Israel–Tunisia relations

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Israeli-Tunisian relations
Map indicating locations of Israel and Tunisia

Israel
Tunisia

Israel–Tunisia relations refers to bilateral relations between Israel and Tunisia. The two states do not have any official diplomatic relations at all, with Tunisia being part of the Arab League boycott of Israel, and officially does not recognise the State of Israel. Tunisia refuses entry to any person holding an Israeli passport or any other passport which has a visa from Israel.[1]

Country comparison[]

Tunisia Tunisia Israel Israel
Populations 11,982,754 8,238,300
Area 163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi) 20,770/22,072 km2 (8,019/8,522 sq mi)
Population density 63/km2 (163/sq mi) 365/km2 (945/sq mi)
Capital Tunis Jerusalem
Largest city Tunis Tel Aviv
Government Unitary parliamentary republic Unitary parliamentary republic
First Leader Habib Bourguiba David Ben-Gurion
Current Leader Kais Saied Naftali Bennett
Official languages Arabic Hebrew, Arabic
Main religions 99% Islam, 1% Christianity and Judaism[2][3] 75.4% Judaism, 16.9% Islam, 2.0% Christianity, 1.6% Druzism
GDP (nominal) US$49.126 billion (US$4,506 per capita) US$415.707 billion (US$44,524 per capita)
GDP (PPP) US$129.140 billion (US$11,623 per capita) US$286.840 billion (US$35,658 per capita)
Military expenditures US$0.548 billion (1.3% of GDP) US$17.5 billion (5.3% of GDP)

History[]

The earliest contacts between Israel and Tunisia took place at the United Nations in New York in 1951–1952, when Tunisian representatives approached the Israeli delegation and Israeli labor leaders. In June 1952, Bahi Ladgham, a close confidant of Habib Bourguiba, met with Gideon Rafael seeking support for Tunisian independence. Bourguiba stated that he would not seek Israel's elimination and would work to promote peace in the region.[1] In 1956, after Tunisia declared independence, he met secretly with Ya'akov Tzur, Israel's ambassador to France. Later that year, Tsur met with the Tunisian finance minister, who sought Israel's assistance in building cooperative agricultural settlements.[1]

Operation Wooden Leg was an attack by Israel on the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) headquarters in Hammam al-Shatt, Tunisia, 12 miles from the capital of Tunis. It took place on October 1, 1985. Casualties 47-71 dead, around 15 of them were Tunisian civilians who were killed and about 100 wounded.[citation needed]

Tunisia claims it played a major role in secret talks between the PLO and Israel which led to the Declaration of Principles on Palestinian Self-Rule, signed in September 1993. Soon after, an Israeli delegation visited Tunisia for talks. Salah Masawi, director general of the Tunisian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, stated that he saw no obstacle to establishing diplomatic relations with Israel. In 1993, Yossi Beilin, then Israel's Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, visited Tunisia. Direct telephone links were established in July 1993. After the Tunisia offices of the PLO were closed in June 1994, the first Israeli tourists arrived.[4]

In 1994, channels of communication were opened with Israel through the Belgian embassies in Tel Aviv and Tunis.[5] Tunisian Foreign Minister Habib Ben Yahia and then-Israeli Foreign Minister Ehud Barak met in Barcelona in 1995 to expand official relations between the two countries after relations had been confined to "two communications channels" in the Belgian embassies in each of Tunis and Tel Aviv.[6] On Jan. 22, 1996, then US Secretary of State Warren Christopher announced "that for the first time Israel and Tunisia will establish official facilities called "interests sections" in each other's countries. By April 15 of this year, each nation will host representatives of the other government so as to facilitate political consultations, travel, and trade between their two countries". According to plan, Israel opened an interest office in Tunisia in April and six weeks later, in May, Tunisian diplomat Khemaies Jhinaoui went to Israel to open his country's interest office in Tel Aviv.[7]

Jerusalem Boys Choir visiting Djerba, 2007

Relations worsened in the early 2000s after the start of the Second Intifada. On October 22, 2000, President Ben Ali announced that he would break all diplomatic ties with Israel following the "violence in the Palestinian-controlled territories".[8] Israel expressed its disappointment at the Tunisian decision to sever relations and close the interest offices in Tel Aviv and Tunis. The Israeli Foreign Ministry said: "It appears that Tunisia has elected to renounce its potential role as a bridge for dialogue between Israel and its neighbours, thereby harming the critical effort to promote regional peace."[9]

In June 2021, both Israel and Tunisia were among 30 countries which participated in the Sea Breeze 2021, multinational naval maneuvers in the Black Sea.[10]

Sporting events[]

In 2020, Tunisian President Kais Saied called for an investigation, following the participation of Israeli tennis player, Aaron Cohen, in the ITF World Tennis Tour Juniors in Tunisia, where he also played against Tunisian player, Karim Chedly.[11] However, there were previously other encounters between Israeli and Tunisian tennis players, such as the match between Malek Jaziri and Dudi Sela in 2016.[12]

Later on, the national women's tennis teams met at the 2020 Fed Cup in Helsinki.[13] Moreover, Tunisian Aziz Dougaz competed against Israeli Dudi Sela at the 2020 Morelos Open.[14]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Israel and the Maghreb at the height of the Arab-Israeli conflict: 1950s-1970s, Michael Laskier" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  2. ^ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  3. ^ The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 "Religion In Tunisia". Data can be also accessed using "The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections". Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  4. ^ The Middle East and North Africa 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857431322 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ "Tunisia Adds Its Name to the List of Those Initiating Ties with Israel". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  6. ^ Europe and Tunisia: Democratization via Association, Brieg Powel
  7. ^ Family in the Middle East: Ideational Change in Egypt, Iran, and Tunisia
  8. ^ Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics
  9. ^ Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb
  10. ^ "Sea Breeze: Ukraine, US Black Sea drills raise tensions with Russia". DW. 29 June 2021.
  11. ^ "Tunisia calls for probe into Israel participation in tennis competition". Middle East Monitor. January 31, 2020.
  12. ^ "Political boycott over, Tunisia's Malek Jaziri plays Israel's Dudi Sela". Tennis.com.
  13. ^ "La Tunisie bat Israël au Fed Cup 2020 : Le ministère des Affaires étrangères dénonce "la normalisation avec l'entité sioniste"". Kapitalis (in French). 5 February 2020.
  14. ^ "Tunisia-Aziz Dougaz to face Israeli player Dudi Sela at Morelos Open". tunisienumerique.com. 19 February 2020.
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