Craugastoridae

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Craugastoridae
Comparison of Pristimantis erythros with another species.jpg
Pristimantis orcesi, , Pristimantis pycnodermis and
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Superfamily:
Family: Craugastoridae
Hedges,  [fr], and Heinicke, 2008
Subfamilies and genera

See the text.

The Craugastoridae, or fleshbelly frogs, are a family of New World direct-developing frogs. As delineated here, following the Amphibian Species of the World, it is a large family containing 857 species. They are found from the southern United States southwards to Central and South America.[1]

Taxonomy[]

The taxon was created by Stephen Blair Hedges, William Edward Duellman and Matthew P. Heinicke in 2008.[2] The taxonomy of these frogs is not yet settled,[3][4] and other sources may treat the subfamily Strabomantinae as a family, Strabomantidae,[4][5][6] with correspondingly smaller Craugastoridae.[4][7][8] The most recent rearrangement of subfamilies and genera is from 2014.[9]

Life history[]

With the possible exception of Craugastor laticeps that may be ovoviviparous,[10] craugastorid frogs have direct development: no free-living tadpole stage is known; instead, eggs develop directly into small froglets.[2]

Subfamilies and genera[]

The following taxonomy follows Padial and colleagues (2014)[9] and is adopted by the Amphibian Species of the World.[1]

Subfamilies[]

  • Ceuthomantinae Heinicke, Duellman, Trueb, Means, MacCulloch, and Hedges, 2009 (567 species) (=Pristimantinae Ohler and Dubois, 2012)
    • Ceuthomantis Heinicke, Duellman, Trueb, Means, MacCulloch, and Hedges, 2009 (four species)
    • Dischidodactylus Lynch, 1979 (two species)
    • Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (553 species)
    • Heinicke, Barrio-Amorós, and Hedges, 2015 (three species)
    • Yunganastes Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007 (five species)
  • Craugastorinae Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (139 species)
  • Holoadeninae Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (151 species)
    • Bahius Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021 (monotypic)
    • Barycholos Heyer, 1969 (two species)
    • Bryophryne Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (11 species)
    • Euparkerella Griffiths, 1959 (five species)
    • Holoaden Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (four species)
    • Lynchius Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (7 species)
    • De la Riva, Chaparro, Castroviejo-Fisher, and Padial, 2017 (25 species)
    • Niceforonia Goin and Cochran, 1963 (15 species)
    • Noblella Barbour, 1930 (15 species)
    • Oreobates Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 (25 species)
    • Phrynopus Peters, 1873 (34 species)
    • Psychrophrynella Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (four species)
    • Catenazzi, Mamani, Lehr, and von May, 2020 (3 species)

Taxa formerly in Craugastoridae[]

The following two taxa were formerly placed in Craugastoridae, but are now incerta sedis within the superfamily , awaiting more data to resolve their position:[9]

  • Atopophrynus Lynch and Ruiz-Carranza, 1982 (monotypic)[11]
  • Geobatrachus Ruthven, 1915 (monotypic)[12]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b Hedges, S. B.; Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, M. P (2008). "New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1737: 1–182.
  3. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Higher taxonomy and progress". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Blackburn, D.C. & Wake, D.B. (2011). "Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 39–55.
  5. ^ "Strabomantidae Hedges, Duellman and Heinicke, 2008". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  6. ^ "Strabomantidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  7. ^ "Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman and Heinicke, 2008". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  8. ^ "Craugastoridae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  9. ^ a b c Padial, J. M.; Grant, T. & Frost, D. R. (2014). "Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria". Zootaxa. 3825: 1–132. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3825.1.1. PMID 24989881.
  10. ^ McCranie, J.R.; M.H. Wake & L. Valdés Orellana (2013). "Craugastor laticeps. Possible ovoviviparity". Herpetological Review. 44 (4): 653–654.
  11. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Atopophrynus Lynch and Ruiz-Carranza, 1982". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  12. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Geobatrachus Ruthven, 1915". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
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