Extended-protected article

International recognition of Israel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: Foreign relations of Israel
  Israel
  Countries that recognize Israel
  Countries that have withdrawn recognition
  Countries that have suspended or cut relations with Israel
  Countries that have never recognized Israel

The State of Israel was established by the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948. As of December 2020, Israel has received international recognition by 164 of the other 193 UN member states. Besides not having diplomatic relations, Israel's sovereignty is disputed by some countries.

History

On 14 May 1948 the State of Israel was established by the Israeli Declaration of Independence[1] in part of the former British Mandate of Palestine, in accordance with the United Nations Partition Plan. The Arab League and Arab countries opposed any partition of Palestine and to the establishment of Israel, and took military action against the newly formed state in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

On the declaration of independence, a provisional government of Israel was established; and while military operations were still in progress, the provisional government was promptly recognised by the United States as the de facto authority of Israel,[2][3] followed by Iran (which had voted against the UN partition plan), Guatemala, Iceland, Nicaragua, Romania, and Uruguay. The Soviet Union was the first country to recognise Israel de jure on 17 May 1948,[4] followed by Nicaragua, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Poland.[5] The United States extended de jure recognition after the first Israeli election,[6] on 31 January 1949.[7]

By the late 1960s, Israel had established diplomatic relations with almost all countries of Western Europe and North and South America, as well as much of Africa.

In the wake of the 1967 Six-Day War, to put additional diplomatic and military pressure on Israel, Arab oil-producing countries threatened to impose an oil embargo on countries with international relations with Israel. As a result, many African and Asian countries broke ties with Israel. The Soviet Union gave its support behind the Arab cause against Israel, and most countries of the Soviet bloc severed diplomatic relations in 1967. These included the Soviet Union itself, as well as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria. Other countries in the Soviet sphere, such as People's Republic of China and Mongolia also did not establish relations with Israel. Diplomatic relations with these countries were restored or established following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and countries that gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union also recognised Israel in their own right.

On 1 September 1967, the then eight members of the Arab League issued the Khartoum Resolution, which included a pledge not to recognise Israel. However, Egypt, Jordan and Mauritania over time recognised Israel, though Mauritania has since withdrawn recognition. The United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan and Morocco agreed to normalise relations in 2020. Arab League pressure was again exerted after the Arab-Israeli War of 1973. Several countries that once had diplomatic relations with Israel have since withdrawn recognition (Cuba and Iran after the Islamic revolution) or suspended relations: Venezuela in Latin America; Mali and Niger in Africa; and Maldives in South Asia.

Following Israel's recognition of and entering into negotiations with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) many African, Asian and even Arab countries restored diplomatic relations with Israel, or recognised Israel. The Vatican entered into diplomatic relations with Israel in 1994. Some[which?] countries broke or suspended relations during the 2006 Israeli-Lebanese War and the blockade of the Gaza Strip.[citation needed] Although Guinea broke diplomatic relations with Israel in 1967, Israel's support to Guinea during its fight against the Ebola virus led to the re-establishment of diplomatic relations in 2016.[8] Nicaragua restored relations in March 2017, Chad did likewise in January 2019.[9] 2020 saw an increase in diplomatic recognition and established relations for Israel due in large part to United States mediation. The United Arab Emirates and Bahrain recognized Israel on 15 September, while Sudan and Morocco announced their intention to normalise relations with Israel on 23 October[10] and 10 December[11] respectively. The most recent country to establish diplomatic relations with Israel was Bhutan on 12 December.[12]

UN membership

On 15 May 1948, one day after the declaration of its establishment, Israel applied for membership of the United Nations, but the application was not acted on by the Security Council. Israel's second application was rejected by the Security Council on 17 December 1948 by a 5 to 1 vote, with 5 abstentions. Syria was the sole negative vote; the U.S., Argentina, Colombia, the Soviet Union and Ukraine voted in favor; and Belgium, Britain, Canada, China and France abstained.

Israel's application was renewed in 1949 after the Israeli elections. By UN Security Council Resolution 69, the Security Council voted, on 4 March 1949, 9 to 1 in favour of membership, with Egypt voting no and the United Kingdom abstaining.[13] Those voting in favour were China (ROC), France, United States, Soviet Union, Argentina, Canada, Cuba, Norway, and Ukrainian SSR.

On 11 May 1949, the General Assembly by the requisite two-thirds majority of its then 58 members approved the application to admit Israel to the UN by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273.[14][15] The vote in the General Assembly was 37 to 12, with 9 abstentions. Those that voted for were: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Byelorussia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Ukraine, South Africa, Soviet Union, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. Those that voted against were six of the then seven members of the Arab League (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen) as well as Afghanistan, Burma, Ethiopia, India, Iran and Pakistan. Those abstaining were: Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, El Salvador, Greece, Siam, Sweden, Turkey and United Kingdom.[16] Many of the countries that voted in favour or had abstained had already recognised Israel before the UN vote, at least on a de facto basis. Of these countries, Cuba and Venezuela have since withdrawn recognition.

Present situation

Legend:
  Israel
  Countries that reject passports from Israel
  Countries that reject passports from Israel and any other passport that contains Israeli stamps or visas

As of December 2020, 164 of the other 192 UN member states recognize Israel. 28 UN member states do not recognize Israel: 15 members of the Arab League (Algeria, Comoros, Djibouti, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen), ten other members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Niger, and Pakistan), Cuba, North Korea, and Venezuela.[17] In 2002, the Arab League proposed recognition of Israel by Arab countries as part of the resolution of the Palestine-Israel conflict as part of the Arab Peace Initiative. Following normalisation agreements signed in September 2020 by Israel with the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, the Palestinian Authority condemned as dishonorable any Arab agreement to establish formal relations with Israel, describing them as a betrayal of their cause and a blow to their quest for an independent state in Israeli-occupied territory.[18]

The passports of some countries are not valid for travel to Israel, including Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan. Thirteen countries do not accept Israeli passports: Algeria, Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Yemen.[19] Some of these countries also do not accept passports of other countries whose holder has an Israeli visa endorsed in it. The stamp may be a visa stamp, or a stamp on entry or departure. Because of these issues, Israeli immigration controls do not stamp passports with an entry visa, instead stamping on a separate insert which is discarded on departure. However, a stamp of another country which indicates that the person has entered Israel may frustrate that effort. For example, if an Egyptian departure stamp is used in any passport at the Taba Crossing, that is an indication that the person entered Israel, and a similar situation arises for land crossings into Jordan. Some countries also ban direct flights and overflights to and from Israel.[20] In August 2020, the United Arab Emirates permitted direct flights from Israel, and Saudi Arabia and Bahrain authorised overflights for such flights.[21] On 8 October 2020, Israel and Jordan reached an agreement to allow flights to cross over both countries’ airspace.[22]

The Israeli flag and national anthem were banned from the 2017 International Judo Federation Abu Dhabi Grand Slam in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, with Israeli contestants having to display the IJF's flag and anthem instead.[23] The ban on Israeli symbols was lifted in 2018 and the Israeli flag and national anthem were allowed to be displayed.[24] Israeli Minister of Culture and Sports Miri Regev was also allowed to attend the October 2018 event in Abu Dhabi.[24] In December 2017, seven Israelis were denied visas by Saudi Arabia to compete in an international chess tournament.[25]

List by country

Legend:[inconsistent][dubious – discuss]

States that have never formally recognized Israel
States that have withdrawn recognition from, cut, or suspended relations with Israel
States that recognize Israel

UN member states

State Date of de facto recognition Date of de jure recognition Notes
—  Afghanistan[26] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.
1  Albania — 16 April 1949[27] Diplomatic relations established on 20 August 1991.[28]
—  Algeria[29][30] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[19]
2  Andorra — 13 April 1994[31]
3  Angola — 16 April 1992[32] Date diplomatic relations established
4  Antigua and Barbuda — 22 June 1983[33] Date diplomatic relations established
5  Argentina — 14 February 1949[34]
6  Armenia — 4 April 1992[35] Date diplomatic relations established
7  Australia — 29 January 1949[36]
8  Austria 15 March 1949[37] 8 May 1956 Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to that, the two countries had maintained consular relations since 1950. Delegations were upgraded to embassy status in 1959.[38]
9  Azerbaijan — 7 April 1992[39] Date diplomatic relations established.
10  Bahamas [when?] [when?]
11  Bahrain 11 September 2020[40] 15 September 2020[41] On 15 September 2020, an agreement was signed to normalize relations.[40]
—  Bangladesh[42][43] — — Does not accept Israeli passports, and Bangladeshi passports are not valid for travel to Israel.[19]
12  Barbados — 29 August 1967[44] Date diplomatic relations established
13  Belarus 11 May 1949[45] 26 May 1992[46] Date diplomatic relations established
14  Belgium — 15 January 1950[47]
15  Belize — 6 September 1984[48] Date diplomatic relations established
16  Benin — 5 December 1961[49] Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and resumed in July 1992.[50][51]
17  Bhutan[17] — 12 December 2020[52] Date diplomatic relations established
18  Bolivia 22 February 1949[53] 24 February 1949[54] Relations severed in January 2009,[55] and restored in November 2019 [56]
19  Bosnia and Herzegovina — 26 September 1997[57] Date diplomatic relations established
20  Botswana [when?] [when?] Broke off relations in November 1973, restored in December 1993.
21  Brazil — 7 February 1949[58]
—  Brunei[17] — — Does not accept Israeli passports, and Brunei passports are not valid for travel to Israel[19]
22  Bulgaria — 4 December 1948 Relations severed on 10 June 1967, and restored on 3 May 1990.[59]
23  Burkina Faso — 5 July 1961[49] Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and re-established in October 1993.[50][51][60]
24  Burundi [when?] [when?] Relations severed in May 1973,[51] and restored in March 1995.
25  Cambodia — 30 August 1960 Date diplomatic relations established. Cambodia broke off relations in 1975; they were restored on 5 October 1993.[61][62]
26  Cameroon — 15 September 1960[63] Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973 and restored in August 1986.[51][64]
27  Canada — 11 May 1949[45][65]
28  Cape Verde — 17 July 1994[66] Date diplomatic relations established
29  Central African Republic [when?] [when?] Relations were broken in October 1973,[51] were resumed in January 1991.
30  Chad — 10 January 1961 Relations were established in 1961, but severed on 28 November 1972.[51][67] In 2005, reports emerged of a mutual intention to renew diplomatic relations.[68] Relations restored on 20 January 2019.[9]
31  Chile — 11 May 1949[69]
32  China — 24 January 1992 The Republic of China granted de jure recognition to Israel on 1 March 1949.[53] The two states maintained diplomatic relations until Israel's recognition of the People's Republic of China on 8 January 1950. The PRC, however, did not formally reciprocate until the eventual establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992.[70]
33  Colombia — 1 February 1949[53]
—  Comoros[17] — —
34  Costa Rica — 19 June 1948[71]
35  Croatia — 4 September 1997[72] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Cuba 14 January 1949 18 April 1949[73] Cuba severed relations in September 1973, and the most recent government does not recognize it.[17][failed verification]
36  Cyprus — 21 January 1961 Date diplomatic relations established. They had been agreed to on 17 August 1960, but final establishment was postponed due to pressure from Arab nations.[74]
37  Czech Republic — 18 May 1948[75] Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic were established 1 January 1993.[76]
38  Democratic Republic of the Congo — 26 June 1960 Date diplomatic relations established. Ties severed on 4 October 1973, and restored on 13 May 1982.[51][77]
39  Denmark 2 February 1949[53] 12 July 1950[78]
—  Djibouti[17] — —
40  Dominica — January 1978[76] Date diplomatic relations established
41  Dominican Republic — 29 December 1948[79]
42  East Timor[80] — 29 August 2002
43  Ecuador — 2 February 1949[53]
44  Egypt — 26 March 1979[81] Signatory to the Khartoum Resolution.[30] Later became the first Arab state to recognize Israel, with the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.
45  El Salvador — 11 September 1948[82]
46  Equatorial Guinea [when?] [when?] Relations severed in October 1973,[51] and resumed in January 1994.[83]
47  Eritrea — 6 May 1993[62][84] Date diplomatic relations established
48  Estonia — 9 January 1992[85] Date diplomatic relations established
49  Eswatini — September 1968[76]
50  Ethiopia — 24 October 1961[86] Prior to de jure recognition, Ethiopia maintained consular relations with Israel since 1956. Relations were broken in October 1973,[51] and resumed in November 1989.
51  Federated States of Micronesia[87] — 23 November 1988 Date diplomatic relations established
52  Fiji — August 1970[76] Date diplomatic relations established
53  Finland[88] 11 June 1948[89] 18 March 1949
54  France — 24 January 1949[90]
55  Gabon[61] — 29 September 1993[91] Relations severed in October 1973,[51] and resumed in September 1993.
56  Gambia — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[51] and resumed in September 1992
57  Georgia — 1 June 1992[92] Date diplomatic relations established
58  Germany 10 September 1952 (West Germany before 3 October 1990)[93] 12 May 1965[94] Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this, Germany signed the Reparations agreement with Israel. East Germany never had diplomatic relations with Israel during its existence.
59  Ghana — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[51] and resumed in August 1994
60  Greece[86] 15 March 1949 21 May 1990[95] Date diplomatic relations established
61  Grenada — January 1975[76] Date diplomatic relations established
62  Guatemala — 19 May 1948[75]
63  Guinea — [when?] Broke diplomatic relations with Israel on 12 June 1967,[51] and restored relations on July 20, 2016.[8]
64  Guinea-Bissau — March 1994[76] Date diplomatic relations established
65  Guyana — [when?] Broke off relations in March 1974, restored in March 1992.
66  Haiti 26 February 1949[53] January 1950[76] Date diplomatic relations established
67  Honduras[79][96] 11 September 1948 8 November 1948[91]
68  Hungary[97] 24 May 1948 1 June 1948[89] Relations broken in 1967, and restored on 19 September 1989.[98]
69  Iceland 11 February 1949[53] [when?]
70  India — 17 September 1950[99]
—  Indonesia[43] — — Can[who?] only travel to Indonesia with an invitation from the Department of Immigration of Indonesia. Can only enter Indonesia through airports in Denpasar, Jakarta and Surabaya.[19]
—  Iran[100] 14 March 1950[101] [when?] Voted against UN Partition Plan, recognized Israel, but voted against admission of Israel to membership of UN. Relations severed in late 1979. Does not accept Israeli passports,[19] and the holders of Iranian passports are "not entitled to travel to the occupied Palestine"[102]
—  Iraq[103] — — Does not accept Israeli passports, except for Iraqi Kurdistan where visa is required for passengers without a signed and stamped letter issued by the Ministry of Interior of the Kurdistan Regional Government if arriving at Erbil (EBL) and Sulaymaniyah (ISU).[19] Iraqi passports are not valid for travel to Israel.[104]
71  Ireland[105] 12 February 1949 May 1963[105]
72  Italy[53] 8 February 1949 19 January 1950
73  Ivory Coast 15 February 1961 24 May 1961[49] Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this date, it had maintained trade relations since 15 February 1961. Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in February 1986.[50][51]
74  Jamaica[91] January 1962 —
75  Japan — 15 May 1952[106]
76  Jordan — 26 October 1994[107] Signatory to the Khartoum Resolution.[30] Recognized Israel in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty.
77  Kazakhstan — 10 April 1992[108] Date diplomatic relations established
78  Kenya — December 1963[91][109] Severed relation in November 1973,[51] resumed in December 1988.
79  Kiribati — 21 May 1984[110] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Kuwait[30] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[19]
80  Kyrgyzstan — March 1992[91]
81  Laos — February 1957 Date diplomatic relations established. Laos broke off relations in 1973, and restored them on 6 December 1993.[111]
82  Latvia — 6 January 1992[112] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Lebanon[30] — — Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.[19]
83  Lesotho — [when?]
84  Liberia 11 February 1949[97] [when?] Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in August 1983.[50][51]
—  Libya[30] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[19]
85  Liechtenstein — January 1992[91]
86  Lithuania — 8 January 1992[113] Date diplomatic relations established
87  Luxembourg 11 May 1949[45] 16 January 1950[114]
88  Madagascar — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[51] and resumed in January 1994.
89  Malawi — July 1964[76] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Malaysia[43] — — Does not admit Israeli passport holders without written permission from the government. Malaysian passports not valid for travel to Israel without permission from the government.[115]
—  Maldives — 29 October 1965[116] Diplomatic relations suspended in 1974.[117] Cooperation agreements in 2009 did not develop into full diplomatic relations[118][119][120] and were terminated in 2014.[121]
—  Mali[17] — [when?] Diplomatic relations severed 5 January 1973.[51]
90  Malta January 1965[91] December 1965[76] Date diplomatic relations established
91  Marshall Islands — 16 September 1987[122]
—  Mauritania — 28 October 1999[123] Diplomatic relations suspended 6 March 2009,[124] severed 21 March 2010[125]
92  Mauritius[61] — [when?] Diplomatic relations severed July 1976, restored September 1993.
93  Mexico 11 May 1949[45] 4 April 1952[126]
94  Moldova[127] — 22 June 1992
95  Monaco — January 1964[76]
96  Mongolia[128] — 2 October 1991
97  Montenegro[129] — 12 July 2006
98  Morocco[17][30] 1 September 1994[130] — On 10 December 2020, an agreement was announced to normalize relations.[131]
99  Mozambique[61][62] — 23 July 1993
100  Myanmar[132] — 13 July 1953 Date full diplomatic relations established
101  Namibia[62][133] — 11 February 1994
102  Nauru[76] — December 1994
103    Nepal[134] — 1 June 1960 Date diplomatic relations established. First South Asian nation to establish diplomatic ties with Israel.
104  Netherlands 11 May 1949[45] 16 January 1950[114]
105  New Zealand 29 January 1949[53] 28 July 1950[135]
106  Nicaragua — 18 May 1948[79] Diplomatic relations suspended June 2010 and restored in March 2017.[136]
—  Niger[17] — — Relations severed on 4 January 1973.[49][51]
107  Nigeria[137] 1960 [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[51] were resumed in May 1992.
—  North Korea[138] — —
108  North Macedonia — 7 December 1995[76] Date diplomatic relations established
109  Norway [when?] 4 February 1949 Date Norway recognized Israel
—  Oman — — Accepts Israeli passports for transit only, does not accept for admission.[19]
—  Pakistan[139] — — Does not accept Israeli passports, and Pakistani passports are not valid for travel to Israel.[19]
110  Palau[61][62] — 2 October 1994
111  Panama — 19 June 1948[71]
112  Papua New Guinea — 1978[140]
113  Paraguay 6 September 1948[79] 7 September 1948[141]
114  Peru — 9 February 1949[53]
115  Philippines 11 May 1949[45] 13 May 1957[142]
116  Poland — 18 May 1948[75] Relations were broken in 1967, restored in February 1990.[143]
117  Portugal[144] 12 May 1977 [when?]
—  Qatar[17] April 1996[76] — In April 1996, Qatar and Israel agreed to exchange trade representation offices.[145] Trade offices closed in February 2009.[76]
Israeli-issued passports are not allowed in Qatar. The only time Israel will be allowed is during 2022 FIFA World Cup.[146][147]
118  Republic of the Congo — 9 November 1960 Date diplomatic relations established. Broke relations on 31 December 1972, resumed in August 1991.
119  Romania[148] 11 June 1948 12 June 1948[89]
120  Russia — 17 May 1948[75][149][150] Recognition extended as the Soviet Union. Relations broken in 1967, restored on 19 October 1991.[151]
121  Rwanda — [when?] Relations severed in October 1973,[51] and restored in October 1994.
122  Saint Kitts and Nevis — January 1984[76] Date diplomatic relations established
123  Saint Lucia — January 1979[76] Date diplomatic relations established
124  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — January 1981[76] Date diplomatic relations established
125  Samoa — June 1977[76] Date diplomatic relations established
126  San Marino[152] — 1 March 1995
127  São Tomé and Príncipe — November 1993[76] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Saudi Arabia[30] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[19]
128  Senegal 1960[91] — Relations broken in October 1973,[51] and resumed in August 1994.
129  Serbia — 31 January 1992 Date diplomatic relations established[153]
130  Seychelles — September 1992[76] Date diplomatic relations established
131  Sierra Leone — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[51] and resumed in May 1992.
132  Singapore[154] — 11 May 1969 Date diplomatic relations established
133  Slovakia — 18 May 1948[75] Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with Slovakia were established 1 January 1993.[155]
134  Slovenia[156] — 28 April 1992
135  Solomon Islands — January 1989[76]
—  Somalia[157] — —
136  South Africa 24 May 1948[75] 14 May 1949[158][159]
137  South Korea — 10 April 1962[160] Date diplomatic relations established
138  South Sudan[161] — 28 July 2011 Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.[162]
139  Spain[163] 17 January 1986 [when?]
140  Sri Lanka[164] 16 September 1950 [when?]
141  Sudan 23 October 2020[165] — On 23 October 2020, an agreement was announced to normalize relations.[165]
142  Suriname — February 1976[76]
143  Sweden[53] 15 February 1949 13 June 1950[78]
144   Switzerland[166] 28 January 1949 18 March 1949[167]
—  Syria[30] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[19]
145  Tajikistan — April 1992[76]
146  Tanzania — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[51] and resumed in February 1995.
147  Thailand 26 September 1950[168] [when?]
148  Togo — [when?] Relations severed in September 1973,[51] and restored in June 1987.[50]
149  Tonga — June 1977[76] Date diplomatic relations established
150  Trinidad and Tobago[76] August 1962 —
—  Tunisia[30] 3 October 1994[62][169] —[170]
151  Turkey 28 March 1949[171] 12 March 1950[172] Downgraded ties with Israel to second secretary level in September 2011,[173] and restored full diplomatic relations in June 2016.[174]
151  Turkmenistan[175] — 6 October 1993 Date diplomatic relations established
153  Tuvalu — July 1984[76] Date diplomatic relations established
154  Uganda — [when?] Broke relations on 30 March 1972,[51] and restored in July 1994.
155  Ukraine 11 May 1949[45] 26 December 1991[176]
156  United Arab Emirates 13 August 2020[177] 15 September 2020[41] On 15 September 2020, an agreement was signed to normalize relations.[177]
157  United Kingdom 13 May 1949[178] 28 April 1950[114]
158  United States 14 May 1948[3] 31 January 1949[179]
159  Uruguay — 19 May 1948[75] First Latin American country to recognize Israel.[180]
160  Uzbekistan[181] — 21 February 1992 Date full diplomatic relations established
161  Vanuatu[61][62] — 16 December 1993 Date diplomatic relations established
—  Venezuela — 27 June 1948[79] Relations severed in January 2009.
162  Vietnam[182] — 12 July 1993 Date diplomatic relations established
—  Yemen[30] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[19]
163  Zambia — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[51] and resumed in December 1991.
164  Zimbabwe[61][62] — 26 November 1993 Date diplomatic relations established

Non-UN member states

State Date of recognition Notes
 Cook Islands[183] 2008
 Kosovo[a] 4 September 2020 Kosovo recognised Israel as part of the Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements (2020)[184][185][186] Diplomatic relations established on February 1, 2021.[187][188]
 Niue[189] 2008
 State of Palestine[190] 1993 Signatory to the Khartoum Resolution.[30] Recognized Israel as part of the Oslo I Accord.
  Vatican City[191] 15 June 1994

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognized as an independent state by 97 out of the 193 United Nations member states. In total, 113 UN member states are said to have recognized Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition.

References

  1. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: 14 May 1948: Retrieved 15 December 2013 Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ End of Palestine mandate, The Times, 15 May 1948
  3. ^ a b "Milestones: 1945-1952 - Office of the Historian". Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  4. ^ Hashim S. H. Behbehani (1986). The Soviet Union and Arab nationalism, 1917-1966. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-7103-0213-7.
  5. ^ "Israel International Relations: International Recognition of Israel". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  6. ^ Press Release, 31 January 1949. Official File, Truman Papers Truman Library
  7. ^ The Recognition of the State of Israel: Introduction Truman Library
  8. ^ a b "Israel and Guinea renew diplomatic relations after 49 years - Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
  9. ^ a b Landau, Noa. "Israel, Chad Renew Diplomatic Ties That Were Severed in 1972". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  10. ^ Schwartz, Felicia (23 October 2020). "Israel, Sudan Agree to Normalize Ties in U.S.-Brokered Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Morocco latest country to normalise ties with Israel in US-brokered deal". BBC News. 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  12. ^ "Israel and Bhutan establish diplomatic relations". Al Jazeera. 12 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  13. ^ JTA The Global Jewish Resource Global Jewish Resource
  14. ^ John Pike. "Israeli War of Independence". Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  15. ^ Neff, Donald. "Third Time's a Charm: Israel Admitted as U.N. Member in 1949". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. American Educational Trust (July 2011): 24. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  16. ^ "United Nations Official Document". www.un.org. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j United States Congress (5 June 2008). "H. RES. 1249" (PDF). Since the publication of this document, Mauritania and Venezuela severed relations with Israel, and Bahrain, Chad, Guinea, the United Arab Emirates, Sudan, and Morocco resumed or established relations.
  18. ^ "Angered by Arab-Israel ties, PA quits chairing Arab League sessions". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
  20. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20201020054830/https://ops.group/blog/countries-with-bans-on-flights-to-israel/
  21. ^ "Israel and UAE in historic direct flight following peace deal". August 31, 2020 – via www.bbc.com.
  22. ^ Harkov, Lahav (8 October 2020). "Israel and Jordan sign historic airspace agreement". The Jerusalem Post.
  23. ^ Young, Henry (27 October 2017). "Israeli judo star Tal Flicker wins gold in UAE; officials refuse to play anthem". CNN.
  24. ^ a b "At a sporting event in an Arab capital, an unexpected sound: The Israeli national anthem". The Washington Post. 27 November 2018.
  25. ^ "Saudi chess tournament starts without Israeli players". December 26, 2017 – via www.bbc.com.
  26. ^ Staff writers (9 January 2006). "Kabul will forge Israel ties if Palestinians form State: Karzai". Pak Tribune. Pakistan News Service. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
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