James Flynn (academic)

James Flynn
Flynn in June 2007
Born	James Robert Flynn (1934-04-28)28 April 1934 Washington, D.C.
Died	11 December 2020(2020-12-11) (aged 86) Dunedin, New Zealand
Alma mater	University of Chicago
Known for	Flynn Effect
Scientific career
Fields	Political philosophy, intelligence
Institutions	University of Otago

James Robert Flynn FRSNZ (28 April 1934^[1] – 11 December 2020)^[2][3] was a New Zealand intelligence researcher. Originally from Washington, D.C. and educated at the University of Chicago, Flynn emigrated to New Zealand in 1963, where he taught political studies at the University of Otago in Dunedin. Widely respected by colleagues and students, who knew him as "Jim Flynn",^[4] he ultimately achieved the position of Emeritus Professor. He was noted for his publications about the continued year-after-year increase of IQ scores throughout the world, which is now referred to as the Flynn effect. In addition to his academic work, he championed social democratic politics throughout his life.^[4] He died at Yvette Williams Retirement Village in Dunedin on 11 December 2020, aged 86.^[1][3]

Flynn's son Victor is a mathematics professor at New College, Oxford.

Academic work[]

Flynn wrote a variety of books. His research interests included humane ideals and ideological debate, classics of political philosophy, and race, class and IQ (see race and intelligence).^[5] His books combined political and moral philosophy with psychology to examine problems such as justifying humane ideals and whether it makes sense to rank races and classes by merit. He was a member of the editorial board of Intelligence^[6] and on the Honorary International Advisory Editorial Board of the Mens Sana Monographs.^[7]

Flynn defined intelligence to be independent of culture, emphasising that the style of thought required to deal with problems of survival in a desert (mapping, tracking..), is different from that required to do well in the modern West (academic achievement etc.), but that both undoubtedly require intelligence.

In 1987, Arthur Jensen praised Flynn's criticism of Jensen's own work in a chapter summarizing an academic book about Jensen's research on human intelligence.

Now and then I am asked by colleagues, students, and journalists: who, in my opinion, are the most respectable critics of my position on the race-IQ issue? The name James R. Flynn is by far the first that comes to mind. His book, Race, IQ and Jensen (1980), is a distinguished contribution to the literature on this topic, and, among the critiques I have seen of my position, is virtually in a class by itself for objectivity, thoroughness, and scholarly integrity.^[8]

A 1999 article published in American Psychologist summarises much of his research. On the alleged genetic inferiority of Blacks on IQ tests, he lays out the argument and evidence for such a belief and then contests each point. He interprets the direct evidence—when Blacks are raised in settings that are less disadvantageous—as suggesting that environmental factors explain average group differences. And yet, he argues that the environmental explanation gained force after the discovery that IQ scores were rising over time. Inter-generational IQ differences among Whites and across nations were larger than the Black-White IQ Gap and could not be accounted for by genetic factors, which, if anything, should have reduced IQ, according to scholars he references. He posits that the Black-White IQ score gap can be entirely explained by environmental factors if "the average environment for Blacks in 1995 matches the quality of the average environment for Whites in 1945."^[9]

Flynn's 2007 book What Is Intelligence? impressed Charles Murray, a co-author of the book The Bell Curve, who wrote in a statement published on the book's back cover, "This book is a gold mine of pointers to interesting work, much of which was new to me. All of us who wrestle with the extraordinarily difficult questions about intelligence that Flynn discusses are in his debt".^[10]

Flynn believed in racial equality. He advocated for open scientific debate about controversial social science claims, and was critical of the suppression of research into race and intelligence.^[11] He urged those who believe in racial equality to use solid evidence to advance those beliefs.^[9]

Flynn's 2010 book The Torchlight List proposes that a person can learn more from reading great works of literature than they can from going to university.^[12] In 2019, Emerald Insight reversed its decision to publish Flynn's then upcoming book In Defence of Free Speech. Their letter to Flynn cited concerns that the book would potentially violate hate speech laws in the United Kingdom.^[13]

Flynn described himself as an "atheist, a scientific realist, a social democrat".^[14]

Flynn effect[]

External video
James Flynn: Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents' on YouTube, TED talks

The "Flynn effect" is the substantial and long-sustained increase in intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world. When intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are initially standardised using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised they are again standardised using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first. Again, the average result is set to 100. However, when the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100. The Flynn effect is the subject of a multiple-author monograph published by the American Psychological Association in 1998.^[15]

Test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present. For the Raven's Progressive Matrices test, subjects born over a 100-year period were compared in Des Moines, Iowa, and separately in Dumfries, Scotland. Improvements were remarkably consistent across the whole period, in both countries.^[16] This effect of an apparent increase in IQ has also been observed in various other parts of the world, though the rates of increase vary.^[17]

There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect, as well as some scepticism about its implications. Similar improvements have been reported for other cognitions such as semantic and episodic memory.^[18] Recent research suggests that the Flynn effect may have ended in at least a few developed nations, possibly allowing national differences in IQ scores^[19] to diminish if the Flynn effect continues in nations with lower average national IQs.^[20]

Flynn himself, with co-worker William Dickens, has suggested an explanatory model which points to two-way causality between IQ and environment: a cognitively challenging environment raises an individual's IQ, while in addition, a higher individual IQ makes it more likely that an individual will self-select or be sorted into more cognitively challenging environments.^[21]

Political activities[]

Before his move to New Zealand, Flynn was a member of the Socialist Party of America and an admirer of Eugene V. Debs.^[4] In 1967, he served as a chairperson for the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a civil rights organisation in the US South.^[9] In Where Have All the Liberals Gone?, Flynn states that in the early 1960s in America, he was consistently fired for his social democratic politics, prompting his emigration.^[22]

In New Zealand Flynn continued to campaign for left-wing causes, and advised Labour Prime Minister Norman Kirk on foreign policy. In the 1990s he became a founding member of both the NewLabour Party and of the Alliance.^[4] He stood as a parliamentary candidate in general elections on several occasions, for example in the Dunedin North electorate in the 1993 and 1996 elections on the Alliance list,^[23][24] and most recently in 2005 again as an Alliance list candidate.^[25] In 2008 he acted as the Alliance spokesperson for finance and taxation.^[26]

Controversial remarks and opinions[]

During 2007, new research from the 2006 New Zealand census showed that women without a tertiary (college) education had produced 2.57 babies each, compared to 1.85 babies for those women with a higher education. During July 2007, The Sunday Star-Times quoted Flynn as saying that New Zealand risked having a less intelligent population and that a "persistent genetic trend which lowered the genetic quality for brain physiology would have some effect eventually". He referred to hypothetical eugenicists' suggestions for reversing the trend, including some sort of oral contraceptive "in the water supply and … an antidote" to conceive.^[27]

Flynn later articulated his own views on the Close Up television program in an interview with Paul Henry, suggesting that the Sunday Star-Times had grossly misrepresented his opinions. In the article, Flynn argued that he never intended for his suggestion to be taken seriously, as he only said this to illustrate a particular point.^[28][29]

In July 2012, several media outlets reported Flynn as saying that women had, for the first time in a century, surpassed men on IQ tests based on a study he conducted in 2010.^[30][31] However, Flynn announced that the media had seriously distorted his results and went beyond his findings, revealing that he had instead discovered that the differences between men and women on one particular test, the Raven's Progressive Matrices, had become minimal in five modernised nations (whereas before 1982 women had scored significantly lower). Women, he argued, caught up with men in these nations as a result of exposure to modernity by entering the professions and being allowed greater educational access. Therefore, he said, when a total account of the Flynn effect is considered, women's closing the gap had moved them up in IQ slightly faster than men as a result. Flynn had previously documented this same trend among ethnic minorities and other disadvantaged groups. According to Flynn, the sexes are "dead equal on cognitive factors ... in their ability to deal with using logic on the abstract problems of Raven's", but that temperamental differences in the way boys and girls take the tests likely account for the tiny variations in mean scores, rather than any difference in intellectual ability.^[31]

In 2019, Flynn was told that his new book In Defense of Free Speech: The University as Censor would not be published by the English publisher Emerald, who had previously accepted it and scheduled it for publication. Despite Flynn’s stating that he was only summarizing the positions of others with whom he disagreed, the book was originally thought too incendiary to be published. A United States publisher, Academica Press, later published the book under the title A Book Too Risky to Publish: Free Speech and Universities.^[32][33] In the preface, Flynn stated that it was thought too controversial by Emerald under the United Kingdom's laws about "hate speech" as the intent is irrelevant if it is thought likely that "racial hatred could be stirred up as a result of the work."^[34][35]

Partial bibliography[]

• Humanism and Ideology: an Aristotelian View. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1973. ISBN 978-0-7100-7442-3.
• Race, IQ and Jensen. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1980. ISBN 978-0-7100-0651-6. - Reviews the debate, as of 1980, about the research of Arthur Jensen and his critics.
• Flynn, James R. (1984). "The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 95: 29–51. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29.
• Flynn, James R. (March 1987). "Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 101 (2): 171–191. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171.
• Asian Americans : Achievement Beyond IQ. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. 1991. ISBN 978-0-8058-1110-0.
• Flynn, James R. (1998). "IQ Gains over Time: Toward Finding the Causes". In Neisser, Ulric (ed.). The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association. pp. 25–66. ISBN 978-1-55798-503-3.
• Flynn, James R. (1999). "Searching for Justice: The Discovery of IQ Gains over Time" (PDF). American Psychologist. 54 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.1.5.
• Flynn, James R. (2000). "IQ Gains, WISC Subtests and Fluid g: g Theory and the Relevance of Spearman's Hypothesis to Race". In Bock, Gregory; Goode, Jamie; Webb, Kate (eds.). The Nature of Intelligence (Novartis Foundation Symposium 233). Chichester: Wiley. pp. 202–227. ISBN 978-0471494348.
• Flynn, James R. (2000). "IQ Trends over Time: Intelligence, Race, and Meritocracy". In Arrow, Kenneth; Bowles, Samuel; Durlauf, Steven (eds.). Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press. pp. 35&–60. ISBN 978-0-691-00468-6. Lay summary (16 May 2013).
• How to defend humane ideals: substitutes for objectivity. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-8032-1994-6.
• Dickens, W. T.; Flynn, J. R. (2001). "Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved" (PDF). Psychological Review. 108 (2): 346–369. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.139.2436. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.346. PMID 11381833.
• Flynn, James R. (2009). What Is Intelligence: Beyond the Flynn Effect (expanded paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74147-7. Lay summary (18 July 2010).
• Flynn, James R. (2008). Where Have All the Liberals Gone?: Race, Class, and Ideals in America. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49431-1.
• The Torchlight List: Around the World in 200 Books. New Zealand: Awa Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-9582916-9-9.
• Flynn, James R. (2012). Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60917-4. Lay summary (16 May 2013).
• Fate & Philosophy: A Journey through Life's Great Questions. New Zealand: Awa Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-877551-32-1.
• Flynn, James R. (2013). Intelligence and Human Progress: The Story of What was Hidden in our Genes (l ed.). Elsevier Inc. ISBN 9780124170186.
• Flynn, James R. (2019). A Book Too Risky to Publish: Free Speech and Universities (l ed.). Academica Press. ISBN 9781680532043.

References[]

Further reading[]

• Eckland, Bruce (1983). "Does IQ Mean Anything Anymore?". Contemporary Sociology. 12 (1): 15–17. doi:10.2307/2068144. JSTOR 2068144.
• Leventman, Seymour (1981). "Race, IQ and Jensen by James R. Flynn". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 457: 225–226. doi:10.1177/000271628145700146.
• Smith, Tony (1981). "Statistics replace sentiment". British Medical Journal. 282 (6258): 135–139. doi:10.1136/bmj.282.6258.135.

External links[]

Wikiquote has quotations related to: James Flynn (academic)

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• Author profile page with Awa Press
• Otago University personal page
• James Flynn at TED
  • Flynn, James (March 2013). "James Flynn: Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents". TED: Ideas Worth Spreading.
• Gladwell, Malcolm (17 December 2007). "None of the Above What I.Q. doesn't tell you about race". The New Yorker.
• Jim Flynn against eugenics – Scoop article
• "Progressive taxation and NZ": Professor Jim Flynn – Scoop
• Audio: James Flynn in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum
• Al-Rasub | www.alrasub.com
• Dr. James Flynn: Emeritus Professor, Political Studies and Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand (Part One) (Interview)
• Dr. James Flynn: Emeritus Professor, Political Studies and Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand (Part Two) (Interview)