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Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation

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Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation
TypeState agency
IndustryState media
FoundedOctober 1959; 61 years ago (1959-10)
HeadquartersIBC TV Compound, Lot 3-B, Capitol Hills Drive cor. Zuzuarregui Street, Barangay Matandang Balara, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
Key people
  • Martin Andanar (Presidential Communications Operations Office Secretary)
  • Rocky Ignacio (Presidential Communications Operations Office Undersecretary for Mass Media)
  • Jose Avellana (Chairman)
  • Hexilon Josephat Thaddeus G. Alvarez (President and CEO)
  • Board of Directors:
  • Jaime Alanis
  • Jose Raphael Hernandez
  • Arturo Alejandrino
  • Alexander Bangsoy
  • Corazon Reboroso (General Manager)
OwnerGovernment of the Philippines (Presidential Communications Operations Office) (100%)
IBC 13
TypeBroadcast commercial radio and television network
BrandingThe Kaibigan Network (Kaibigan is a Filipino term for "friend".)[1]
Country
Philippines
AvailabilityNational
FoundedOctober 1959; 61 years ago (1959-10) (test broadcast)
March 1, 1960; 61 years ago (1960-03-01) (actual launch)
by Dick Baldwin and Andres Soriano
Market share
0.15% (Nielsen Urban National TAM January–June 2016)[2]
OwnerGovernment of the Philippines
(Presidential Communications Office) (100%)
ParentIntercontinental Broadcasting Corporation
Launch date
March 1, 1960; 61 years ago (1960-03-01) (as Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation)
February 1, 1975; 46 years ago (1975-02-01) (as Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation)
Former names
Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation (1960-1975)
E13 (1987-1989)
Islands TV-13 (1990-1992)
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
Official website
ibctv.com.ph
LanguageFilipino (main)
English (secondary)

Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) is a Philippine-based media company and VHF television network of the Government Communications Group under the Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO). IBC TV, along with sister media companies People's Television Network and Philippine Broadcasting Service, forms the media arm of the PCOO. Its studios, offices and broadcast facilities are located at the IBC TV Compound, Lot 3-B, Capitol Hills Drive cor. Zuzuarregui Street, Barangay Matandang Balara, Diliman, Quezon City, while its analog transmitter is located at Roosevelt Avenue, San Francisco del Monte, Quezon City near Coca-Cola Beverages Philippines sales office.

History

The beginnings

Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation was established in October 1959 when DZTV Channel 13 in Manila went its test broadcast. On March 1, 1960 at 6:30pm, DZTV-TV 13 was finally launched[3][4] and it became as the third television station in the country after the monopoly of DZAQ-TV of ABS and DZXL-TV of CBN owned by the Lopez family's Bolinao Electronics Corporation (now ABS-CBN Corporation). Its original location was at the corner of P. Guevara St. (formerly Little Baguio) in San Juan from 1960 to 1978. American businessman Dick Baldwin was the station's first owner and programming consisted of mostly foreign programs from American television network CBS and a few local shows. Andrés Soriano, Sr. of San Miguel Corporation, would acquire the network in 1962. Soriano was also a majority owner of the Radio Mindanao Network (RMN) and The Philippine Herald newspaper. Soriano's combined media interests formed the first tri-media organization in the Philippines.[4][5] As the television arm of the RMN, it partnered with the RMN radio stations for coverages of the general elections of 1969 and 1971. The station had relay transmitters to bring its programs to viewers in Cebu and Davao, with plans to open more in other cities.

In between 1970 and 1972, IBC launched its color transmission system named "Vinta Color" named after the vintas from Zamboanga, becoming the third network in the Philippines to convert to all-color broadcasts, after ABS-CBN and KBS. In September 1972, then-President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law at the entire country, resulting IBC and other television networks (except KBS which was owned by Roberto Benedicto) were forced to shut down by the government. However, a few months later, IBC allowed by the government to return on the air.[6]

ABS-CBN veteran Ben Aniceto became the station manager of DZTV Channel 13 from 1973 to 1976.[7]

The Benedicto years

On February 1, 1975, the network was acquired by Roberto Benedicto (who also owned Radio Philippines Network and Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation) from the Soriano group due to a constitutional limitation prohibiting the ownership of media by non-Filipinos or by corporations not 100% Filipino owned. The company name was changed to Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC). IBC would launch an FM station DWKB-FM the same year. Marking the relaunch, the network debuted its vinta logo (which would be used until 1978 in two iterations). In 1976, IBC metamorphosed into one of the country's most viewed TV network with its primetime lineup and full length local and foreign films aired on this channel. This catapulted IBC in the number one slot among the four rival networks and also emphasized itself as the birthplace of the golden age of Philippine television, with many top series headlined by hit stars on radio, TV and film. Among its top-rated shows were Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film series of Tarzan that starred Johnny Weissmuller, showbiz talk shows See-True and Seeing Stars hosted by Inday Badiday and Joe Quirino respectively, and comedy shows Iskul Bukol, Chicks to Chicks, and T.O.D.A.S.: Television's Outrageously Delightful All-Star Show.[8]

Through the blood and sweat of its employees and the income generated from its programs, the network built and finally moved to its present home at the modern Broadcast City, together with its sister networks RPN and BBC in July 1978. The complex was a 55,000 m2 (590,000 sq ft) tract located at Capitol Hills, Diliman, Quezon City. At the same time, IBC moved its transmitter to San Francisco del Monte, Quezon City to replace the old transmitter in San Juan. By 1985, however, IBC would become second to RPN, albeit with many great local and foreign programs that were popular among viewers.

Post-EDSA Revolution, sequestration, E13, and Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese

After the People Power Revolution (also known as the EDSA Revolution) which ousted the dictatorial president Ferdinand Marcos and install Corazon Aquino as the new president of the Philippines, IBC, with 20 television stations that time, together with RPN and BBC was sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government for allegedly being part of the crony capitalism under the Marcos regime. A board of administrators was created to run the station.[9] When it became a state channel a new logo debuted featuring IBC and 13 on separate circles, a revamp of an earlier logo which debuted in 1978–79. The new slogan "Basta Pinoy sa Trese" was in a circle to commemorate the People Power Revolution.

President Corazon Aquino turned over IBC and RPN to the Government Communications Group and awarded BBC's Channel 2 frequency through an executive order to ABS-CBN. When BBC closed down, both IBC and RPN absorbed majority of its displaced employees, thus doubled the operating expenses of the network. Cost of programs went up three-fold. Line-produced shows and co-production ventures with some big film companies like Viva, Regal, and Seiko were favored, aside from their station-produced programs.

The top-rated shows of IBC were pirated by rival networks, however, it scored a victory when it acquired the then ABS-CBN program "Loveli-Ness" in 1988, starring Alma Moreno. Cost of programs, talent fees and TV rights increased tremendously. IBC could no longer afford to produce its own shows, save for its news and current affairs programming and special events. In 1987, IBC was renamed as E13 and adopted a new slogan, "Life Begins at 13", noted for the butterfly logo in the form of the letter E and the number 13. By then, IBC had struggled to cope with the increased competition from the other networks, particularly from ABS-CBN which skyrocketed to number 1 by 1988.

In 1989, the IBC brand returned after two years. The network adopted a new image at the same year, "Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese" (Heart of Filipino, Heart of Thirteen), to recapture the glory days it once had. But because of the sequestration, periodic change of management and the internal problems, the network started to lose the support from its advertisers. Despite this, the network once more made history when Nora Aunor's Superstar was relaunched that fall with her transfer to the IBC network as a network talent.

Islands TV-13

Islands Broadcast Corporation under Mr. Alfonso Denoga and Mr. Gil Balaguer took over the management and the marketing of IBC 13 (which was branded as Islands TV-13, pronounced on air as Islands TV one-three) in October 1990, at the time when IBC 13 was dead last in the ratings. The new logo features three triangles and a slogan, "The Newest Network" adorn on the logo. It was in the later part of its operations that ratings and income suffered due to mismanagement which caused labor unrest. In March 1993, the Makati City RTC issued the court order stopping Islands Broadcast Corporation as the marketing and sales agent of IBC 13 due to unpaid financial obligations to the network as the contract of Islands expired on February 28, 1993.[10]

Return of operations, Pinoy ang Dating and Vintage Television

Logo used from May 27, 1994 to December 31, 2001. The design of the stylized "13" is a descendant of the one found in the station logo design used in the 1970s and 1980s.

In October 1992, Islands TV-13 was rebranded back to IBC and became a 100% government-owned station by virtue of a compromise agreement between PCGG and Roberto Benedicto. The management and marketing were returned to IBC's board of directors. The programming remained at a standstill in preparation for the launching of a new image of the station.

It was on May 27, 1994 when IBC launched its new slogan "Pinoy ang Dating" (Filipino for '"Filipino styled"') with a Filipino-like visually enticing music video featuring Grace Nono, an innovation in terms of station identification. Despite limited resources, programming improved but the battle for audience share continued. Advertisers became more responsive to marketing efforts. The following year, IBC began to broadcast its programs via satellite nationwide. Soon after, IBC landed 4th place in primetime ratings.

In 1996, Vintage Enterprises transferred to IBC as part of the launching of Vintage Television (VTV), a primetime block that aired on IBC with PBA, Blow by Blow and other Vintage Sports-produced programs after moving from another government-owned station, People's Television Network (PTV). The block helped IBC-13 land third in the primetime ratings, mainly credited to the airing of the PBA games.[11] At the same time, IBC also installed a new Harris 60-kilowatt transmitter in San Francisco del Monte for clearer TV reception, and utilized the services of the APSTAR 1 Satellite for a broader international reach. Later in the year 2000, Viva Entertainment's subsidiary Viva Television acquired Vintage Enterprises (including VTV on IBC block) from the Velez family and changed its name to Viva TV, a primetime sports and entertainment block on IBC which continued until 2002. Rehabilitation of the transmitter and other technical facilities were initiated in the network's flagship and provincial stations.

On September 2, 2000, Republic Act No. 8954 renewed IBC its congressional franchise for another 25 years.[12] In the same year, the network scored a major victory with the top-rated Philippine franchise of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.[citation needed]

On January 1, 2002, IBC launched its new logo and its new slogan "New Face, New Attitude" with a new station ID.

However, in early 2003, Viva TV on IBC was ended after Viva decided not to renew a blocktime agreement with IBC due to high blocktime costs and low ratings. Despite this, the grand finals of Star for a Night which saw Sarah Geronimo as its winner, its last Viva TV-produced program was aired on IBC on March 1, 2003.

Logo used from December 12, 2003 to June 4, 2011.

On December 12, 2003, IBC launched again its new logo and its new slogan "Ang Bagong Pilipino" (The New Filipino) with a freestyle station ID.

In late 2007, IBC inked a deal with the Makisig Network, led by Hermie Esguerra, as a primetime block-timer of IBC. However, Makisig Network's programs were not aired due to questions on the propriety of the terms and conditions of the agreement. Said agreement expired in October 2008.

Abandonment and privatization

After four decades of serving the network's dominance and entertainment programing, IBC-13's studios and facilities are abandoned due to negligence and their network's mismanagement. Their studio equipment, cameras, lighting and props are useless, dilapidated and very old. Cash and budgets were cut short and they cannot afford to utilize radio-TV operations. Their programming and airtime were lost after suffering from a network war in the late 1980s and the 1990s and many employees lost their jobs. The network suffered more than 800 million pesos worth of back wages to its employees, some of them are old-timers or those who worked in the network since the 1980s.[13]

At present, IBC 13 has 200 regular employees as of 2016, while 29 of those are talents or in a "contractual basis", particularly from the news and public affairs and production.[14]

The management tried to revive the ill-fated network but it failed thereafter over a span of 30 years and five Philippine presidents (Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and Benigno Aquino III).

There were many plans to sell and privatize IBC and RPN.[15] TV network ABS-CBN was planning to buy the network's blocktime to address signal problems and mimic the former's programs. However, ABS-CBN could not join the privatization bid due to ownership regulations.[16]

In 2011, IBC has entered into a joint venture agreement with Prime Realty, an affiliate of R-II Builders Group of Reghis Romero Jr. The agreement called for the development of 3.5 hectares of Broadcast City.[17] With this joint venture agreement with a private business enterprise, the Aquino administration expressed its desire to privatize both RPN and IBC and retain the People's Television (PTV) as a sole-mandated government TV network.[18][19] It was also announced that conglomerate San Miguel Corporation will join the government-sponsored bidding for the privatization of RPN and IBC.[20][21]

AKTV, privatization bids and property issues

IBC signed a blocktime agreement with TV5's sports division Sports5 to air live sports coverage via its sports programming block AKTV.[22][23] It was launched on June 5, 2011, with the AKTV Run held outside SM Mall of Asia in Bay City, Pasay. At the same day, IBC launched a new logo and slogan "Where the Action Is" to reflect the change.[24]

On April 11, 2013, MediaQuest Holdings chairman Manny Pangilinan announced that AKTV will no longer be renew the blocktime agreement in May due to high costs and poor ratings,[25] and there have been doubts about the future of the network.

In 2012, in pursuant to AO No. 26, IBC handed over its archives to Film Development Council of the Philippines (FDCP) for its restoration.[26]

IBC signed a memorandum of agreement with the Asian Television Content Corporation under Engr. Reynaldo Sanchez as the major blocktimer of the station. ATC @ IBC primetime block with newest programs premiered last June 2, 2014. However, on August 31, 2014, programs under the ATC @ IBC 13 block suddenly no longer aired on the network, possibly due to poor ratings and lack of advertisers' support.[27][28][29]

PCOO Secretary Herminio Coloma, Jr. said in a Senate budget hearing for the PCOO last September 3, 2014 that the network will be fully privatized before President Aquino stepping down in the office in 2016 and keeping PTV-4 as the sole government TV network. Process of the privatization will be managed by the Governance Commission for Government-Owned or -Controlled Corporations through the Development Bank of the Philippines. Business tycoon Manny V. Pangilinan is one of the possible bidders for the privatization in which TV5 (a media company under PLDT's MediaQuest Holdings through ABC Development Corporation), despite expiration of blocktime agreement in 2013 (AKTV), is still using IBC's Broadcast City facilities for sports events, including its 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup coverage.[30][31] However, MediaQuest also could not join the privatization bid due to ownership rules and regulations that MediaQuest owns TV5 and AksyonTV.

On June 2, 2015, the Philippine Crusader for Justice (PCJ), led by Joe Villanueva, filed a petition to the Supreme Court of the Philippines to nullify the joint venture agreement between IBC and Primestate/R-II Builders for the development of 3.5 hectares of Broadcast City, after the Office of the Ombudsman found the contract to be disadvantageous to the government. The Ombudsman filed a graft case in 2013 against former IBC executives and Primestate.[32]

In January 2016, President Benigno Aquino III, through the Governance Commission for Government-owned and -controlled corporation (GCG) approved the planned privatization of IBC.[33] The privatization will be undergo public bidding with an estimated floor price of 10 billion pesos.[13] The proceeds of the bidding will be for the increase of state-owned PTV-4's capital to upgrade and modernize their broadcast capabilities.[34] The Development Bank of the Philippines will be the financial adviser for the privatization. Incoming PCOO secretary Martin Andanar has already forwarded the privatization plan to President Rodrigo Duterte's executive secretary Salvador Medialdea. Andanar will also coordinate with the GCG before the start of the bidding.[35]

The privatization process of IBC was commenced in October 2016. As of December 2016, five groups have already showed their interest to join the bidding process. These are Ramon S. Ang of San Miguel Corporation and the groups of former IBC president (and current RMN president and chief executive officer) Eric Canoy and former Ilocos Sur governor Chavit Singson, energy tycoon and Udenna Corporation chairman Dennis Uy (who recently expanded his business through his recent acquisition of ) and William Lima, a businessman from Davao.[14][36][37]

In March 2017, IBC operated on a low powered signal but it continues its broadcast on cable and satellite providers. In October 2017, IBC began its test broadcast on digital terrestrial television.

Relaunch and recent developments

In late 2018, IBC began to revitalize its infrastructure and its programming after DOT Undersecretary of Tourism Advocacy and Public Affairs Kat de Castro appointed as president and chief executive officer of the network replaced Manolito O. Cruz (who died on October 10 of the same year).[38][39][40][41] By December of the same year, the network transferred its studios and offices to a new building at Capitol Hills Drive corner Zuzuarregui Street, Barangay Matandang Balara, Quezon City (a property beside Broadcast City) to give way for the redevelopment of the Broadcast City property into the Larossa Condominium project of Primehomes Real Estate Development Inc. IBC also upgraded its Roosevelt Avenue analog transmitter for the Mega Manila area.

On February 11, 2019, IBC announced a major revamp of its programming, the first since the ATC@IBC block in 2014. It includes reruns of IBC's old entertainment and cultural shows, introduction of documentary and current affairs programs airing from sister station People's Television Network, and other entertainment and sports content from SMAC Television Productions and ATC, among others.

IBC also got two new slogans namely, "Iconic.Bold.Chill" and "Kaibigan Mo!"

In March 2020, IBC announced the suspension of telecasting their selected regular programs, this is due to President Rodrigo Duterte implementing an enhanced community quarantine in Metro Manila and Luzon in line with the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Thus, the network airs the PCOO-produced briefing on the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines called Public Briefing: #LagingHandaPH.

In May 2020, PCOO Secretary Martin Andanar announced that the network is used for airing educational television programs by the Department of Education's DepEd TV programming block on analog free-to-air television, the test broadcasts aired from August 11 until 21, 2020 and again from September 21 until September 25, 2020 and broadcast formally started on October 5, 2020, the starting date of classes in public schools throughout the country.[42]

Programming

Main article: List of programs broadcast by Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation

IBC stations nationwide

Main article: List of Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation channels and stations

See also

References

  1. ^ "Kaibigan channel lalaban sa Kapuso, Kapamilya". Abante. February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  2. ^ "Media Ownership Monitor Philippines - IBC-13". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  3. ^ "1960 0301 DZTV 13 opening ad". gorio72 on Flickr. March 1, 1960. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Rodrigo, Raul (November 7, 2006). Kapitan: Geny Lopez and the Making of ABS-CBN. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 978-971-816-111-1.
  5. ^ RMN: The Henry R. Canoy Story. Cagayan de Oro: Solo Press. 1997. p. 196.
  6. ^ "KBP Members". Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  7. ^ "ABS-CBN's post-EDSA boss Ben Aniceto passes away". ABS-CBN News. March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  8. ^ "IBC 13 Official Website > About Us". Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 1999-11-05. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  9. ^ "Executive Order No. 11, series 1986". Official Gazette. April 8, 1986. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  10. ^ "Court stopped TV-13 marketing agent". Manila Standard. March 19, 1993. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  11. ^ Red, Isah V. (March 23, 1996). "VTV SHAKES INDUSTRY". Manila Standard. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  12. ^ "R.A. 8954". The LawPhil Project. September 2, 2000. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b "Duterte govt eyes sale of IBC-13 for P10B". ABS-CBN News. June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Monzon, Alden M. (March 22, 2016). "Invitation to bid for IBC-13 expected in April". BusinessWorld. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  15. ^ PCGG urges gov’t to fast-track sale of RPN-9, IBC-13 ABS-CBNnews.com. August 10, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
  16. ^ Mirror,Mirror on the Airwaves Inquirer.net. February 11, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
  17. ^ San Miguel still keen on IBC-13, RPN-9 PhilStar.com. December 26, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
  18. ^ Coloma: Privatization of RPN 9, IBC 13 in the works GMANews.TV. March 1, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  19. ^ Aquino government set to privatize RPN-9, IBC-13 MB.com.ph. March 1, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  20. ^ Reyes, Mary Ann Ll. (March 6, 2011). "San Miguel to join bidding for RPN-9, IBC-13". ABS-CBN News. PhilStar. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
  21. ^ Ching, Mark Angelo (March 6, 2011). "San Miguel Corp. announces plan to bid for RPN-9 and IBC-13". PEP.ph. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
  22. ^ TV5 airs primetime sports block AKTV on IBC-13 Archived September 6, 2012, at archive.today PhilStar.com. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
  23. ^ AKTV Official Website Archived May 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine retrieved via www.interaskyon.com/aktv May 11, 2011
  24. ^ MediaQuest keen on IBC-13 retrieved via www.philstar.com April 4, 2011.
  25. ^ [1] Archived April 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine "PhilStar.com". Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  26. ^ Carballo, Bibsy M. (September 26, 2012). "Birthplace of the Golden Age of Television". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  27. ^ "IBC New Shows". YouTube. March 28, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  28. ^ "Asian Television Content Phl Corp. launches top-notch TV programs". Philippine Star. June 1, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
  29. ^ Rio, Cindy Del (May 14, 2014). "ATC Takes a Bite at Philippine TV Primetime - Negosentro".
  30. ^ "IBC-13 to be privatized before Aquino steps down – Coloma". Rappler. September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  31. ^ "TV5 using IBC-13 facilities". BusinessMirror. September 17, 2014. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
  32. ^ Carcamo, Dennis (June 2, 2015). "Group to ask SC to void deal between IBC-13, real estate firm". The Philippine Star. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
  33. ^ "Gov't TV station 'bulok,' says incoming PCOO chief Andanar". ABS-CBN News. June 7, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
  34. ^ "President Aquino approves privatization of IBC-13". Official Gazette. January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  35. ^ Leyco, Chino (June 17, 2016). "New gov't eyes higher price tag for IBC-13". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  36. ^ Salaverria (December 26, 2016). "Chavit Singson eyes IBC network". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  37. ^ Andal, Rudy (December 27, 2016). "Chavit, 3 pa interesado sa IBC 13 (Chavit, 3 others interested in IBC-13)". Pilipino Star Ngayon (in Tagalog). Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  38. ^ Cabico, Gaea Katreena (August 22, 2018). "Duterte appoints Kat de Castro to state-run IBC-13". PhilStar. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  39. ^ Placido, Dharel (August 22, 2018). "Kat de Castro out of DOT". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  40. ^ Leonen, Julius (August 22, 2018). "Duterte appoints Kat De Castro to gov't-owned IBC-13". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  41. ^ "Ex-DOT usec Kat de Castro named to IBC board, Duterte frat brod to OFW commission". GMA News. August 22, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  42. ^ Arwin Mercado, Neil (May 14, 2020). "'Underutilized' IBC-13 can be used as educational channel, says Andanar". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

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