Kem Kem Group
Kem Kem Group Stratigraphic range: Cenomanian[1] ~ | |
---|---|
Type | Geological group |
Unit of | |
Sub-units | , |
Underlies | Cenomanian-Turonian limestone platform |
Overlies | Unconformity with Paleozoic rocks |
Lithology | |
Primary | Sandstone |
Location | |
Region | Er Rachidia, Tafilalt |
Country | ![]() |
Extent | central and eastern Morocco north and south of the Pre-African Trough |
![]() (A) Location of the Kem Kem Group; (B) Coeval sites in North Africa; (C) Key Cretaceous-aged outcrops |
The Kem Kem Group (commonly known as the Kem Kem beds[2]) is a geological group in the Kem Kem region of eastern Morocco, whose strata date back to the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. Its strata are subdivided into two geological formations, the lower and the upper .[2] It is exposed on an escarpment along the Algeria–Morocco border.
The unit unconformably overlies Paleozoic marine units of Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian age, and is itself capped by limestone platform rock of Cenomanian-Turonian age. It primarily consists of deltaic deposits. The lower Gara Sbaa Formation primarily consists of fine and medium grained sandstone, while the Douira Formation consists of fining-upwards, coarse-to-fine grained sandstones intercalated with siltstones, variegated mudstones, and occasional thin gypsiferous evaporites.[2]
Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the group.[1] Recent fossil evidence in the form of isolated large abelisaurid bones and comparisons with other similarly aged deposits elsewhere in Africa indicates that the fauna of the Kem Kem Group (specifically in regard to the numerous predatory theropod dinosaurs) may have been mixed together due to the harsh and changing geology of the region when in reality they would likely have preferred separate habitats and likely would be separated by millions of years.[3]
Vertebrate paleofauna[]
Cartilaginous fish[]
Cartilaginous fish | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
indet.[2] | Indeterminate | Members of Hybodontoidea |
![]() Rostrum and teeth fossils from Onchopristis | ||
[2] | B. bartheli | A member of Hybodontoidea | |||
[2] | C. tenuiplicatus | One tooth[2] | A member of the family Cretoxyrhinidae | ||
[2] | D. nutiae | A member of Hybodontoidea | |||
Haimirichia[2] | H. amonensis | One tooth[2] | A mackerel shark | ||
[2] | M. lybica | 13 teeth[2] | A member of Batoidea | ||
Onchopristis | O. numidus | A rajiform ray[4] | |||
[2] | P. libyca | Three teeth[2] | A sawfish. Might be a junior synonym of Onchopristis numidus. | ||
Tribodus[2] | Tribodus sp. | A member of Hybodontoidea |
Ray-finned fish[]
Ray-finned fish | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
[2] | A. pankowskii | Isolated scales[5] and two skulls[6] | A member of Lepisosteiformes. Originally described as a species of Lepidotes, but subsequently transferred to a separate genus.[7] |
![]() Life restoration of Aidachar | |
Agassizilia[8] | A. erfoudina | Possibly a member of the family Pycnodontidae. | |||
[2] | A. chattertoni | A long-bodied member of Actinopterygii of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Might be a member of the family Macrosemiidae[9] or .[10] | |||
Aidachar | A. pankowskii | A member of Ichthyodectiformes | |||
[2] | Bartschichthys sp. | Isolated pinnulae (spines that support each dorsal finlet)[2] | A cladistian | ||
Bawitius | cf. Bawitius sp. | Isolated scales and jaw fragments[5] | A cladistian | ||
Calamopleurus[2] | C. africanus | A partial skull[2] | A member of Amiiformes | ||
Concavotectum[2] | C. moroccensis | A member of Tselfatiiformes | |||
[2] | D. kemkemensis | A member of Lepisosteiformes | |||
Diplomystus[2] | Diplomystus sp. | A deep-bodied teleost belonging to the group Clupeomorpha | |||
[2] | D. moreaui | A member of Actinopterygii of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a teleost | |||
[2] | E. rosae | Isolated skull[2] | A small-bodied teleost of unknown affinity | ||
[8] | N. africanus | A member of the family Pycnodontidae | |||
O. africanus | Isolated scales[5] | A member of Lepisosteiformes | |||
O. falipoui | Near complete skeleton including skull[5] | A member of Lepisosteiformes | |||
[2] | P. greenwoodi | A member of Osteoglossomorpha | |||
[2] | S kemkemensis | Several articulated skeletons[2] | A small cladistian | ||
[2] | S. oumtkoutensis | An elongate freshwater acanthomorph | |||
Stromerichthys | S. aethiopicus | ||||
[2] | Sudania sp. | An isolated pinnula[2] | A cladistian |
Lobe-finned fish[]
Lobe-finned fish | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
Arganodus | A. tiguidiensis | A lungfish |
![]() Life restoration of Axelrodichthys ![]() The Queensland Lungfish, the only living member of Neoceratodus | ||
Axelrodichthys[11] | A.? lavocati | A mawsoniid coelacanth | |||
Neoceratodus | N. africanus | A lungfish |
Amphibians[]
Amphibians | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Anura indet.[12] | Indeterminate | Partial braincase, jaw fragments and procoelous vertebrae[2] | Fossil material probably pertaining to several species of non-pipid frogs.[2] | |||
cf. [12] | Indeterminate | A salamander belonging to the family Sirenidae | ||||
[12] | O. anae | A frog belonging to the family Pipidae |
Lizards and snakes[]
Lizards and snakes reported from the Continental Red Beds | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Bicuspidon hogreli[13] |
A polyglyphanodontid lizard. |
|||||
Jeddaherdan aleadonta |
Partial mandible with teeth. |
An iguanian belonging to the group Acrodonta, possibly a relative of the uromastycine agamids. |
||||
Lapparentophis ragei[15] |
Two isolated trunk vertebrae |
An early snake. |
||||
Madtsoiidae indet.[12] |
Indeterminate |
Vertebrae[2] |
An early snake. |
|||
? indet.[12] |
Indeterminate |
Dorsal vertebrae[2] |
An early snake. |
|||
Norisophis begaa[16] |
One posterior and two mid-trunk vertebrae |
A stem-snake. |
||||
Indeterminate[16] |
A mid-trunk vertebra | |||||
cf. Simoliophis libycus |
Vertebrae[2] |
An early snake. |
Turtles[]
Turtles reported from the Continental Red Beds | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | |
|
Dirqadim schaefferi |
A | ||||
G. emringeri |
A | |||||
G. whitei | ||||||
|
Hamadachelys escuilliei |
Crocodylomorphs[]
Crocodylomorphs reported from the Continental Red Beds | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Aegisuchus witmeri |
"Partial braincase of a large individual with skull roof, temporal, and occipital regions."[17] |
An aegyptosuchid that may be a synonym of Laganosuchus.[2] |
![]() Elosuchus cherifiensis | |||
Antaeusuchus taouzensis |
Paired mandibles and a partial right mandible |
A peirosaurid. | ||||
Araripesuchus rattoides |
Douira Formation | |||||
Elosuchus cherifiensis |
|
An Elosuchid. The material may represent two different species.[2] | ||||
Hamadasuchus rebouli |
|
A Peirosaurid. | ||||
K. auditorei |
Errachidia Province, Morocco[19] |
Known from an isolated caudal vertebra.[19] |
Initially thought to be a neotheropod,[19] but subsequently discovered to be an indeterminate crocodyliform.[20] | |||
Laganosuchus maghrebensisis |
||||||
Lavocatchampsa sigogneaurusselae |
Anterior portion of a rostrum with mandible, with an almost complete dentition[21] |
Dinosaurs[]
Indeterminate lithostrotian remains once misattributed to the Titanosauridae are present in the province of Ksar-es-Souk, Morocco.[1]
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Dinosaurs reported from the Continental Red Beds | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Indeterminate |
Isolated teeth.[22] |
Abelisaurid material belonging to one or two distinct taxa.[2] |
![]() Carcharodontosaurus saharicus ![]() Deltadromeus agilis ![]() Rebbachisaurus garasbae ![]() Rugops primus ![]() Spinosaurus aegyptiacus reconstruction | |||
C. saharicus[1] |
Ksar-es-Souk province, Morocco.[1] | Douira Formation | Partial skull, including braincase, nasals, postorbitals, jugals, left lacrimal and right maxilla with most teeth.
(Assigned as neotype for C. saharicus)[25] |
A carcharodontosaurid theropod. | ||
D. agilis |
Gara Sbaa Formation |
"Partial skeleton, isolated limb elements."[26] |
A noasaurid ceratosaurian or possible neovenatorid carnosaur. May be synonymous with Bahariasaurus. | |||
Indeterminate |
Isolated teeth.[22] |
An indeterminate dromaeosaurid. | ||||
cf. Elaphrosaurus |
Indeterminate |
Ksar-es-Souk province, Morocco.[1] |
Fossils previously referred to cf. Elaphrosaurus are actually indeterminate theropod remains. | |||
Indeterminate |
An anterior cervical vertebra[24] |
|||||
Indeterminate |
Douira Formation |
An isolated tooth.[2] |
A probable ankylosaur[27] | |||
Indeterminate |
Douira Formation |
A large, clover-shaped, three-toed footprint.[2] |
Comparable in size and shape to tracks typically attributed to Iguanodon.[28] | |||
R. garasbae |
Ksar-es-Souk province, Morocco.[1] |
Gara Sbaa Formation |
A rebbachisaurid. | |||
Indeterminate |
An isolated cervical vertebra.[29] |
An indeterminate saurischian. | ||||
S. pachytholus |
Gara Sbaa Formation |
"An isolated and almost complete left frontal."[31] |
A carcharodontosaurid distinct from Carcharodontosaurus.[30][31] | |||
Indeterminate |
The vertebra might belong to a basal titanosaurian, possibly distinct from Aegyptosaurus and Paralititan.[32] The ischium is not identifiable beyond Somphospondyli; it preserves numerous grooves and pits which might be feeding traces left by a very large non-avian theropod.[32] | |||||
S. aegyptiacus |
Ksar-es-Souk province, Morocco.[1] | Douira Formation | Partial skeleton, including parts of the skull, neck, torso, and most of the tail and hind limbs. (Assigned as neotype for S. aegyptiacus.)[33]
Numerous isolated bones. |
|||
Indeterminate |
|
Isolated teeth, caudal vertebrae, a partial humerus, a tarsal bone and the proximal end of an ulna.[2] |
Fossil material pertaining to one or more titanosaurian sauropods. Some fossils are indicative of large body size comparable to Paralititan stromeri.[2] |
Pterosaurs[]
Pterosaurs of the Kem Kem Beds | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
A. zouhri[35] |
A fragment of bone interpreted as a fragment of anterior mandibular symphysis,[36] and additional jaw fragments that pertain to the rostrum.[37] |
A tapejarid pterosaur. Originally believed to belong to either the family Thalassodromidae[37] or an additional specimen of Alanqa saharica.[38] |
![]() Alanqa saharica ![]() Nicorhynchus fluviferox | |||
A. saharica[37] |
||||||
A. cf. piscator[39] |
Partial mandibular symphysis[39] |
|||||
A. gyrostega[40] |
Gara Sbaa Formation |
Partial rostrum and mandible[40] |
A possible chaoyangopterid azhdarchoid pterosaur.[40] Originally believed to be a possible pteranodontid,[37] a possible dsungaripterid,[41] a possible non-azhdarchid azhdarchoid or nyctosaurid,[41] or a specimen of Alanqa saharica.[38] | |||
Azhdarchidae indet.[41] |
Indeterminate[41] |
Averianov (2014) considered these vertebrae to pertain to Alanqa saharica,[38] although the vertebrae may be indicative of two taxa.[41] | ||||
Coloborhynchus[39] | C. sp. A.[39] | Hassi El Begaa | Premaxillae fragment[39] | Possibly a specimen of Nicorhynchus fluviferox.[42] | ||
L. begaaensis[43] |
Aferdou N’ Chaft |
Gara Sbaa Formation |
Partial rostrum and partial mandibular synthesis[43] |
A small, long-beaked pterosaur, likely a member of Azhdarchoidea.[43] | ||
Possibly Aferdou N’Chaft, Hassi El Begaa[42] |
Gara Sbaa Formation |
An anterior portion of the rostrum.[42] |
Originally described as a species of Coloborhynchus[44] but subsequently transferred to the genus Nicorhynchus. | |||
O. cf. simus.[39] |
Gara Sbaa Formation |
Premaxillae fragment[39] |
||||
S. moroccensis[45] |
Classified by some authors as a species belonging to the genus Coloborhynchus.[37] | |||||
Xericeps | X. curvirostra | Douira Formation | A mandible fragment | |||
X. sp. | Gara Sbaa Formation | Originally assigned to Alanqa, but is similar to Xericeps.[46] |
See also[]
- Aoufous Formation, which lies within the Kem Kem Beds
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
References[]
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- Geologic groups of Africa
- Geologic formations of Morocco
- Upper Cretaceous Series of Africa
- Cenomanian Stage
- Cretaceous Morocco
- Sandstone formations
- Paleontology in Morocco
- Algeria–Morocco border