Pipidae

Pipidae; Temporal range: Early Cretaceous-recent; 145–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	African dwarf frog
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Clade:	Pipoidea
Clade:	Pipimorpha
Family:	Pipidae; Gray 1825
	Distribution of Pipidae in black

The Pipidae are a family of primitive, tongueless frogs. The 41 species in the family Pipidae are found in tropical South America (genus Pipa) and sub-Saharan Africa (the three other genera).

Description[]

Pipid frogs are highly aquatic and have numerous morphological modifications befitting their habitat. For example, the feet are completely webbed, the body is flattened, and a lateral line system is present in adults.^[1] In addition, pipids possess highly modified ears for producing and receiving sound under water. They lack a tongue or vocal cords, instead having bony rods in the larynx that help produce sound. They range from 4 to 19 cm (1.6 to 7.5 in) in body length.^[2]

Extant genera[]

Family Pipidae Gray 1825^[3]

Hymenochirus Boulenger 1896 - dwarf clawed frogs (4 species)
Pipa Laurenti 1768 - Surinam toads (7 species)
Pseudhymenochirus Chabanaud 1920 - Merlin's dwarf gray frog or Merlin's clawed frog (1 species)
Xenopus Wagler 1827 - clawed frogs (29 species)^[4]
- Subgenus (Silurana) Wagler 1827 - common clawed frogs
- Subgenus (Xenopus) Gray 1864 - tropical clawed frogs

Fossil record[]

The fossil record for pipids and close relatives (Pipimorpha) is relatively good, with several extinct species known.^[5] Six of these are placed in the extant genus Xenopus, the remainder in extinct genera. These fossils are known from Africa, South America, and the Middle East back to the Lower Cretaceous.^[2]^[5]

Fossil Pipidae[]

South America

Pipidae fossil locations in South America

Late Cretaceous Los Alamitos

Danian

Thanetian Huitrera

Ypresian Itaboraí

Casamayoran Laguna del Hunco

Mustersan

Middle Miocene Urumaco

New Pipidae species

Pipidae genera

Indeterminate Pipidae

Ma	Age	Taxon bold is n. sp.	Formation	Basin	Country	hideRefs
84	Campanian	cf. Xenopus sp.	Los Alamitos	Neuquén	Argentina	^[6]
61.9	Peligran	?Pipidae indet.	Hansen Mb,	Golfo San Jorge	Argentina	^[7]
54.69	Riochican	Llankibatrachus truebae	Huitrera	Neuquén	Argentina	^[8]
53	Itaboraian		Itaboraí		Brazil	^[9]
52.44	Casamayoran	Shelania pascuali	Laguna del Hunco	Cañadón Asfalto	Argentina	^[10]
45	Mustersan	?Pipidae indet.			Peru	^[11]
11.8	Mayoan-Huayquerian	cf. Pipa sp.	Urumaco		Venezuela	^[12]

References[]

^ "AmphibiaWeb: Pipidae". Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
^ Pipidae at the Amphibian Species of the World 6.0 - AMNH
^ Evans et al., 2015
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Gómez, 2016
^ Báez, 1987
^ Gelfo et al., 2007
^ Báez & Pugener, 2003
^ Estes & Wake, 1972
^ Báez & Trueb, 1997
^ Antoine et al., 2016
^ Head et al., 2006

Bibliography[]

Gómez, Raúl O. 2016. A new pipid frog from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia and early evolution of crown-group Pipidae. Cretaceous Research 62. 52–64. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.006
Antoine, P.; J.A. Abello; S. Adnet; A.J. Altamirano Sierra; P. Baby; G. Billet; M. Boivin; Y. Calderón, and A.R. Candela and J. Chabain, F. Corfu, D. A. Croft, M. Ganerød, C. Jaramillo, S. Klaus, L. Marivaux, R. E. Navarrete, M. J. Orliac, F. Parra, M. E. Pérez, F. Pujos, J. Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez-Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2020-03-19.
Ben J. Evans, et al. 2015. Genetics, morphology, advertisement calls, and historical records distinguish six new polyploid species of African Clawed Frog (Xenopus, Pipidae) from West and Central Africa. PLoS One 10. 1–51. Accessed 2020-03-19.
Gelfo, J.N.; E. Ortiz Jaureguizar, and G.W. Rougier. 2007. New remains and species of the 'condylarth' genus Escribania (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Palaeocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 98. 127–138. Accessed 2020-03-19.
Head, Jason J.; Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra, and Orangel Aguilera. 2006. Fossil snakes from the Neogene of Venezuela (Falcon State). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4. 233–240. Accessed 2020-03-19.
Gissi, Carmela; Diego San Mauro; Graziano Pesole, and Rafael Zardoya. 2006. Mitochondrial phylogeny of Anura (Amphibia): A case study of congruent phylogenetic reconstruction using amino acid and nucleotide characters. Gene 366. 228–237. PMID 16307849 doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.034
Roelants, Kim, and Franky Bossuyt. 2005. Archaeobatrachian paraphyly and pangaean diversification of crown-group frogs. Systematic Biology 54. 111–126. doi:10.1080/10635150590905894 PMID 15805014
San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences; Marina Alcobendas; Zardoya Rafael, and Axel Meyer. 2005. Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea. American Naturalist 165. 590–599. Accessed 2020-03-19. doi:10.1086/429523 PMID 15795855
Báez, A.M., and L.A. Pugener. 2003. Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139. 439–476. Accessed 2020-03-19.
Báez, A.M., and L. Trueb. 1997. Redescription of the Paleogene Shelania pascuali from Patagonia and its bearing on the relationships of fossil and Recent pipoid frogs. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas 4. 1–41. Accessed 2019-03-01.
A.M. Baez, A.M. 1987. The Late Cretaceous fauna of Los Alamitos, Patagonia, Argentina part III — anurans. 3. 121–130. Accessed 2020-03-19.
Estes, R., and M.H. Wake. 1972. The first fossil record of caecilian amphibians. Nature 239. 228-231.

External links[]

Data related to Pipidae at Wikispecies Media related to Pipidae at Wikimedia Commons

[amphibiaweb-1] "AmphibiaWeb: Pipidae". Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2009-10-25.

[EoR-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.

[AMNHPipidae-3] Pipidae at the Amphibian Species of the World 6.0 - AMNH

[Evans2015-4] Evans et al., 2015

[:0-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Gómez, 2016

[Baez1987-6] Báez, 1987

[Gelfo2007-7] Gelfo et al., 2007

[Baez2003-8] Báez & Pugener, 2003

[Estes1972-9] Estes & Wake, 1972

[Baez1997-10] Báez & Trueb, 1997

[Antoine2016-11] Antoine et al., 2016

[Head2006-12] Head et al., 2006

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show v t Extant anuran families by suborder
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Craniata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Amphibia
Archaeobatrachia	Ascaphidae Bombinatoridae Discoglossidae Leiopelmatidae
Mesobatrachia	Megophryidae Pelobatidae Pelodytidae Pipidae Scaphiopodidae Rhinophrynidae
Neobatrachia	Amphignathodontidae Aromobatidae Arthroleptidae Brachycephalidae Brevicipitidae Bufonidae Centrolenidae Craugastoridae Dendrobatidae Heleophrynidae Hemiphractidae Hemisotidae Hylidae Hyperoliidae Leptodactylidae Mantellidae Microhylidae Myobatrachidae Petropedetidae Pyxicephalidae Ranidae Rhacophoridae Rhinodermatidae Sooglossidae
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