich reddish-brown commences, although this may vary between individuals. Many hog deer show a dark dorsal stripe extending from the head down the back of the neck, and along the spine. In summer, there is usually a uniform row of light-coloured spots along either side of the dorsal stripe from the shoulders to the rump. The tail is fairly short and brown, but tipped with white. The underside of the tail is white, and the deer can fan the white hairs out in a distinctive alarm display.
Indian hog deer have preorbital glands on the face just below the eyes and metatarsal glands located high on the side of the rear legs. Pedal glands are located between the cleaves or toes of the hind hooves.
The antlers of a mature hog deer stag are typically three tined, having a brow tine and a solid main beam terminating in inner and outer top tines. However, antlers with more points are not uncommon.[citation needed] The distinctive features of typical hog deer antlers are the acute angle between the brow tine and main beam, and the fact that the inner tops tend to be short and angle back from the main beam and across towards the opposite antler.
Behaviour and ecology[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Indian_Hog_Deer.jpg/220px-Indian_Hog_Deer.jpg)
The Indian hog deer is gregarious only when conditions are favorable and do not form a "unit" at these times, fleeing in different directions rather than in a herd. When alarmed, hog deer make a whistling vocalization or a warning bark. Home ranges vary widely in size, but average about 0.70 km2. Males are aggressive, and may become territorial at low population densities, marking the boundaries with glandular secretions. During the rut, males gather in open meadows, pawing the ground during antagonistic encounters. Harems are not created, with males courting and defending a single female at any given time. Unlike many other deer species, hog deer do not have a rutting call. Population densities may be as low as 0.1 animals per square kilometer in riverine valleys, rising to over 19 individuals per square kilometer in grassy flood plains.
Predators[]
The tiger, the leopard, and the clouded leopard are known predators of the Indian hog deer.[13]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Timmins, R.J.; Duckworth, J.W.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Baral, H.S.; Long, B. & Maxwell, A. (2015). "Axis porcinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41784A22157664.
- ^ Mayze, R.J. & Moore, G.I. (1990). The Hog Deer. Warragul, Victoria: Australian Deer Research Foundation. ISBN 9780959343861.
- ^ Bentley, A. (1998). An Introduction to the Deer of Australia: With Special Reference to Victoria. Warragul, Victoria: Australian Deer Research Foundation. ISBN 9780958573214.
- ^ Zimmermann, E.A.W. (1777). "Cornibus teretibus". Specimen zoologiae geographicae, quadrupedum domicilia et migrationes sistens. Leiden: Apud Theodorum Haak, et Socios. pp. 532–535.
- ^ Zimmermann, E.A.W. (1780). "Der dickleibige Hirsch". Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der allgemein verbreiteten vierfüßigen Thiere. 2. Leipzig: Weygand. p. 131.
- ^ Jardine, W. (1835). "The brown porcupine Axis Axis porcinus". The natural history of the ruminating animals. Edinburgh: Lizars. pp. 203–204.
- ^ Hodgson, B.H. (1847). "On various genera of the ruminants". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 16 (2): 685–711.
- ^ Meijaard, E. & Groves, C.P. (2004). "Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications". Journal of Zoology. 263 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1017/S0952836904005011.
- ^ Pitra, C.; Fickel, J.; Meijaard, E. & Groves, C.P. (2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013.
- ^ Groves, C.P. & Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ Gupta, S. K.; Kumar, A.; Angom, S.; Singh, B.; Ghazi, M. G. U.; Tuboi, C.; Hussain, S. A. (2018). "Genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the Indian subcontinent". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34482-9. PMC 6218551.
- ^ "Axis porcinus". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. 1.5. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
- ^ Grassman Jr., L. I.; Tewes, M. E.; Silvy, N. J. & Kreetiyutanont, K. (2005). "Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in North-central Thailand". Journal of Mammalogy. 86 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086<0029:EOTSFI>2.0.CO;2.
External links[]
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Wikispecies has information related to Hyelaphus porcinus. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Axis porcinus. |
- IUCN Red List endangered species
- Axis
- Mammals of Asia
- Mammals of India
- Mammals of Pakistan
- Mammals of Southeast Asia
- Mammals of Thailand
- Introduced mammals of Australia
- Mammals described in 1780
- Taxa named by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann