Phrynopus

Phrynopus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Craugastoridae
Subfamily:	Holoadeninae
Genus:	Phrynopus; Peters, 1873
Type species
	Phrynopus peruanus; Peters, 1873
Diversity
	26 species (see text)

Eggs of

Phrynopus is a genus of frogs of the family Craugastoridae. Their common name is Andes frogs. They are endemic to Peru and inhabit the upper humid montane forest and supra-treeline grassland in the Cordillera Oriental, with one record from the Peruvian Cordillera Occidental.^[1]

Taxonomy[]

The contents and phylogenetic position of Phrynopus have long been uncertain,^[1] and species once included in this genus have been moved to other genera (Bryophryne, Lynchius, Isodactylus (now Hypodactylus), Noblella, Niceforonia, and Psychrophrynella).^[2] Hedges and colleagues placed it in 2008 in Strabomantidae, subfamily Strabomantinae.^[2] Most recently, the genus was transferred into Craugastoridae, subfamily Holoadeninae.^[1]^[3] However, the AmphibiaWeb keeps Noblella in Strabomantidae/Strabomantinae,^[4] a family/subfamily no longer recognized by the Amphibian Species of the World.^[5]

Description[]

Phrynopus are small to medium-sized frogs, from 14.5 mm (0.57 in) snout–vent length in Phrynopus auriculatus to 54 mm (2.1 in) in Phrynopus kauneorum. Head is narrower than the body. Differentiated tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus are usually absent, except in Phrynopus auriculatus and Phrynopus peruanus, two basal species. Dorsum is smooth to pustulate. Venter is smooth or areolate.^[2]

Species[]

There are over 30 species in this genus:^[1]^[4]

Rodríguez and Catenazzi, 2017
Phrynopus auriculatus Duellman and Hedges, 2008
Lehr, Moravec, and Cusi, 2012
Phrynopus barthlenae Lehr and Aguilar, 2002
Phrynopus bracki Hedges, 1990
Phrynopus bufoides Lehr, Lundberg, and Aguilar, 2005
Rodríguez and Catenazzi, 2017
Mamani and Malqui, 2014
Chávez, Santa Cruz, Rodríguez, and Lehr, 2015
Phrynopus dagmarae Lehr, Aguilar, and Köhler, 2002
Rodríguez and Catenazzi, 2017
Phrynopus heimorum Lehr, 2001
Phrynopus horstpauli Lehr, Köhler, and Ponce, 2000
Lehr and Oróz, 2012
Lehr, von May, Moravec, and Cusi, 2017
Phrynopus juninensis (Shreve, 1938)
Phrynopus kauneorum Lehr, Aguilar, and Köhler, 2002
Phrynopus kotosh Lehr, 2007
Lehr and Rodríguez, 2017
Trueb and Lehr, 2008
Venegas, Barboza, De la Riva, and Padial, 2018
Phrynopus miroslawae Chaparro, Padial, and De la Riva, 2008
Phrynopus montium (Shreve, 1938)
Phrynopus oblivius Lehr, 2007
Phrynopus paucari Lehr, Lundberg, and Aguilar, 2005
Rodríguez and Catenazzi, 2017
Phrynopus peruanus Peters, 1873
Phrynopus pesantesi Lehr, Lundberg, and Aguilar, 2005
Phrynopus remotum Chávez, García Ayachi, and Catenazzi, 2020
Phrynopus tautzorum Lehr and Aguilar, 2003
Phrynopus thompsoni Duellman, 2000
Phrynopus tribulosus Duellman and Hedges, 2008
Lehr and Rodríguez, 2017
Chávez, Santa Cruz, Rodríguez, and Lehr, 2015
Lehr and Oróz, 2012

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Phrynopus Peters, 1873". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E., and Heinicke, M. P (2008). "New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1737: 1–182. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Padial, J. M.; Grant, T.; Frost, D. R. (2014). "Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria". Zootaxa. 3825: 1–132. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3825.1.1. PMID 24989881.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Strabomantidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

[frost-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Phrynopus Peters, 1873". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

[Hedges-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E., and Heinicke, M. P (2008). "New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1737: 1–182. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] Padial, J. M.; Grant, T.; Frost, D. R. (2014). "Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria". Zootaxa. 3825: 1–132. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3825.1.1. PMID 24989881.

[AmphibiaWeb-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Strabomantidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

[5] Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

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