International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. SADR claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony; however, at present the SADR government controls only about 20–25% of the territory it claims.[1] It calls the territories under its control the "Liberated Territories".

As of July 2021, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is recognized by 40 out of a total of 193 United Nations member states. At different times, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has been recognized by 84 UN member states,[note 1] but, of these, 44 have since "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition.[note 2] SADR has, at some point in time, been recognised by 43.5% of United Nations (UN) member states, 38 out of the other 54 (70%) African Union (AU) member states, 18 out of 57 (32%) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states, and 5 out of 22 (23%) Arab League (AL) member states. Several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile of a sovereign state.

The SADR has been a member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. At the time, Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest, until 2017, when Morocco again joined the African Union.[2] The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[3][4] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[5] over Moroccan objections.

The Arab League simply supports "Moroccan territorial integrity", without further specification.[6][7] In 2020, the United States under Donald Trump was the first country to recognize Morocco's unilateral annexation of Western Sahara.[8][9] While some countries reiterate support for the "territorial integrity of Morocco",[10] a number of countries have expressed their support for a future status of Western Sahara as an autonomous part of Morocco.

Besides Mexico, Algeria, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognized SADR, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India withdrew its recognition in 2000.[11]

Recognition by the International Court of Justice[]

See also: Advisory opinion on Western Sahara

On 16 October 1975, by the mean of an Advisory Opinion, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) declared that it did not find any territorial sovereignty tie, either from the Kingdom of Morocco or the Mauritanian entity, over the territory of Western Sahara. Moreover, the ICJ recognized the self-determination of the peoples of the territory of Western Sahara through their free and genuine expression of such will.[12] The decision reads as follows:

THE COURT, composed as above, gives the following Advisory Opinion:

1. The questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court has been asked were laid before the Court by a letter dated 17 December 1974, filed in the Registry on 21 Decemter 1974, addressed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the President of the Court. In his letter the Secretary-General informed the Court that, by resolution 3292 (XXIX) adopted on 13 December 1974, the General Assembly of the United Nations had decided to request the Court to give an advisory opinion at an early date on the questions set out in the resolution. The text of that resolution is as follows:

"The General Assembly,
(...)
1. Decides to request the International Court of Justice, without prejudice to the application of the principles embodied in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), to give an advisory opinion at an early date on the following questions:
‘I. Was Western Sahara (Río de Oro and Sakiet El Hamra) at the time of colonization by Spain a territory belonging to no one (terra nullius)?
If the answer to the first question is in the negative,
II. What were the legal ties between this territory and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity?’;"

(...)

162. The materials and information presented to the Court show the existence, at the time of Spanish colonization, of legal ties of allegiance between the Sultan of Morocco and some of the tribes living in the territory of Western Sahara. They equally show the existence of rights, including some rights relating to the land, which constituted legal ties between the Mauritanian entity, as understood by the Court, and the territory of Western Sahara. On the other hand, the Court's conclusion is that the materials and information presented to it do not establish any tie of territorial sovereignty between the territory of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco or the Mauritanian entity. Thus the Court has not found legal ties of such a nature as might affect the application of resolution 1514 (XV) in the decolonization of Western Sahara and, in particular, of the principle of self-determination through the free and genuine expression of the will of the peoples of the Territory (cf. paragraphs 54-59 above).

163. For these reasons, THE COURT DECIDES, with regard to Question I, by 13 votes to 3, and with regard to Question II, by 14 votes to 2, to comply with the request for an advisory opinion; THE COURT IS OF OPINION, with regard to Question I, unanimously, that Western Sahara (Río de Oro and Sakiet El Hamra) at the time of colonization by Spain was not a territory belonging to no one (terra nullius); with regard to Question II, by 14 votes to 2, that there were legal ties between this territory and the Kingdom of Morocco of the kinds indicated in paragraph 162 of this Opinion; by 15 votes to 1, that there were legal ties between this territory and the Mauritanian entity of the kinds indicated in paragraph 162 of this Opinion.

— International Court of Justice, Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion (16 October 1975)[12]

States that have recognized SADR[]

International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR):
  SADR, as the territory it controls
  States that currently recognize SADR
  States that have "withdrawn", "frozen" or "suspended" recognition of SADR[note 2]

84 UN member states and South Ossetia either currently recognize SADR or have recognized it in the past. Of these, 44 have "suspended", "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition[note 2] (most recently Guyana). Several African countries and Caribbean or Pacific island-states have taken such actions subsequent to Moroccan lobbying and offers of economic and other exchanges, although the association of such decisions and these efforts is disputable.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] On the other hand, some states which had "withdrawn" or "frozen" recognition later resumed it (most recently Bolivia).

The following lists all the states that have ever recognized the SADR.

Overview of diplomatic recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
States that currently recognize (40 UN member states and South Ossetia)
States that have "withdrawn", "frozen" or "suspended" recognition[note 2] (44 UN member states)
State[note 3] Date of recognition[29][30][31][32] Diplomatic relations[note 4] Relevant membership, further details
1  Madagascar 28 February 1976[33] No AU; Recognized by the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. Recognition frozen 6 April 2005.[34][35][36][37][38]
2  Burundi 1 March 1976[39][40] No AU; Recognition frozen 5 May 2006,[39][41] resumed 16 June 2008,[42][43] but withdrawn 25 October 2010.[44][45][46][47]
3  Algeria 6 March 1976[48] Yes AU, Arab League, OIC
4  Benin 11 March 1976[40][49] No AU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Benin. Recognition suspended 21 March 1997.[49][50][51][52]
5  Angola 11 March 1976[40] Yes AU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Angola.
6  Mozambique 13 March 1976[40] Yes AU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Mozambique.
7  Guinea-Bissau 15 March 1976 No AU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 2 April 1997,[53][54][55] recognition resumed 26 May 2009,[56][57][58] but withdrawn again 30 March 2010.[59][60][61]
8  North Korea 16 March 1976 Yes —
9  Togo 17 March 1976 No AU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 16 June 1997.[53][62][63]
10  Rwanda 1 April 1976 Yes AU; In October 2020, Rwanda signed several cooperation agreements with Morocco. In addition, Rwanda supported Morocco's territorial integrity and sovereignty over Western Sahara,[64] but without any mention of discontinued recognition of SADR.
11  Yemen 2 February 1977 No Arab League, OIC; Recognition granted by People's Democratic Republic of Yemen which unified with the Yemen Arab Republic 22 May 1990.
Further details
12  Seychelles 25 October 1977[67] No AU; Recognition withdrawn 17 March 2008.[68][69][70]
13  Congo 3 July 1978 No AU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Congo. Recognition withdrawn 13 September 1996.[31]
14  Sao Tome and Principe 22 July 1978 No AU; Recognition withdrawn 23 October 1996.[31]
15  Panama 23 July 1978 Yes Recognition suspended 20 November 2013.[71][72][73][74] Resumed 7 January 2016.[75][76]
16  Equatorial Guinea 3 November 1978 No AU; Recognition withdrawn 2[citation needed] May 1980.[31]
17  Tanzania 9 November 1978 Yes AU
18  Ethiopia 24 February 1979 Yes AU; Recognized by the Socialist Ethiopia.
19  Vietnam 2 March 1979[77][78] Yes
Further details
20  Cambodia 10 April 1979 No Recognized by the People's Republic of Kampuchea. Recognition denounced 14 August 2006.[86][87][88]
21  Laos 9 May 1979 Yes —
22  Afghanistan 23 May 1979 No OIC; Recognized by the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Recognition withdrawn 11 July 2002.[89][90]
23  Cape Verde 4 June 1979[91] No AU; Recognition frozen 27 July 2007.[91][92][93] The Cape Verden President met the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic on 6 February 2012,[94][95] but on 16 November 2019 Luis Felipe Tavarez, Cape Verde's Minister of Foreign Affairs and Defense, reiterated the country's support for Morocco's claims of Western Sahara.[96]
24  Grenada 20 August 1979 No Recognition withdrawn 11 August 2010.[97][98][99]
25  Ghana 24 August 1979 Yes AU; Recognition frozen May 2001,[31][citation needed] but resumed 2011.[100][when?]
26  Guyana 1 September 1979 No OIC. Withdrew recognition on 14 November 2020.[101][102]
27  Dominica 1 September 1979 No Recognition withdrawn 22 July 2010.[103][104]
28  Saint Lucia 1 September 1979 No Recognition withdrawn 21 March 1989,[105] withdrawal reiterated 9 August 2010.[98][99][105][106]
29  Jamaica 6 September 1979 No Recognition withdrawn 14 September 2016.[107] Jamaica reiterated its decision on 11 December 2019.[108]
30  Nicaragua 6 September 1979 Yes Recognition frozen 21 July 2000,[109][110] but diplomatic relations resumed 12 January 2007.[111]
31  Uganda 6 September 1979 Yes AU, OIC
32  Mexico 8 September 1979 Yes —
33  Lesotho 9 October 1979 Yes[112] AU
Further details
34  Zambia 12 October 1979[118] No AU; Recognition withdrawn 29 March 2011,[119][120][121] resumed 21 November 2012,[122] but withdrawn 2 March 2018.[123][124]
Further details
35  Cuba 20 January 1980 Yes —
36  Iran 27 February 1980[127] No OIC
37  Sierra Leone 27 March 1980 Yes AU, OIC; Recognition frozen 16 July 2003,[128][129] but resumed 20 June 2011.[130]
38  Syria 15 April 1980 No Arab League, OIC
39  Libya 15 April 1980 No AU, Arab League, OIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
40  Eswatini 28 April 1980 No AU; Recognition withdrawn 4 July 1997.[53]
41  Botswana 14 May 1980 Yes AU
42  Zimbabwe 3 June 1980[131] Yes AU
43  Chad 4 July 1980 No AU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 9 May 1997,[53] resumed[when?] then withdrawn 17 March 2006,[132][133] on 17 July 2007 the sides decided to raise their diplomatic relations to ambassadorial level "as soon as possible".[134][135]
Further details
44  Mali 4 July 1980 No AU, OIC
45  Costa Rica 30 October 1980 No Recognition frozen 22 April 2000.[137][138][139]
46  Vanuatu 26 November 1980[140][141] Yes Recognition withdrawn 24 November 2000,[140][141][142][143][144] diplomatic relations resumed 31 July 2008.[145][146]
47  Papua New Guinea 12 August 1981 No Recognition withdrawn 30 March 2011.[147][148][149][150]
48  Tuvalu 12 August 1981 No Recognition withdrawn 3 September 2000.[142][151][152]
49  Kiribati 12 August 1981 No Recognition withdrawn 3 September 2000.[142][151][152]
50  Nauru 12 August 1981 No Recognition withdrawn 3 September 2000.[142][151][152]
51  Solomon Islands 12 August 1981 No Recognition withdrawn January 1989.[31]
52  Mauritius 1 July 1982 Yes AU; Recognition withdrawn 17 January 2014,[153][154][155] but resumed 23 November 2015.[156][157]
53  Venezuela 3 August 1982 Yes —
54  Suriname 21 August 1982[158] No OIC; Recognition withdrawn 9 March 2016.[158][159]
55  Bolivia 14 December 1982[160] Yes Suspended on 20 January 2020,[161][162] resumed on 16 September 2021.[163]
56  Ecuador 14 November 1983 Yes Recognition withdrawn 14 June 2004,[164][165] but resumed 8 February 2006.[166]
57  Mauritania 27 February 1984 No AU, Arab League, OIC
58  Burkina Faso 4 March 1984 No AU, OIC; Recognized by the Republic of Upper Volta. Recognition withdrawn 5 June 1996.[53][167]
59  Peru 16 August 1984 Yes Recognition frozen 9 September 1996.[168], resumed on 8 September 2021.[169]
60  Nigeria 11 November 1984 Yes AU, OIC
61  Serbia 28 November 1984[31] No Recognition granted by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but withdrawn 26 October 2004 by Yugoslavia's self-declared successor state Serbia and Montenegro[170][171] (whose own successor state is Serbia).
62  Colombia 27 February 1985[172] No Recognition frozen 20 December 2000.[31][citation needed]
Further details
63  Liberia 31 July 1985 No[174] AU; Recognition withdrawn 5 September 1997,[53][175][176] but resumed 30 October 2012 or before.[177][when?] In March 2020, Liberia opened a consulate in Dakhla, which is controlled by Morocco, but without any mention of discontinued recognition of SADR.[178][179]
64  India 1 October 1985 No Recognition withdrawn 26 June 2000.[11][180]
65  Guatemala 10 April 1986 No Recognition frozen April 1998,[31][citation needed] Guatemala allegedly denied having ever recognized the SADR July 2002.[181][citation needed]
Further details
66  Dominican Republic 24 June 1986[183] No Recognition frozen 23 May 2002.[183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190]
67  Trinidad and Tobago 1 November 1986 No —
68  Belize 18 November 1986 Yes —
69  St. Kitts and Nevis 25 February 1987 No Recognition withdrawn 12 August 2010.[98][99][191]
70  Antigua and Barbuda 27 February 1987 No Recognition withdrawn 12 August 2010.[98][99][192]
71  Albania 29 December 1987 No OIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. Recognition withdrawn 11[citation needed] November 2004.[193]
72  Barbados 27 February 1988 No Recognition frozen 11 February 2013,[194][195][196][197] withdrawn 21 June 2019.[198]
73  El Salvador 31 July 1989 No Recognition withdrawn April 1997,[31] resumed by 6 June 2009,[199] then withdrawn again 15 June 2019.[200]
74  Honduras 8 November 1989 Yes Recognition allegedly withdrawn January 2000,[201] and reiterated by Morocco.[202] but this was denied by the SADR[203] On 5 June 2013 the two states signed an agreement that in part "expressed their wish to initiate the process for the restoration of diplomatic relations".[204][205][206][207]
75  Namibia 11 June 1990[208] Yes AU
76  Malawi 16 November 1994[209] No AU; Recognition withdrawn 26 June 2001,[210] diplomatic relations established 24 March 2002,[211][212] recognition withdrawn 27 December 2002,[213] diplomatic relations reestablished 1 February 2008,[209][214][215] recognition withdrawn 16 September 2008,[216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223] diplomatic relations resumed 6 March 2014,[224][225] and then recognition withdrawn again 5 May 2017.[226][225] In 2021, Morocco’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Nasser Bourita announced in a press conference with his Malawian counterpart Eisenhower Nduwa Mkaka that Malawi will open a consulate in El Aaiún.[227]
77  Paraguay 9 February 2000[228] No Recognition frozen 25 July 2000,[31] resumed 12 August 2008,[229] but suspended 3 January 2014.[230][231][232][233][234]
78  St. Vincent and the Grenadines 14 February 2002[235] No Recognition frozen 13 February 2013.[236][237][238]
79  Timor-Leste 20 May 2002[239] Yes —
80  South Africa 15 September 2004[118][240][241][242] Yes AU
81  Kenya 25 June 2005[118][243] Yes AU; Diplomatic relations temporally frozen 18 October 2006,[243][244] recognition frozen 26 June 2007,[245][246] then resumed 6 February 2014 or before.[247][248][when?]
82  Uruguay 26 December 2005[249][250][251] Yes —
83  Haiti 22 November 2006[252] No Recognition withdrawn 2 October 2013.[253][254][255][256][257]
—  South Ossetia 27 February 2011[258] No
Further details
84  South Sudan 9 July 2011[260] No AU; Recognition withdrawn 28 September 2018.[261]

States whose parliaments have voted to recognize SADR[]

The parliaments of several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic have called on their respective governments to recognize SADR. The parliament of Sweden was the first in the EU voted to recognize Western Sahara in December 2012, but this has not been enacted by the Swedish government. Declarations were also adopted by the parliaments of Chile and Brazil.

The following lists states whose parliaments have recognized the SADR.[note 6][note 7]

State Date of approval Approval by Relevant membership, further details
1  Chile 1 September 1999
14 July 2009
4 August 2010
1 August 2014		 Chamber of Deputies Foreign Minister of Chile reported 30 November 1999 by official letter to Sahrawi Chancellor the decision of the President of Chile to recognize the SADR. But it has not been implemented. Therefore, the lower house of Chile's parliament subsequently repeatedly called for the recognition of SADR and establishment of diplomatic relations with it.[265][266]
2  Australia 29 November 2004 Senate Australian Senate adopted a motion where "urges Australian government to positively consider extending diplomatic recognition to SADR at the appropriate time."[267]
3  Brazil 31 May 2007
26 October 2011
3 September 2014		 Chamber of Deputies Brazilian Chamber of Deputies repeatedly asked government of Brazil to recognize SADR and establish diplomatic relations with it.[268][269][270]
16 June 2015
5 September 2018		 Senate The Senate proposed that the Brazilian government adopted measures related to the recognition of the SADR as a State with a legitimate right to sovereignty and self-determination; the establishment of diplomatic relations; the institution of a continuous process of humanitarian aid to refugees; the granting to MINURSO of competence to deal with Human Rights in the occupied area; and the installation of a Representative Office in the Country.[271] Moreover, a Senate Resolution Draft is under analysis and proposes the creation of a Parliamentary Front in defense of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[272]
4  Sweden 5 December 2012 Riksdag EU; Swedish parliament voted to recommend that the Swedish government "recognises the SADR as soon as possible".[273]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ SADR is also recognised by South Ossetia, which itself has been recognised by six UN members, of which one have subsequently withdrawn recognition.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d According to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in article 6 of the Montevideo Convention: "Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable". Therefore, once one state recognizes another as a fellow sovereign state, this recognition cannot be revoked, except when one or the other ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government (for example by breaking off diplomatic relations), not of the state itself.[25][26] The provisions of the Montevideo Convention are generally considered to be a restatement of customary international law, codifying existing legal norms and its principles, and therefore do not apply merely to the parties to the Convention, but to all subjects of international law as a whole.[27][28]
  3. ^ States with limited recognition are included, but not numbered in the first column.
  4. ^ The information in this column is taken from Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
  5. ^ Such statements are interpreted as a method of implied recognition.[259]
  6. ^ In January 2014 a bill was submitted in the Danish parliament that Denmark would recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, but it has not been voted on.[262][263]
  7. ^ In 1988, the Raul Alfonsín government of Argentina made a compromise to recognize the independence of the Sahrawi Republic in the end of 1988. This announcement was dated 6 May 1988, sent by a letter signed by Minister Dante Caputo to Minister of Foreign Affairs of SADR. In July 2010, the Argentine Chamber of Deputies registered a declaration project exhorting the government of Argentina to recognize the SADR and to establish diplomatic relations with it.[264]

References[]

  1. ^ "Sáhara Occidental – cuadro zonas mapa político-militar" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  2. ^ "Morocco rejoins the African Union after 33 years". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  3. ^ "NAM reiterates support to right of Saharawi people to determination". Sahara Press Service. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  4. ^ "Algeria praises NAM's continued support to struggle of Saharawi people for self-determination". Sahara Press Service. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  5. ^ "South Africa". ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 9 September 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabic News. 8 January 1999. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  7. ^ "Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps". Arabic News. 17 December 1998. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  8. ^ "International law allows the recognition of Western Sahara". 7 November 2015.
  9. ^ "The U.S. recognized Moroccan sovereignty over the disputed Western Sahara. Here's what that means". Washingtonpost.
  10. ^ "More countries reiterate territorial integrity of Morocco and Azerbaijan". DND.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b "L'Inde annonce officiellement le retrait de sa reconnaissance La "rasd" en déconfiture". 27 June 2000. Archived from the original on 8 March 2003. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b International Court of Justice (16 October 1975). "Advisory Opinion of 16 October 1975 – Western Sahara" (PDF) (in English and French). pp. 13-14, 68–69 (PDF pages: 5–8, 115–118). Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  13. ^ "Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer increases possibilities for cooperation with African and European countries". Government of Antigua and Barbuda – Press releases. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  14. ^ "Morocco to fund hotel project in Dominica". Caribbean daily news. 4 August 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  15. ^ "Talking diplomatic ties and cooperation with Morocco". Government Information Service – Grenada. 11 August 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  16. ^ "Moroccan assistance to Grenada confirmed". Grenada broadcast. 13 August 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  17. ^ "Moroccan assistance – Ten scholarships annually and EC$1 million for Grenada". Grenada broadcast. 24 August 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  18. ^ "St. Kitts and Nevis gets assistance from Morocco in education and youth empowerment". CUOPM. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  19. ^ "Morocco offers 15 scholarships to St. Kitts and Nevis". CUOPM. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  20. ^ "Zambia in diplomatic scandal – Citizen". Truly Zambian. 16 August 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  21. ^ "Mount St. John's Medical Centre Receives Moroccan Gifts. PM Spencer announces Accreditation of the Institution as a Teaching Hospital". Official website for the Government of Antigua and Barbuda. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  22. ^ "Antigua-Barbuda to benefit from cooperation with African and European countries". Caribbean News Now. 2 October 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  23. ^ Tarnia Green (February 2011). "The Government of Morocco commits to building a fifty-room hotel in Dominica". Government Information Service – Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. Archived from the original on 8 September 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  24. ^ Christophe Guguen (8 February 2013). "L'Etat marocain construit un hôtel de luxe aux Caraïbes" (in French). Lakome.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  25. ^ Potočný, Miroslav (1996). Mezinárodní právo veřejné, zvláštní část (in Czech). Praha: C.H.Beck. pp. 20–24. ISBN 80-7179-088-5.
  26. ^ David, Vítězslav; Sladký, Pavel; Zbořil, František (2004). Mezinárodní právo veřejné (in Czech). Praha: Linde. pp. 151–153. ISBN 80-7201-473-0.
  27. ^ Harris, David (2004). Cases and Materials on International Law (6th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell. p. 99. ISBN 0421781505.
  28. ^ Castellino, Joshua (2000). International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession With Formulations of Post-Colonial National Identity. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 9041114092.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b "States recognizing the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (in Arabic). Official Website of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  30. ^ "Listado de Paises Que Han Reconocido a La Republica Arabe Saharaui Democratica" (in Spanish). Embajada de la República Saharaui en Argelia. 22 October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "States which recognize the SADR". ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  32. ^ "Country recognitions of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic". Western Sahara Online. Archived from the original on 21 February 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  33. ^ Erik Jensen (2005). Western Sahara: anatomy of a stalemate. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. pp. 29–30. ISBN 1-58826-305-3. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  34. ^ "TEXTE DU COMMUNIQUE CONJOINT MAROCO-MALGACHE". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  35. ^ "M. Mohamed Benaissa salue la décision de Madagascar de geler sa reconnaissance de la "rasd"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  36. ^ "Recognition freeze". ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  37. ^ "Madagascar freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi Republic". Arabic News. 7 April 2005. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  38. ^ "Gel ne signifie pas rupture". Jeune Afrique. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b "La République du Burundi gèle sa reconnaissance de la prétendue "RASD"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b c d ARR: Arab report and record. Economic Features, ltd. 1976. p. 158.
  41. ^ "Burundi freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi republic". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. 10 May 2006. Archived from the original on 20 May 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  42. ^ "La République de Burundi réitère sa reconnaissance de la République arabe sahraouie démocratique (RASD)". Sahrawi Press Service. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008.
  43. ^ "SADR Recognition reaffirmed". ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  44. ^ "Le Burundi retire sa reconnaissance à la "rasd"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  45. ^ "Burundi withdraws recognition of 'SADR'". Maghreb Arab Press. 25 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  46. ^ "Visite d'adieu d'Aziria Abdelkader, Ambassadeur algérien au Burundi" (in French). Républic de Burundi – Portail du Gouvernement. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  47. ^ "le Burundi retire sa reconnaissance à la RASD". 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  48. ^ Virginia McLean Thompson; Virginia Thompson; Richard Adloff (1980). The Western Saharans: Background to Conflict. p. 286. ISBN 0-7099-0369-3. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b Africa analysis: A fortnightly bulletin on financial and political trends. Africa Analysis Ltd. 1997. p. 109. Retrieved 7 August 2011. The Polisario Front of Western Sahara suffered another diplomatic setback when Benin announced on 21 March that it was suspending recognition of the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (Sadr) as a state. Benin, which had recognized Sadr on 11 March 1976...
  50. ^ "M. Bio Toro Orou Guiwa, Ambassadeur du Bénin". Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  51. ^ "Le Bénin salue les réformes politiques et constitutionnelles engagée par le Maroc". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 29 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  52. ^ "Le Bénin salue les réformes politiques et constitutionnelles engagée par le Maroc (Ministre AE)". 29 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  53. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f de Saint Maurice, Thomas (2000). Sahara occidental:1991-1999, l'enjeu du référendum d'autodétermination. Editions L'Harmattan. p. 73. ISBN 9782738489135.
  54. ^ "La Guinée Bissau apporte son appui à l'initiative marocaine". Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb. 1 March 2008. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  55. ^ West Africa, 4144–4159. Afrimedia International. 1997. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  56. ^ "La Guinée Bissau décide de rétablir ses relations diplomatiques avec la RASD". Sahrawi Press Service. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  57. ^ "Guinea Bissau decide restablecer el reconocimiento a la RASD". ADN (in Spanish). 30 May 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  58. ^ "Guinea Bissau decide restablecer el reconocimiento a la RASD". 30 May 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  59. ^ "Guinea Bissau withdraw its recognition of SADR and supports the autonomy initiative". ADN (in Spanish). 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  60. ^ "La Guinée-Bissau met un terme à sa reconnaissance de la fantomatique RASD et soutient l'autonomie". 30 March 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  61. ^ "Guinea Bissau retira su reconocimiento a la RASD y apoya iniciativa autonomía". 30 March 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  62. ^ "ACTUALITES HEBDOMADAIRES – SEMAINE 25 16. – 22.06.1997". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 16 June 1997. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  63. ^ Africa research bulletin: Political, social and cultural series. Blackwell: Africa Research, Ltd. 1997. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  64. ^ "Morocco, Rwanda to Boost Bilateral Ties, Establish Cooperation in Sports". Morocco World News. 30 October 2020.
  65. ^ Bühler, Konrad (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations. Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9041115536. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  66. ^ "Yemen backs Morocco's efforts to perfect territorial integrity". Arabic News. 2 July 1999. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  67. ^ ARR: Arab report and record. Economic Features, ltd. 1978. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  68. ^ "Seychelles: Les Seychelles ne reconnaissent plus la RASD". AllAfrica.com. 3 April 2008. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  69. ^ "Seychelles withdraws recognition for SADR". AfrikNews. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  70. ^ "Seychelles Islands withdraws recognition of so-called SADR". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. March 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  71. ^ "Declaración de suspensión de relaciones diplomáticas con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Panama. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  72. ^ "Panama announces the suspension of its recognition of the so-called "SADR"". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  73. ^ "Panama suspends relations with Arab republic". La Prensa. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  74. ^ "Le Panama suspend sa reconnaissance à la "rasd"". Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  75. ^ "República Saharaui reabrió su embajada en Panamá" (in Spanish). Dia a Dia. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  76. ^ "Algeria: Sahrawi Embassy in Panama Reopens". AllAfrica. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  77. ^ "Vietnam reconoce al Polisario". El País. 4 March 1979. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  78. ^ "General Information about Countries and Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  79. ^ "La consolidation des relations économiques, au centre d'un entretien entre M. El Fassi et son homologue vietnamien". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  80. ^ "Morocco, Vietnam express will to reinforce bilateral relations". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  81. ^ "En marge du Sommet de Washington". L'Opinion. 14 April 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  82. ^ "M. El Otmani s'entretient avec le chef de la commission des relations extérieures du Parti communiste vietnamien". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  83. ^ "Entretiens PPS-PCV : Le Vietnam réaffirme sa position de soutien au Maroc dans le cadre du dossier de son intégrité territoriale". Party of Progress and Socialism. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Le président de la délégation du Parti communiste du Vietnam (PCV) en visite au Maroc du 2 au 5 juin, à l’invitation du Parti du progrès et du socialisme (PPS) a réaffirmé, lundi 3 juin 2013 à Rabat, la position de soutien de son pays et de son parti à l’intégrité territoriale du Royaume.
  84. ^ "Basic information about the country, the region and relations with Vietnam" (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  85. ^ "Biography Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Algeria". Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017. 5/2016: Nommé Ambassadeur plénipotentiaire et extraordinaire du Vietnam en République algérienne démocratique et populaire, République du Mali, ... et République arabe Sarahouie démocratique.
  86. ^ "Le Royaume du Cambodge ne reconnaît plus la prétendue " RASD "". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 14 August 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  87. ^ "His Excellency Deputy Prime Minister HOR Namhong meets with Morocco Delegation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation of Cambodia. 2006. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  88. ^ "Cambodia no more recognizes Sahrawi Republic". 16 August 2006. Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  89. ^ "Afghanistan withdraws recognition from so-called Sahrawi republic". 7 December 2002. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  90. ^ Andreu Solà-Martín (2009). "Conflict resolution in Western Sahara" (PDF). African Journal on Conflict Resolution. ACCORD The African centre for the constructive resolution of disputes. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  91. ^ Jump up to: a b Por Mario de Queiroz (30 July 2007). "Sáhara Occidental-Cabo Verde. Por un puñado de dólares" (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  92. ^ "La République du Cap Vert annonce le gel de sa reconnaissance de la prétendue RASD". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  93. ^ "Cabo Verde: Governo congela reconhecimento da República Árabe Saaraui Democrática". Angola News Agency (in Portuguese). 27 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  94. ^ "President meets with representative from Sahrawi Republic". A Semana. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  95. ^ "JCF recebe ministro dos negócios estrangeiros da RASD" (in Portuguese). Liberal. 6 February 2012. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  96. ^ "Cape Verde Supports Morocco's Western Sahara Position, ECOWAS Bid". Morocco World News. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  97. ^ "Grenade". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  98. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Quatre Etats de la région des Caraïbes ont décidé de retirer leur reconnaissance de la pseudo "rasd"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  99. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Four Caribbean states withdraw recognition of so-called SADR". Maghreb Arab Press. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  100. ^ "Diplomatic relation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". Docstoc. October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  101. ^ "Co-operative Republic of Guyana withdraws its recognition of the so-called "sadr"". RNA NEWS.
  102. ^ Kasraoui, Safaa. "Guyana Withdraws Recognition of Polisario's Self-Proclaimed SADR". www.moroccoworldnews.com/.
  103. ^ "Le Commonwealth de la Dominique décide de retirer sa reconnaissance de la pseudo "RASD"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  104. ^ "Commonwealth of Dominica withdraws recognition of so-called SADR". Maghreb Arab Press. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  105. ^ Jump up to: a b "Sainte Lucie". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  106. ^ "Ministerial meeting with representatives of the Caribbean". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  107. ^ "Jamaica withdraws its recognition of the self-proclaimed "Sahraoui Rebublic"". The Moroccan Times. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  108. ^ "Jamaica Reiterates Decision to Withdraw Recognition of Self-Proclaimed 'SADR'". Morocco World News. 11 December 2019.
  109. ^ "Après des décisions similaires de huit pays latino-américains Le Nicaragua ne reconnaît plus la pseudo-rasd annonce le vice-président nicaraguayen". 22 July 2000. Archived from the original on 8 March 2003. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  110. ^ "Nicaragua vice-president confers with Moroccan officials". Arabic News. 22 July 2000. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  111. ^ "Nicaragua and the Saharawi Republic declare the reestablishment of diplomatic relations". Saharawi Press Service. 12 January 2007. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  112. ^ "Lesotho diplomatic missions – Lesotho Embassy in Kuwait". Embassy of the Kingdom of Lesotho in Ireland. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  113. ^ "After Morocco's announcement, Lesotho makes a U-turn on its Western Sahara position". 10 October 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  114. ^ "The Kingdom of Lesotho rejects Moroccan allegations". Sahara Press Service. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  115. ^ "After contradicting statements, Lesotho confirms its position on the Sahara issue". 10 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  116. ^ "Kingdom of Lesotho denies once again lies of Kingdom of Morocco". Sahara Press Service. 14 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  117. ^ "Lesotho Kingdom maintains support to Saharawi rights and denies alleged change of position". Sahara Press Service. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  118. ^ Jump up to: a b c "SADR and Zambia establish diplomatic relations". Sahrawi Press Service. 11 July 2005. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  119. ^ "Zambia withdraws recognition of 'Sahrawi Republic'". Middle East Online. 3 April 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  120. ^ "La Zambie retire sa reconnaissance à la pseudo "Rasd". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  121. ^ "Zambia withdraws recognition of so-called SADR". Maroc.ma. Gouvernement Du Royaume Du Maroc. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  122. ^ "Zambia reafirma su apoyo al pueblo saharaui y a las relaciones con RASD". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  123. ^ Jump up to: a b "Once again, the Zambian Foreign Ministry withdraws its recognition of SADR". 2 March 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  124. ^ Jump up to: a b "Zambia : Zambia reaffirms to cut ties with Sahrawi Republic, President Lungu to visit Morocco soon".
  125. ^ "Zambia Withdraws its Recognition of Polisario's Self-proclaimed SADR". 9 July 2016.
  126. ^ "Now Govt denies withdrawing recognition of Western Sahara, claims will remain neutral". 27 February 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  127. ^ "Iranian President reiterates recognition of the Saharawi Republic". UPES. 8 August 2007. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  128. ^ "La Sierra Leone gèle sa reconnaissance de la prétendue "rasd"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 16 July 2003. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  129. ^ "Morocco: Sierra Leone freezes recognition of Polisario, Saharan republic". Asia Africa intelligence wire (BBC monitoring international reports). 16 June 2003. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  130. ^ "Special envoy brings President Koroma good message". The Republic of Sierra Leone – State House. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  131. ^ "Zimbabwe: Respect Our Foreign Policy". allafrica.com. 19 November 2009. Archived from the original on 21 November 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  132. ^ "Le Tchad retire sa reconnaissance de la pseudo "rasd"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  133. ^ "Sahara : l'effet Sassou Nguesso". Aujourd'hui Le Maroc. 20 March 2006. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  134. ^ "El Chad y la República Saharaui elevan sus relaciones diplomáticas a nivel de embajadores" (in French). Sahrawi Press Service. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  135. ^ Jump up to: a b "Mise au point" (in French). Government of Chad. 20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013."deux parties ont décidé d’élever leurs relations diplomatiques"
  136. ^ "President of Republic congratulates his Chadian counterpart on National Day". Sahara Press Service. 11 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  137. ^ "Relaciones con los países de Asia, África y Oceanía – X. República Árabe Democrática Saharaui" (PDF) (in Spanish). Asamblea Legislativa de la República de Costa Rica. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011.
  138. ^ "El Sahara quiere descongelar relaciones con Costa Rica". La Nación (in Spanish). 5 June 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  139. ^ "Costa Rica reafirma decisión de congelar relaciones con República del Sahara". La Nación (in Spanish). 5 June 2000. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  140. ^ Jump up to: a b "Vanuatu no longer recognizes whimsical SADR". Arabic News. 8 December 2000. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  141. ^ Jump up to: a b "LE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE DE VANUATU RETIRE SA RECONNAISSANCE DE LA RASD". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 7 December 2000. Archived from the original on 6 October 2002. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  142. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Marruecos-Vanuatu-Sahara Gobierno republica Vanuatu retira reconocimiento "RASD"". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. 8 December 2000. Archived from the original on 7 December 2001. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  143. ^ "Marruecos-Vanuatu Establecimiento relaciones diplomaticas entre Marruecos y Vanuatu". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. 15 December 2000. Archived from the original on 23 December 2001. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  144. ^ "Vanuatu to open diplomatic representation in Morocco". Arabic News. 14 December 2000. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  145. ^ "Vanuatu and the Saharawi Republic establish diplomatic relations at Ambassadorial level". Saharawi Press Service. 1 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  146. ^ "Vanuatu and the Saharawi Republic establish diplomatic relations at Ambassadorial level". The Saharawi Journalists and Writers Union. 1 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  147. ^ "L'État Indépendant de Papouasie Nouvelle Guinée retire sa reconnaissance à la pseudo "Rasd"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  148. ^ "Moroccan FM: Recognition withdrawals of 'Sahrawi Republic' continue at steady pace". Middle East Online. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  149. ^ "Papua New Guinea withdraws recognition of so-called SADR". Maroc.ma. Gouvernement Du Royaume Du Maroc. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  150. ^ "Papua New Guinea withdraws recognition of so-called SADR". 3 April 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  151. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Tres paises Foro del Pacifico retiran reconocimiento llamada "RASD"". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. 15 September 2000. Archived from the original on 25 February 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  152. ^ Jump up to: a b c "SAHARA OCCIDENTAL – ACTUALITES HEBDOMADAIRES". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 15 September 2000. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  153. ^ "Republic Of Mauritius Withdraws Recognition Of So-Called SADR". Government of Morocco. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  154. ^ "Republic of Mauritius withdraws its recognition of the so-called SADR". TopWireNews.com. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  155. ^ "La république de Maurice retire sa reconnaissance de la pseudo-RASD". 15 January 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  156. ^ "Mauritius: Republic of Mauritius Renews Its Recognition of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". AllAfrica. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  157. ^ "Mauritius re-establishes diplomatic relations with SADR". SADR Permanent Mission in Ethiopia and African Union. 23 November 2015. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  158. ^ Jump up to: a b "SURINAME SUPPORTS THE UN EFFORTS IN FINDING PEACEFUL SOLUTIONS TO THE WESTERN SAHARA CONFLICT". Government of Suriname. 9 March 2016. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  159. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  160. ^ "Bolivia reiterates its support to the Saharawi people's struggle for independence". Sahrawi Press Service. 21 January 2006. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  161. ^ "Sahara : La Bolivie "suspend ses liens avec la RASD" et appelle les parties au dialogue". www.yabiladi.com.
  162. ^ "Western Sahara: Bolivia Withdraws its Recognition of Polisario's Self-Styled SADR". Morocco World News. 21 January 2020.
  163. ^ "El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia fortalece relaciones diplomáticas con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática". Bolivia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 16 September 2021.
  164. ^ "Withdrawal of recognition by Ecuador". ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 14 June 2004. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  165. ^ "Posición del Ecuador sobre el Sahara Occidental" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ecuador. 22 July 2004. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  166. ^ "Ecuador and the Saharawi Republic declare the re-establishment of diplomatic relations". Sahara Press Service. 8 February 2006. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  167. ^ "ACTUALITES HEBDOMADAIRES – SEMAINE 23, 03-09.06.1996". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 5 June 1996. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  168. ^ Ricardo Sánchez Serra (11 December 2008). "El estoicismo del pueblo saharaui". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 August 2012.[self-published source?]
  169. ^ "Restablecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con la RASD". gob.pe. Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  170. ^ "Entretiens à Belgrade de M. Benaissa avec plusieurs responsables de Serbie-Monténegro". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 26 October 2004. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  171. ^ "Serbia-Montenegro withdraws recognition of Sahara Republic". Arabic News. 27 October 2004. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  172. ^ "Colombia reconoce a la RASD". El País. 28 February 1985. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  173. ^ "Western Sahara: Colombian Senate Calls Its Government to Recognize SADR". AllAfrica.com. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  174. ^ "Liberia supports Morocco's sovereignty over Western Sahara". Atalayar.
  175. ^ "Liberia-Sahara: Le Liberia retire sa reconnaissance a la RASD". Agence Maghreb Arab Presse. 5 September 1997. Archived from the original on 14 June 1998. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  176. ^ "Retrait de reconnaissance". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 5 September 1997. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  177. ^ "Indian And Spanish Ambassadors Present Letters of Credence To President Sirleaf". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Liberia. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2021."Indian And Spanish Ambassadors Present Letters of Credence To President Sirleaf". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Liberia. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  178. ^ "Liberia Officially Opens Consulate in Morocco's Dakhla". Morocco World News. 12 March 2020.
  179. ^ "MR. Gbehzohngar Findley: Opening of Consulate in Dakhla Reflects Liberia's Commitment to Supporting Territorial Integrity of Morocco". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Morocco). 12 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  180. ^ Punyapriya Dasgupta (12 August 2000). "Derecognition of Western Sahara". Economic and Political Weekly. Retrieved 14 March 2012. The government of India has decided, suddenly without any explanation, to withdraw the recognition granted in 1985 to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
  181. ^ "Guatemala denies recognition of so-called Sahrawi republic". Arabic News. 30 July 2002. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  182. ^ "Visas para extranjeros" (in Spanish). MFA of Guatemala. Retrieved 9 December 2013. Categoria consultada "C", No.44, República Árabe Saharaui Democrática
  183. ^ Jump up to: a b "La République dominicaine gèle sa reconnaissance de la "RASD"". 24 May 2002. Archived from the original on 18 June 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  184. ^ "SAHARA OCCIDENTAL – ACTUALITES HEBDOMADAIRES". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 1 June 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  185. ^ "Comunicado conjunto entre la República Dominicana y el Reino de Marruecos del año 2002" (PDF) (in Spanish). República Dominicana – Ministerio de relaciones exteriores. 23 May 2002. Retrieved 10 December 2010.[permanent dead link]
  186. ^ "Royaume du Maroc- République dominicaine Communiqué Commun". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 23 May 2002. Archived from the original on 1 June 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  187. ^ "La République Dominicaine ne reconnaît plus la RASD". PanaPress. 24 May 2002.
  188. ^ "Dominican Republic freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi republic". 24 May 2002. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  189. ^ "Les scoops du jour". 24 May 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  190. ^ "Nouveaux horizons". 24 May 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  191. ^ "Saint Christophe et Niévès". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  192. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  193. ^ Africa analysis: the fortnightly bulletin on financial and political trends, Bulletin 438–461. Africa Analysis Ltd. 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  194. ^ "Barbade". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  195. ^ "Communiqué : La Barbade a décidé de geler sa reconnaissance de la pseudo "rasd"" (in French). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  196. ^ "La Barbade décide de geler sa reconnaissance de la "rasd"". Atlasinfo.fr (in French). 12 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  197. ^ "Barbados Freezes Recognition of So-Called SADR". African Bulletin. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  198. ^ "Le Gouvernement de la Barbade décide de retirer sa reconnaissance de la pseudo "rasd" | MapNews". www.mapnews.ma. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  199. ^ "President of Republic ends his visit to El Salvador". Sahara Press Service. 6 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  200. ^ "Sahara: Le Salvador retire sa reconnaissance de la "RASD"". Le Desk. 15 June 2019.
  201. ^ "Honduras withdraws SADR recognition". 21 January 2000. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  202. ^ "Honduras did suspend recognition of Polisario, FM spokesperson confirms". 2 March 2000. Archived from the original on 12 February 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  203. ^ "Le Honduras dement la propagande marocaine". Sahara Press Service (in French). 4 February 2000. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  204. ^ "La RASD y Honduras deciden establecer relaciones diplomáticas". Sahrawi Press Service. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  205. ^ "Morocco: Sahrawi Republic and Honduras Decide to Establish Diplomatic Relations at Ambassador's Level". 6 June 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  206. ^ "Le Honduras reconnait le Polisario". 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  207. ^ "Le Honduras reconnaît la RASD". 8 June 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  208. ^ "Namibia reaffirms its constant position of support to the Saharawi people". Sahrawi Press Service. 2 February 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  209. ^ Jump up to: a b "WESTERN SAHARA – NEWS – Résumé February 2008". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  210. ^ "Western Sahara Weekly News". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 7 July 2001. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  211. ^ "La RASD et le Malawi établissent des relations diplomatiques". Sahrawi Press Service. 25 March 2002. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  212. ^ "Western Sahara Weekly News". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 6 April 2002.
  213. ^ "Western Sahara Weekly News". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 28 December 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  214. ^ "Etablissement de relations diplomatiques entre la RASD et le Malawi". Sahrawi Press Service. 1 February 2008. Archived from the original on 1 March 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  215. ^ "The Saharawi Republic and Malawi establish of diplomatic relations between". The Saharawi Journalists and Writers Union. 2 February 2008. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  216. ^ "Le Malawi retire sa reconnaissance de la prétendue RASD". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  217. ^ "Sahara issue: Malawi withdraws its recognition of the so-called SADR". Maghreb Arab Press. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  218. ^ "Sahara issue: Malawi withdraws its recognition of the so-called SADR". Actualités&Revue De Presse Maghreb. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  219. ^ "Le Malawi retire sa reconnaissance de la République arabe sahraouie démocratique (RASD)". 23 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  220. ^ "Malawi cut ties with Sahrawi Republic". afrol. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  221. ^ "Malawi withdraws recognition of Western Sahara govt: report". Agence France-Presse. 17 September 2008.
  222. ^ "Le Malawi retire sa reconnaissance à la RASD". 18 September 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  223. ^ "Rabat : La République du Malawi a annoncé, mardi, sa décision de retirer sa reconnaissance de la prétendue RASD et de rompre toutes relations avec elle". 17 September 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  224. ^ "SADR ambassador presents credentials to President of Malawi". Sahrawi Press Service. 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  225. ^ Jump up to: a b "Le Malawi retire sa reconnaissance de la "RASD" (ministre des Affaires étrangères du Malawi)". Maghreb Arabe Press. 5 May 2017.
  226. ^ "The Republic of Malawi withdraws its recognition of the so-called sadr". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Morocco). 5 May 2017.
  227. ^ "Malawi To Open Consulate in Morocco's Laayoune". Morocco World News. 27 July 2021.
  228. ^ "LA RASD ET LE PARAGUAY ETABLISSENT DES RELATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES". Sahara Press Service. 10 February 2000. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  229. ^ "Paraguay and the Saharawi Republic resume diplomatic relations (Paraguayan Minister)". Saharawi Press Service. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 23 August 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  230. ^ "Declaración del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores – Paraguay. 3 January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  231. ^ "Paraguay Withdraws Recognition Of So-Called Sahrawi Republic". Government of Morocco. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  232. ^ "Paraguay withdraws recognition of so-called Sahrawi Republic". Lemag.ma. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  233. ^ "Paraguay suspende relación con Saharaui" (in Spanish). ABC color. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  234. ^ "Le Paraguay retire sa reconnaissance de la pseudo rasd". 4 January 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  235. ^ "Joint Statement". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 14 February 2002. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  236. ^ "Saint Vincent et les Grenadines". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  237. ^ "Communiqué : Saint Vincent-et-les Grenadines a décidé de geler sa reconnaissance de la pseudo "rasd"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  238. ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines freezes recognition of pseudo "SADR"". Morocco World News. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  239. ^ "On the establishment of diplomatic relations between East Timor and the SADR" (in French). ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  240. ^ "Le Maroc rappelle en consultation son ambassadeur à Prétoria aux fins d'évaluation de la décision de l'Afrique du Sud de reconnaître la prétendue "RASD"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 15 September 2004. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  241. ^ "South Africa recognises the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic". ARSO – Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  242. ^ "SA recognises Saharawi". 15 September 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  243. ^ Jump up to: a b Muniu Riunge (25 February 2007). "Kenya: Why Links with Sahrawi Were Shortlived". AllAfrica (The Standard). Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  244. ^ "COMMUNIQUE". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco. 19 October 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  245. ^ "Kenya gèle sa reconnaissance de la pseudo ""RASD (communiqué conjoint)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. 26 June 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  246. ^ "Kenya freezes recognition of SADR". Sahara News. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  247. ^ "Opening of Saharawi embassy in Nairobi". Sahara Press Service. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  248. ^ Ramadhan Rajab (7 February 2014). "Sahrawi Republic opens embassy in Nairobi". The Star. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  249. ^ "Le Maroc apprend avec un profond étonnement l'annonce de l'Uruguay de sa reconnaissance de la pseudo " rasd"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. 28 December 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  250. ^ "The Oriental Republic of Uruguay announces its official recognition of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic". Sahrawi Press Service. 26 December 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  251. ^ "Uruguay recognises Western Sahara". Al Jazeera. 29 December 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  252. ^ "Haïti establishes diplomatic relations with the Saharawi Republic at an Ambassadorial level". Sahrawi Press Service. 23 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  253. ^ "Communique". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Haiti. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  254. ^ El Baraka, Tarik (7 October 2013). "Haiti withdraws its recognition of the Polisario's so-called RASD". Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  255. ^ "Haïti Withdraws Recognition Of "Sadr" Phoney Entity". Government of Morocco. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  256. ^ "Haïti retire sa reconnaissance de la fantomatique "rasd"". Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  257. ^ Sfali, Adam (11 October 2013). "Haïti annule sa reconnaissance de la 'rasd', la république autoproclamée du Polisario". Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  258. ^ Jump up to: a b "Greetings of the Republic of South Ossetia Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Sahara Arab Democratic Republic on the occasion of 35 anniversary of the Declaration of Independence Day of SADR". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  259. ^ Coquia, Jorge Rioflorido; Defensor-Santiago, Miriam (1 January 2005). International law and world organizations. Central Lawbook Publishing. Some other forms have been considered as amounting to recognition, such as: (1) a message of congratulations to a new State which gained independence;
  260. ^ "Establishment of diplomatic relations between Republic of South Sudan and Saharawi Republic". Sahrawi Press Service. 7 October 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  261. ^ "South Sudan does not recognize Western Sahara independent state: FM". Sudan Tribune. 30 September 2018.
  262. ^ "Denmark to vote on recognition of Western Sahara". Afrika Kontakt. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  263. ^ "Denmark adopts new policy on Western Sahara". 10 May 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  264. ^ "Proyecto de Declaración por el Reconocimiento". 11 November 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  265. ^ "Cámara de Diputados de Chile pide a Bachelet reconocer a la República Saharaui". Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  266. ^ "Proyecto de Resolución N° 6". Cámara de Diputados de Chile. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  267. ^ "Australia may recognise Saharawi Republic". afrol News. 30 November 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  268. ^ "REQ 1086/2007". Chamber of Deputies, Brazil. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  269. ^ "INC 1854/2011". Chamber of Deputies, Brazil. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  270. ^ "INC 6225/2014". Chamber of Deputies, Brazil. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  271. ^ "INS 3/2015". Senate, Brazil. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  272. ^ "PRS 44/2018". Senate, Brazil. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  273. ^ "Swedish parliament wants government to recognise Western Sahara". Newstime Africa. 5 December 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""