Kappa (folklore)

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For other uses, see Kappa (disambiguation).
Kappa
Kappa water imp 1836.jpg
A drawing of a kappa.
—From an 1836 copy of Koga Tōan's Suiko Kōryaku (1820).
GroupingYōkai
Other name(s)Gatarō, Kawako
CountryJapan

A kappa (河童, river-child)—also known as kawatarō (川太郎, "river-boy"), komahiki (駒引, horse-puller), kawatora (川虎, river-tiger) or suiko (水虎, water-tiger)–is an amphibious yōkai demon or imp found in traditional Japanese folklore. They are typically depicted as green, human-like beings with webbed hands and feet and a turtle-like carapace on their backs. A depression on its head, called its "dish" (sara), retains water, and if this is damaged or its liquid is lost (either through spilling or drying up), the kappa is severely weakened.

The kappa are known to favor cucumbers and love to engage in sumo wrestling. They are often accused of assaulting humans in water and removing a mythical organ called the shirikodama from their victim's anus.

Terminology[]

Netsuke of a kappa

The name kappa is a portmanteau of the words kawa (river) and wappa, a variant form of 童 warawa (also warabe) "child". Another translation of kappa is "water sprites".[1] The kappa are also known regionally by at least eighty other names such as kawappa, kawako, kawatarō, gawappa, kōgo, mizushi, mizuchi, suitengu.[2]

Its names kawaso meaning "otter", dangame "soft-shelled turtle", and enkō "monkey" suggest its outward resemblance to these animals. The name komahiki or "steed-puller" alludes to its reputed penchant to drag away horses.[2]

The kappa has been known as kawako in Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) where Lafcadio Hearn was based,[3] and gatarō was the familiar name of it to folklorist Kunio Yanagita from Hyogo Prefecture.[4]

Appearance[]

Kappa. — From Gazu Hyakki Yagyō ("The Illustrated Night Parade of a Hundred Demons") by Toriyama Sekien
Kappa (かはつは) from Bakemono no e (化物之繪, c. 1700), Harry F. Bruning Collection of Japanese Books and Manuscripts, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.

Kappa are said to be roughly humanoid in form and about the size of a child, inhabiting the ponds and rivers of Japan.[5] Clumsy on land, they are at home in the water, and thrive during the warm months.[6] They are typically greenish in color[7] (or yellow-blue[8]), and either scaly[9][10] or slimy skinned, with webbed hands and feet, and a turtle-like carapace on their back.[7] Inhuman traits include three anuses that allow them to pass three times as much gas as humans.[6] Despite their small stature they are physically stronger than a grown man.[6]

One peculiar trait is that kappa have a cavity on their head called a sara ("dish", "bowl", or "plate") that retains water or some sort of liquid, which is regarded as the source of the kappa's power or life force. This cavity must be full whenever a kappa is away from the water; if it ever dries out, or if its water is spilled, the kappa loses its power and may even die.[11][12][10] The kappa are sometimes said to smell like fish,[8] and they can swim like them.

According to some accounts, kappa's arms are connected to each other through the torso and can slide from one side to the other.[13] While they are primarily water creatures, they do on occasion venture onto land. When they do, the "dish" on their head can be covered with a metal cap for protection.[14]

A hairy kappa is called a hyōsube.[15]

  • A book illustrating twelve kinds of kappa.

  • A kappa by Katsushika Hokusai

  • A kappa rapes an ama diver underwater in a print from Utamaro's Utamakura

  • A paired male and female kappa statues at the Sogenji Buddhist shrine at the Asakusa district in Tokyo.

Behavior []

Capturing a kappa alive. Utagawa Kuniyoshi

Kappa are usually seen as mischievous troublemakers or trickster figures. Their actions range from the comparatively minor, such as looking up women's kimono if they venture too near to water, to the outright malevolent, such as drowning people and animals, kidnapping children, raping women and at times eating human flesh.[14] Though sometimes menacing, it may also behave amicably towards humans.[9] While younger kappa are frequently found in family groups, adult kappa live solitary lives. However, it is common for kappa to befriend other yōkai and sometimes even people.[6]

Cucumber[]

Folk beliefs claim the cucumber as their traditional favorite meal.[14] At festivals, offerings of cucumber are frequently made to the kappa.[16] Sometimes the kappa is said to have other favorite foods, such as the Japanese eggplant, soba (buckwheat noodles), nattō (fermented soybeans), or kabocha.[17]

In Edo (old Tokyo), there used to be a tradition where people would write the names of their family members on cucumbers and send them afloat into the streams to mollify the kappa, to prevent the family from coming to harm in the streams.[18] In some regions, it was customary to eat cucumbers before swimming as protection, but in others it was believed that this act would guarantee an attack.[16]

A cucumber-filled sushi roll is known as kappamaki.[14][5]

As a menace[]

As water monsters, kappa have been blamed for drownings, and are often said to try to lure people into water and pull them in with their great skill at wrestling.[14] They are sometimes said to take their victims for the purpose of drinking their blood, eating their livers, or gaining power by taking their shirikodama (尻子玉), a mythical ball said to contain the soul, which is located inside the anus.[14][19][20]

Kappa have been used to warn children of the dangers lurking in rivers and lakes, as kappa have been often said to try to lure people to water and pull them in.[21][14] Even today, signs warning about kappa appear by bodies of water in some Japanese towns and villages.[citation needed]

"DANGER!! Do not swim or play around here." A kappa is depicted as a metaphor of drowning on a sign near a pond in Fukuoka

Kappa are also said to victimize animals, especially horses and cows. The motif of the kappa trying to drown a horse is found all over Japan.[22]

Lafcadio Hearn wrote of a story in Kawachimura near Matsue where a horse-stealing kappa was captured and made to write a sworn statement vowing never to harm people again.[3][12]

In many versions the kappa is dragged by the horse to the stable where it is most vulnerable, and it is there it is forced to submit a writ of promise not to misbehave.[23]

Defeating the kappa[]

Defense against Kappa - repelling with a fart. Yoshitoshi

It was believed that there were a few means of escape if one was confronted with a kappa. Kappa are obsessed with politeness, so if a person makes a deep bow, it will return the gesture. This results in the kappa spilling the water held in the "dish" (sara) on its head, rendering it unable to leave the bowing position until the plate is refilled with water from the river in which it lives. If a person refills it, the kappa will serve that person for all eternity.[14] A similar weakness of the kappa involves its arms, which can easily be pulled from its body. If an arm is detached, the kappa will perform favors or share knowledge in exchange for its return.[24]

Another method of defeat involves shogi or sumo wrestling: a kappa sometimes challenges a human being to wrestle or engage in other tests of skill.[25] This tendency is easily used to encourage the kappa to spill the water from its sara. One notable example of this method is the folktale of a farmer who promises his daughter's hand in marriage to a kappa in return for the creature irrigating his land. The farmer's daughter challenges the kappa to submerge several gourds in water. When the kappa fails in its task, it retreats, saving the farmer's daughter from the marriage.[16] Kappa have also been driven away by their aversion to iron, sesame, or ginger.[26]

Good deeds[]

Kappa are not entirely antagonistic to human beings.

Once befriended, kappa may perform any number of tasks for human beings, such as helping farmers irrigate their land. Sometimes, they bring fresh fish, which is regarded as a mark of good fortune for the family that receives it.[24] They are also highly knowledgeable about medicine, and legend states that they taught the art of bone setting to human beings.[14][27][28] There are also legends that Kappa will save a friendly human from drowning.

Regional variations[]

Along with the oni and the tengu, the kappa is among the best-known yōkai in Japan.[29][30]

The kappa is known by various names of the creature vary by region and local folklore.[2] In Shintō, they are often considered to be an avatar (keshin) of the Water Deity or suijin.[31]

Shrines are dedicated to the worship of kappa as water deity in such places as Aomori Prefecture[9] or Miyagi Prefecture.[32] There were also festivals meant to placate the kappa in order to obtain a good harvest, some of which still take place today. These festivals generally took place during the two equinoxes of the year, when the kappa are said to travel from the rivers to the mountains and vice versa.[33]

The best known place where it has been claimed Kappa reside is in the  [ja] waters of Tōno in the Iwate Prefecture. The nearby  [ja] In Tōno, there is a Buddhist temple that has komainu dog statues with depressions on their heads reminiscent of the water-retaining dish on the kappa's heads, said to be dedicated to the kappa which according to legend helped extinguish a fire at the temple.[34] The Kappa is also venerated at the Sogenji Buddhist temple in the Asakusa district of Tokyo where according to tradition, a mummified arm of a Kappa is enshrined within the chapel hall since 1818.[citation needed]

In his Tōno Monogatari, Kunio Yanagita records a number of beliefs from the Tōno area about women being accosted and even impregnated by kappa.[35] Their offspring were said to be repulsive to behold, and were generally buried.[35]

Cross culture lore[]

Similar folklore can be found in Asia and Europe. The Japanese folklore creature Kappa is known in Chinese folklore as 水鬼 "Shui Gui", Water Ghost, or water monkey and may also be related to the Kelpie of Scotland and the Neck of Scandinavia.[citation needed] Like the Japanese description of the beast, in Chinese and in Scandinavian lore this beast is infamous for kidnapping and drowning people as well as horses. The Siyokoy of the Philippine islands is also known for kidnapping children by the water's edge.[citation needed] A frog-face vodyanoy is known in Slavic mythology. A green human-like being named a vodnik is widely known in western Slavic folklore and tales, especially in the Czech Republic or Slovakia.[citation needed]

In media[]

The kappa is probably the best known creature of the Japanese folk imagination; its manifestations cut across genre lines, appearing in folk religion, beliefs, legends, folktales and folk metaphors.[2]

In Japan, the character Sagojō (Sha Wujing) is conventionally depicted as a kappa: he being a comrade of the magic monkey Sun Wukong in the Chinese story Journey to the West.[21]

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's 1927 novella Kappa centers on a man who got lost and ended up in the land of the kappa near Mount Hotakadake.[36] The story heavily focuses on the subject of suicide and Akutagawa took his own life the year the work was published.[37] Kappas are a recurring image in David Peace's novel Patient X,[38] itself about the life and work of Akutagawa.

Kappas, and creatures based on them, are recurring characters in Japanese tokusatsu films and television shows. Examples include the kappas in the Daiei/Kadokawa series Yokai Monsters, the 2010 kaiju film Death Kappa,[39][40] and King Kappa, a kaiju from the 1972 Tsuburaya Productions series Ultraman Ace.[41]

In the long running anime One Piece, a self-proclaimed kappa appears in "The Land Of Wano" story arc. In reality he is a Fish-man who hides his identity as a Kappa to avoid discrimination. Just like ancient mythological lore though he is a sumo wrestler; the highest ranked at that holding the Yokozuna title. He is a friendly samurai who serves under the previous Shogun of Wano.

These yokai also represent Japan as a nation, featuring in advertisements for a range of products from a major brand of sake to Tokyo-Mitsubishi Bank's DC Card (a credit card). In their explicitly commercial conceptions, yokai are no longer frightening or mysterious—the DC Card Kappa, for example, is not a slimy water creature threatening to kill unsuspecting children but a cute and (almost) cuddly cartoon character.[42]

Summer Days with Coo is a 2007 Japanese animated film about a kappa and its impact on an ordinary family, written for the screen and directed by Keiichi Hara based on two novels by Masao Kogure.[43]

It is said that the company president of Calbee liked Kappa, so he wanted the name "Kappa" to be included in one of his products. That brought about Kappa Ebisen, a popular shrimp flavored snack in Japan.[44]

In the live-action Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III movie, the turtles were called "Kappa" when they travelled back in time to Feudal Japan.

Jeremy Wade of River Monsters in the episode "Cold-Blooded Horror" investigates two river creatures that inspire some of the myths in Japanese folklore, among those is the Kappa. Through his discovery the inspiration leads to the Japanese Giant Salamander is what inspired the Kappa legend.

Video games[]

The video game series Animal Crossing features a kappa by the name of Kapp'n, who serves roles of transport across the series. In Animal Crossing for the Nintendo Gamecube, Kapp'n transports the player to Animal Island if a Game Boy Advance is connected to the system. In Wild World, Kapp'n is a taxi driver who transports the player to the town they move to at the start of the game, asking the player's name and the name of the town. This role is seen again in City Folk but with Kapp'n as a bus driver. New Leaf sees Kapp'n in the role of a seafarer again, transporting players to Tortimer's Island, and also introduces the rest of his family, wife Leilani, daughter Leila, and mother Grams. Kapp'n is also known to sing sea shanties while transporting the player, usually about life or his love of cucumbers.

In the anime series Sarazanmai, the main characters are turned into Kappas by the Prince of the Kappas and collect shirikodama.

The Kappa is also found as a yokai in Yo-kai Watch.

The video game series Touhou Project has a kappa character as the stage 3 boss of Mountain of Faith, Nitori Kawashiro.

In the video game Smite, Kuzenbo, supposed King of the Kappas is a playable God.

In Final Fantasy VI, the "imp" status transforms a character into a kappa, as noted by its distinctive Sara crown and duck's bill. Note also that the tutorial demonstrating how to use Gau's Rage skill is given by an imp named "Kappa." It's likely this is not the character's name, but instead, a descriptor of what it is (an anonymous kappa), and the translator either left it as is or did not catch the reference.

The Monster Hunter franchise introduced the monster Tetranadon in the game Monster Hunter: Rise. It has a crest on its head similar to that of the sara and has a move-set designed to fight the player similar to sumo.

In the video game Yakuza: Like a Dragon, one of the Part-Time Hero quests, Kappture the Kappa, involves photographing various statues of Kappa around Isezaki Ijincho.

In the Google Doodle browser game, Doodle Champion Island Games, one of the team mascots is a version of a Japanese Kappa. The Kappa also appear all throughout the island.

In the video game NioH, the kappa is a yokai that drops plenty of loots when he is killed, thus he has a tendency to flee and "trick" the player into larger yokai.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Shamoon, Deborah (2013). "The Yōkai in the Database: Supernatural Creatures and Folklore in Manga and Anime". Marvels & Tales. 27 (2): 276–289. doi:10.13110/marvelstales.27.2.0276. ISSN 1521-4281. JSTOR 10.13110/marvelstales.27.2.0276. S2CID 161932208.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Foster (1998), p. 3, citing Ōno (1994), p. 14
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Hearn, Lafcadio (1910). Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. Tauchnitz. pp. 302–303.
  4. ^ Irokawa, Daikichi (1988). The Culture of the Meiji Period. Princeton University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-691-00030-5.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Foster (2015), p. 157.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Kappa | Yokai.com". Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Foster (2015), p. 88.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Foster (1998), p. 4.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c Frédéric, Louis (2002). "kappa". Japan Encyclopedia. President and Fellows of Harvard College. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-674-00770-3.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Volker, T. (1975). The Animal in Far Eastern Art and Especially in the Art of the Japanese. p. 110. ISBN 978-90-04-04295-7.
  11. ^ Foster (1998), p. 4; Foster (2015), p. 88
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b Davis, F. Hadland (1912). Myths and Legends of Japan. New York: T.Y. Crowell Co. pp. 350–351.
  13. ^ According to the Wakan Sansai Zue. Foster (1998), p. 6
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-1-57607-467-1. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  15. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: カッパ， ヒョウスベ [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c Foster (1998), p. 5.
  17. ^ Foster (1998), p. 5, citing  [ja] (1988), "Suijinshinkō to kappa 水神信仰と河童 [Water deity belief and the kappa]"; Ōshima, Takehiko ed. Kappa 河童, p. 12.
  18. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童雑談 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies.
  19. ^ "Shirikodama". tangorin.com.
  20. ^ Nara, Hiroshi (2007). Inexorable Modernity: Japan's Grappling with Modernity in the Arts. Lexington Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7391-1841-2.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b Does Kappa still have their occult power?. road-station.com (Michi-no-eiki).
  22. ^ Ishida & Yoshida (1950), pp. 1–2, 114–115
  23. ^ Foster (1998), p. 8, 10.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Foster (1998), p. 8.
  25. ^ Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Monsters and the Culture of Yōkai. University of California Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-520-25361-2.
  26. ^ Foster (1998), p. 6, citing Ōno (1994), p. 42
  27. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童の教えた中風の薬 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies.
  28. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童の秘伝接骨薬 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies.
  29. ^ Kyōgoku, Natsuhiko; Tada, Katsumi (2000). Yōkai zuka (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kokusho Kankōkai. p. 147. ISBN 978-4-336-04187-6.
  30. ^ Tada, Katsumi (1990). 幻想世界の住人たち Iv 日本編 幻想世界の住人たち. Truth In Fantasy (in Japanese). IV. 新紀元社. p. 110. ISBN 978-4-915146-44-2.
  31. ^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. President and Fellows of Harvard Colleg e. p. 910. ISBN 978-0-674-00770-3.
  32. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童神社 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies.
  33. ^ Foster (1998), p. 9.
  34. ^ Masatoshi, Naitō (内藤正敏) (1994). Tōno monogatari no gen fūkei 遠野物語の原風景 [Original landscape of the Tōno monogatari]. p. 176. ISBN 9784480028785.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b Tatsumi, Takayuki (1998). "Deep North Gothic: A Comparative Cultural Reading of Kunio Yanagita's Tono Monogatari and Tetsutaro Murano's The Legend of Sayo". Newsletter of the Council for the Literature of the Fantastic. 1 (5). Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  36. ^ Yamanouchi, Hisaaki. The Search for Authenticity in Modern Japanese Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
  37. ^ Peace, David. "Last words", The Guardian, 27 September 2007.
  38. ^ Peace, David (2018). Patient X : the case-book of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-5255-2177-8. OCLC 1013525517.
  39. ^ Foster (2015), p. 164.
  40. ^ Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (2016). The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters. Routledge. p. 355. ISBN 978-1409425625.
  41. ^ "Ultraman Ace". Beta Capsule Reviews. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  42. ^ Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Monsters and the Culture of Yokai (1 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25361-2. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppkrc.11.
  43. ^ Summer Days with Coo, retrieved 20 May 2020
  44. ^ "第九十九回「い組」お稽古「江戸の妖怪・化物」アダム・カバット – 和塾" (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 December 2018.
Bibliography

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