Kenya Defence Forces

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Not to be confused with the Kenya Defence Force, a colonial-era paramilitary militia unit..

Kenya Defence Forces
Flag of the Kenya Defence Forces.svg
Flag
Emblem of the Kenya Defence Forces.svg
Coat of arms
Service branches Kenya Army
 Kenya Air Force
 Kenya Navy
Leadership
Commander-in-ChiefPresident Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta
Defence Cabinet SecretaryAmbassador Monica Juma
Chief of Defence ForcesGeneral Robert Kariuki Kibochi
Manpower
Military age18
Active personnel24,100[1]
Expenditures
Budget$1,097,000,000 (FY2018/19)[2]
Percent of GDP1.5%
Industry
Domestic suppliersKenya Ordnance Factories Corporation
Foreign suppliers United States
 United Kingdom
 China
 Russia
 Ukraine
 South Africa
 France
 Germany
Related articles
HistorySecond World War (as King's African Rifles) (1939–45)
Malayan Emergency (1948–60)
Mau Mau Revolt (1952–60)
Shifta War (1963–67)
Mount Elgon insurgency (2005–08)
Operation Linda Nchi (2011–12)
War in Somalia (2012–present)
RanksMilitary ranks of Kenya

The Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) are the armed forces of the Republic of Kenya. They are made up of the Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, and Kenya Air Force. The current KDF was established, and its composition stipulated, in Article 241 of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya; it is governed by the KDF Act of 2012.[3] Its main mission is the defence and protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Kenya,recruitment to the KDF is done on yearly basis.[4] The President of Kenya is the commander-in-chief of the KDF, and the Chief of Defence Forces (Kenya) is the highest-ranking military officer, and the principal military adviser to the President of Kenya and the National Security Council.

Kenya's military, like many Kenyan government institutions in the country, has been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the military have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of "state security", the corruption has been less in public view, and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety. This has changed recently. In what are by Kenyan standards unprecedented revelations, in 2010, credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment,[5] and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers.[6] The wisdom and prudence of certain aircraft procurements have been publicly questioned.[7] In 2015, credible allegations were made that the KDF is involved with sugar smuggling from southern Somalia into Kenya, to avoid import dues.[8]

The KDF is regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions in Africa and further afield for example peace keeping missions in Somalia since 2011.

History[]

1896 to 1900[]

The Manoj between 1896 and 1900 saw the East African Rifles deployed in a number of campaigns in line with British colonial policies. In collaboration with Major Cunningham's Uganda Rifles, expeditions were organized against the Nandi who put up a strong resistance. It was not until 1906 that they were subdued. Another one in 1900 commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Hatch, Commandant of the East African Rifles, followed this. Two medals were issued after these expeditions namely "1898" and "Jubaland 1900".

The East African Rifles also sent troops to help Uganda Rifles suppress a mutiny by Sudanese troops in Uganda. Captain Harrison who led this expedition was decorated. After being deployed on this expedition, he remained behind to form the 1st Battalion of the Uganda Rifles. This battalion later became 5 KAR.

In 1901 the British government decided to organize all the existing troops in Central Africa, East Africa, Uganda and British Somaliland under one command. Lieutenant Colonel Manning, an officer in the Indian Corps was appointed Inspector General for all the troops and promoted to the rank of general. After the troops based in different parts of British East and Central Africa territories were placed under a central command, the regiment born thereof was officially designated "King's African Rifles" on 1 January 1902. The composition of this regiment was as follows:-

  • The 8 companies of 1 Central African Rifles became 1 Battalion King's African Rifles.
  • The 6 companies of 2 Central African Rifles became 2 Battalion King's African Rifles.
  • The 7 companies and one camel company of East African Rifles became 3 Battalion King's African Rifles.
  • The 9 companies of the Uganda Rifles became 4 Battalion King's African Rifles.
  • The 4 companies of the Contingent of Uganda Rifles became 5 Battalion Kings African Rifles.

While the Kenya Army's origins date back to the East African Rifles, the name "Kenya Defence Force" was previously used for a separate, colonial settler unit. In 1907 the idea of a white settler defence force was discussed. The Kenya Defence Force was eventually established under the Defence Force Ordinance 1928. The Ordinance "made provision for the compulsory registration of all European males of British nationality in the Colony up to the age of fifty years and for their division into three classes according to age. However, those over fifty could also enrol in a fourth class."[9] After questions were raised about control of weapons and potential settler threats to the Kenya Government in 1936, the Force was disbanded and replaced by the Kenya Regiment, formed 1 June 1937.

1902–1963[]

On 1 April 1902, 3 KAR moved its headquarters from Mombasa to Nairobi, and together with 4 KAR and 5 KAR, was used by the British colonial government in expeditions against those who resisted British rule. In 1904 5 KAR, which was mainly made up of Indian troops, was disbanded chiefly because of maintenance costs and also because the British felt they had contained the resistance to their rule. It was however reconstituted in 1916 during World War I and stationed in Meru.

Later in 1926, 5 KAR was again disbanded and their colours were handed over to 3 KAR for safe custody. On 1 March 1930 the unit was once again reconstituted, presented with their colours and stationed in Nairobi. After World War II both battalions were used by the colonial government to contain the Mau Mau rebellion. On the dawn of independence the Kenya National Assembly passed a bill (Kenya Bills 1963) to amend the status of the military forces in Kenya .

Accordingly, the former units of the King's African Rifles were transformed to the Kenyan Military Forces and the Independent Kenyan Government was legally empowered to assign names to the units as deemed necessary with effect from midnight, 12 December 1963. Thus 3 KAR, 5 KAR, and 11 KAR became 3 Kenya Rifles, 5 Kenya Rifles, and 11 Kenya Rifles respectively. The transformation of King's African Rifles to Kenya Military Forces on the midnight of 12 December 1963 was a major milestone.

1963–present[]

Between 1963 and 1967, Kenya fought the Shifta War against Somali residents who sought union with their kin in the Somali Republic to the north.[10]

On the evening of 24 January 1964, the failure of the Kenyan Prime Minister to appear on television, where 11th Kenya Rifles junior soldiers had been expecting a televised speech and hoping for a pay rise announcement, caused the men to mutiny.[11] Parsons says it is possible that the speech was only broadcast on the radio in the Nakuru area where Lanet Barracks, home of the battalion, was located. Kenyatta's government held two separate courts-martial for 43 soldiers.

In the aftermath of the mutiny and following courts-martial, the 11th Kenya Rifles was disbanded.[12] A new battalion, 1st Kenya Rifles, was created entirely from 340 Lanet soldiers who had been cleared of participation in the mutiny by the Kenyan Criminal Investigations Division (CID). Hornsby writes that after the mutiny, '[Kenyatta] improved conditions, announced pay rises to the military, speeded Africanisation, and instructed the intelligence services to infiltrate and watch the army for signs of disaffection.' (Hornsby, quote, 98.)

Discussions began in March 1964 between Kenya and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations Duncan Sandys on defence, and a formal agreement was signed on 3 June 1964. All British troops would leave by 12 December 1964, the British would assist the army, resource and train a new Kenya Air Force, and create a new Kenya Navy. They would also provide RAF and Army units to support internal security in the north-east. Significant military loans would be cancelled, and much military property made over to the Kenyan Government. In return, British aircraft would be able to transit through Kenya, RN ships of the Far East Fleet and other units could visit Mombasa, communications facilities could be used until 1966, and troops could exercise in Kenya twice a year.[13] Army training deployments have continued up until 2015, as of 2015 supervised by British Army Training Unit Kenya.

Timothy Parsons wrote in 2002–03:[14]

'..Kenyatta did not have to worry about the political reliability of the Kenyan Army because expatriate senior British military advisors ran it along KAR lines throughout the 1960s. Following the lessons of the Lanet protects, African officers assumed operational command of all major units, but a British training team still oversaw the Kenyan Army for most of the decade. More significantly, an informal defence arrangement with Britain reassured Kenyatta that he could rely on direct British military support in the event of an army mutiny or attempted coup.'

Within months of British Brigadier A.J. Hardy leaving the post of Commander Kenya Army and handing over to Brigadier on 1 December 1966, British influence was underlined with the appointment of Major General Bernard Penfold as Chief of the General Staff, a new position as senior officer of the entire armed forces.[15] Ndolo succeeded Penfold as Chief of General Staff in 1969, but was retired on 24 June 1971 after being implicated in a coup plot allegedly organised by Joseph Owino. The service chiefs thereafter reported directly to the Minister of Defence, James Gichuru.[16] The post of Chief of the General Staff was only filled again seven years later when Daniel arap Moi moved Lieutenant General Jackson Mulinge from Army Commander to CGS in November 1978.[17] Mahamoud Mohamed succeeded Mulinge in 1986, and was CGS until 1996. Mohamed was succeeded by General , CGS 1996–2000. (Hornsby 554)

The South African Institute for Security Studies wrote when Moi was still in power:[18] "the Kenyan armed forces' reputation as a politically neutral establishment has been undermined by irrefutable evidence of tribal favouritism in the appointment of key posts. In the military (and also the Police and GSU), there is a virtual monopoly of President Moi's ethnic group, the Kalenjin, in the top brass. Of 18 military generals, at least a third are Kalenjin; of 20 brigadiers, 7 are Kalenjin—an ethnic group that accounts for only a tenth of Kenya's population. This obviously works to the disadvantage, especially, of the Kikuyu and the Luo."

Kenyan Army Brig. Gen. Leonard Ngondi, left, greets U.S. Marine Lt. Col. Steve Nichols, left, at Camp Lonestar in Kenya, 2006.

From the 1990s the Kenya Army became involved in United Nations peacekeeping operations, which, Hornsby says, 'offered both experience and a source of income for the army and its soldiers.'[19] (The United Nations reimburses troop contributing countries for each soldier contributed.) Kenya's first peacekeeping deployment was to UNTAG in Namibia; from 1989 to 2001, Kenyan troops took part in UNTAG, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNCRO (Croatia), UNTAES, UNOMIL, UNPREDEP in Macedonia (1996–1999), MONUA in Angola (1997–1999), and UNTAET in East Timor (1999–2001).[20] In 2000, women were integrated into the regular units of the military, and the Women's Service Corps disbanded.

In the early 21st century, the Ministry of State for Defence, just like that of Internal Security and Provincial Administration, is part of the presidential machinery. All but senior military officers are appointed, promoted, and, if necessary, removed by the military's personnel system. The president appoints and retires senior military officers. Under the authority of the president as Commander-in-Chief, the Minister of Defence presides over the National Defence Council. The Chief of General Staff is the tactical, operational and administrative head of the military. Under the 2010 constitution, the defence forces can no longer be deployed for combat operations within Kenya without the approval of Parliament.

In the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country, a commission of inquiry, the Waki Commission, commended its readiness and adjudged it to "have performed its duty well."[21] Nevertheless, there have been serious allegations of human rights violations, most recently while conducting counter-insurgency operations in the Mt Elgon area[22] and also in the district of Mandera central.[23]

Kenya's military, like many government institutions in the country, has been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the KDF has been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of "state security", the corruption has been less in public view, and thus less subject to public scrutiny. This has changed recently. In what are by Kenyan standards unprecedented revelations, in 2010, credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment,[24] and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers.[6] Further, the wisdom and prudence of certain procurement decisions has been publicly questioned.[7] In 2015, credible allegations were made that the KDF is involved with sugar smuggling from southern Somalia into Kenya, to avoid import dues.[25] The KDF (the Kenyan Navy) controls the Kismayo port area, when the charcoal trade goes on, in defiance of UN sanctions.

In October 2011, following a weekend preparatory meeting between Kenyan and Somali military officials in the town of Dhobley,[26] Kenya Army units crossed the border to begin Operation Linda Nchi against the Al-Shabaab insurgents in southern Somalia.[27] Kenya had coordinated with the transitional government in Mogadishu, and with the Somali militias in the border areas, but the drive on Kismayu was run by the KDF. In early June 2012, Kenyan forces were formally integrated into AMISOM.[28]

As of August 2012 Major General Maurice Oyugi was the army vice commander.[29]

Kenya Army[]

An MD 500 Defender helicopter over the Westgate Shopping Mall during the siege, 2013.

As of 2004, the Kenya Army had five brigades: two infantry, one with three battalions and one with two battalions; armoured brigade with three battalions; one independent infantry, with two battalions; and one engineer brigade, with two battalions.[30] In addition, the army included an air defence artillery, an airborne battalion, and an independent air cavalry battalion with 35 armed helicopters (at Embakasi).

In February 2014, the official Ministry of State for Defence listed the following Army formations and services:[31]

  • Kenya Army Infantry
  • Kenya Army Paratroopers - Ranger D Company of 20 Parachute Battalion is the only commando unit in the Kenyan Army trained to fight terrorist activities by the US through Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) and its predecessors. Main tasks include reconnaissance, raids, ambushes, infiltration and border patrol in joint operations. The unit was deployed for counter insurgency operations in the Mt Elgon area in 2008 amid accusations of torture and illegal detention.[32]
  • Kenya Army Armour (includes one armoured reconnaissance battalion (76th), 78 Tank Battalion, Isiolo)
  • Kenya Army Artillery (includes 77 Artillery Battalion, 88 Artillery Battalion. 88 Artillery Battalion was established at Larisoro, Isiolo County, 27 April 2018.[33])
  • Kenya Army Engineers
  • 50 Air Cavalry Battalion
  • Kenya Army Ordnance Corps
  • Kenya Army Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
  • Military Police Corps
  • Medical Battalion
  • (DFC)

The Kenya Ranger Strike Force initiative began in 2006 with a request from the ; creation of KRSF highlighted extensively in KMOD White Paper on Military Cooperation for 2011–2016.[34] The total U.S. investment was $40M. Leveraged IMET courses for Ranger and Ranger Instructor courses, Section 1206 funding to secure training and equipment, multiple Joint Combined Exchange and Training (JCET) events, and East African Regional Security Initiative (EARSI now PREACT) to fund training and equipment. The first class taught by all Kenya Army Ranger Instructors graduated on 18 March 2011. Kenya formed a Special Operations Regiment composed of 30th Special Operations Battalion and 40th Kenya Ranger Strike Force Battalion. Kabete Barracks off Waiyaki Way in Nairobi is reported to house forces which are 'special'.[35]

By 2019-2020, the International Institute for Strategic Studies listed the army's formations as including one armoured brigade (one armoured reconnaissance battalion, two armoured battalions); one special operations battalion; one ranger battalion; one infantry brigade with three infantry battalions, and another infantry brigade with two infantry battalions; one independent infantry battalion; one air cavalry battalion [50 Air Cavalry Battalion]; one airborne battalion; one artillery brigade with two artillery battalions and a mortar battery; one air defence battalion; and one engineer brigade with two engineer battalions (IISS MB 2020, p.483).

Army equipment[]

The acquisition of T-72s has caused significant controversy. Thirty-three vehicles ordered from Ukraine were hijacked by Somali pirates.[36] The Ukrainian Defence Minister Yury Yekhanurov confirmed 33 Russian T-72 tanks and "a substantial quantity of ammunition" were aboard the captured cargo ship, called the Faina". The ship they were being carried in, MV Faina was released and the tanks unloaded in the port city of Mombasa in February 2009. There have been doubts expressed as to whether the T-72s imported by Kenya are intended for use by the Kenyan Army. Instead, popular opinion is that they were being clandestinely imported for the South Sudanese army, which has an arms embargo against it.[37]

The Kenyan military has dispelled speculation by publicly showing these tanks (and other hardware) as part of its arsenal on 22 August 2010, during rehearsals for the passing of the new Constitution of Kenya.[38] Nevertheless, a cloud of doubt hangs over the intent of the tank acquisition. Recent revelations by WikiLeaks provide that "it is a badly kept secret" that there has been an ongoing process of armaments purchases on behalf of the Southern Sudanese government by the Kenyan government.[39] The leaks go on to speculate that these clandestine operations were motivated by the Kenya political leadership's desire to support Southern Sudan, but not in a way that would openly provoke Khartoum or potentially threaten South Sudan's eventual independence.

The KDF is interested in the US Army-approved version of the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES) combat simulation system.

Small Arms[]

Name Type Origin Notes
H&K G3 Battle Rifle Germany General Service Unit (Kenya),

Kenya Defence Forces (Being withdrawn and used majorly for ceremonial duties).

M4A1 Assault Rifle United States Kenya Defence Forces
AK47 Assault Rifle USSR Kenya Defence Forces
FN SCAR Assault Rifle Belgium Kenya Defence Forces
FN MAG General-purpose machine gun Belgium Kenya Defence Forces
PK Machine Gun General-purpose machine gun USSR Kenya Defence Forces
IMI Negev Light Machine Gun Israel Kenya Defence Forces[40]
IMI Galil Battle rifle Israel Kenya Defence Forces[41]
RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade launcher USSR Kenya Defence Forces
Carl Gustav recoilless rifle Sweden Kenya Defence Forces
Sterling submachine gun Submachine gun United Kingdom Kenya Defence Forces[42]
Browning Hi-Power Pistol Belgium Kenya Defence Forces
Bren light machine gun Light machine gun United Kingdom 7.62x51mm variants[43]

50 Air Cavalry Battalion[]

Name Type Quantity Origin Notes
MD 500 United States Source IISS Military Balance. Also used by Kenya Air Force.
Harbin Z-9 4 Z-9w China
RQ-11 Raven UAV 8 United States [44]

Vehicles[]

Name Type Quantity Origin Notes
Vickers Mk3 Main battle tank 76  United Kingdom 105mm gun L-7.[45] 38 plus 3 ARV's ordered in 1977 and delivered by 1980. 38 more with 4 ARV's ordered in December 1978. Have a laser rangefinder for the gunner and a passive night vision sight for the commander.
Vickers ARV Recovery tank 7 (4 with crane)  United Kingdom
Katmerciler Hızır MRAP 118  Turkey On order. Deliveries are expected to start in 2022 and finish in 2023.[46][47]
Mack Trucks AFV Transporters  United States Mack R series[48]
Panhard AML Armoured car 72  France 60mm mortar
90mm gun H-90
Panhard M3 APC 15  France In storage
Ferret Armoured car 20  United Kingdom
Saladin Armoured car 10  United Kingdom FV601 76.2mm gun
Shorland Armoured car 8  United Kingdom
Saracen APC 15  United Kingdom Out of service?
WZ551 APC 35  China
Humvee Utility vehicle 100  United States
Thyssen Henschel UR-416 APC 52  Germany
Land Rover Defender Utility vehicle ?  United Kingdom
PUMA M26-15 MRAP 150  South Africa
Mercedes Benz Utility truck  Germany L Series/LA-911
Oshkosh FMTV Troop carrier truck  United States
Troop carrier truck 400  China/ Austria
Leyland Heavy-duty truck  United Kingdom
ACMAT 4.20 4x4/6.20 6x6 truck  France
Medium bridges  United Kingdom
BOV M11 Armored reconnaissance vehicle  Serbia [49]
Nora B-52 Self-propelled artillery 30  Serbia
MRAP 102  South Africa On order

Air Force[]

The Kenya Air Force was formed on 1 June 1964, soon after independence, with the assistance of the United Kingdom.

After a failed coup by a group of Air Force officers on 1 August 1982, the Air Force was disbanded. Air Force activity was reconstituted and placed under tighter army control as the 82 Air Force. The Air Force regained its independent status in 1994.

The main airbase operating fighters is Laikipia Air Base in Nanyuki, while Moi Air Base in Eastleigh, Nairobi is the headquarters. Other bases include Forward Operating Base (FOB) Mombasa (Moi International Airport), FOB Mandera, FOB Wajir & FOB Nyeri (mainly helicopters/small planes).

Navy[]

The Kenya Navy is the naval branch of the Kenyan defence forces. The Navy was established on 12 December 1964, exactly one year after Kenya gained independence. It was preceded by the colonial Royal East African Navy (REAN).[50]

The Navy operates several bases, Mtongwe base in Mombasa, Shimoni, Msambweni, Malindi, Kilifi and since 1995[51] another base located in Manda (part of Lamu Archipelago).

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2019). The Military Balance 2019. London: Routledge. p. 473. ISBN 9781857439885.
  2. ^ "Kenya broke new record in defense spending". Army Recognition.
  3. ^ Ministry of Defence. "Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012" (PDF). National Council for Law Reporting. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  4. ^ "Kenya Defence Forces Recruitment Dates 2020". Kenyadmission. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  5. ^ "Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit :: Kenya – The Standard". Standardmedia.co.ke. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b "Sh1.6 billion tender scandal rocks DoD :: Kenya – The Standard". Standardmedia.co.ke. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "Kenya's 'new' fighter jets cannot take off :: Kenya – The Standard". Standardmedia.co.ke. 31 October 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  8. ^ "The Kenyan army is accused of running a sugar-smuggling racket with Somali terrorists". The Economist. 23 November 2015.
  9. ^ "Kenya Regiment Association - About".
  10. ^ Bruce Baker, Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences, (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83
  11. ^ Timothy Parsons, The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa, 120.
  12. ^ Parsons, The 1964 Army Mutinies, 161.
  13. ^ Hornsby, 98–99.
  14. ^ Timothy Parsons, The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0325070687, 169.
  15. ^ Hornsby, Charles (2012). Kenya: A History Since Independence. London/New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-84885-886-2.
  16. ^ Hornsby, 228–229.
  17. ^ Hornsby, 335–336.
  18. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ Hornsby, 554.
  20. ^ Dr. Vince Sinning. "PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS: Kenya Mission to the United Nations in New York, USA". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  21. ^ "Microsoft Word - ~8860467.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  22. ^ "MT. ELGON: POLICE ACTION IS AN AFFRONT TO THE, POWERS AND MANDATE OF KNCHR, A VIOLATION OF THE LAW AND AN ATTEMPT TO COVER UP THE TORTURE IN MT. ELGON" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  23. ^ "Security men accused of torture and rape – Daily Nation". Nation.co.ke. 1 November 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  24. ^ "Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit :: Kenya – The Standard". Standardmedia.co.ke. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  25. ^ "The Kenyan army is accused of running a sugar-smuggling racket with Somali terrorists". The Economist. 23 November 2015.
  26. ^ "Kenya launches offensive in Somalia". Reuters. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  27. ^ "Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi". Kenya High Commission, Tanzania. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  28. ^ "Kenya: Defense Minister appointed as acting Internal Security Minister". Garowe Online. 19 June 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  29. ^ "Major General Maurice Otieno Oyugi & Colonel Hesbon Malwey…". Flickr. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  30. ^ Library of Congress, Country Profile, via mongabay.com
  31. ^ "The Kenya Army Formations". Kenya Government, Ministry of State for Defence. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  32. ^ "Trained in terror". Human Rights Watch (republished from The Guardian article of 30 July 2008). 31 July 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  33. ^ "88 Artillery Battalion Flag Handover".
  34. ^ [1] Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ https://issuu.com/micnyams/docs/dipad_newsletter_2014, 34.
  36. ^ "Africa | Pirates 'want $35m for tank ship'". BBC News. 27 September 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  37. ^ "Cargo prompts doubts on hijacked ship's destination". Los Angeles Times. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  38. ^ "IN PICTURES: MILITARY ALL SET FOR 27 AUG – Daily Nation". Nation.co.ke. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  39. ^ "Sudan "arm-twisted govt" to get tanks". All Africa.com. 10 December 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  40. ^ "Kenya Army's Negev light machine guns and Galil sniper rifles Delivered by Israel Weapon Industries (IWI) – Strategic Intelligence Service". Intelligencebriefs.com. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  41. ^ Jeremiah Kiplang'at. "Send more troops to Somalia, Uhuru urges African Presidents – Daily Nation". Nation.co.ke. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  42. ^ https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6635061
  43. ^ https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6635060
  44. ^ "U.S. to Provide Kenya With Drones to Fight Militants". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  45. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  46. ^ "Turkish Hizir vehicles exported to East Africa". Janes.com. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  47. ^ https://www.the-star.co.ke/authors/vidija. "KDF to buy 118 top military vehicles to fight al Shabaab". The Star. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  48. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. ^ "Политика Online – У Великој Плани склапаће се "бов М10" и "бов М11"". Politika.rs. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  50. ^ Kenya Navy: History Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ Kenya Navy: Memorable events Archived 1 July 2007 at archive.today

References[]

  • Charles Hornsby, (2012). Kenya: A History Since Independence. London/New York: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-886-2.

Further reading[]

  • Boubacar N'Diaye, The Challenge of Institutionalizing Civilian Control: Botswana, Ivory Coast, and Kenya in Comparative Perspective, Lexington Books, January 2001
  • Donovan C. Chau, Global Security Watch: Kenya, Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010.
  • Irving Kaplan, Area Handbook for Kenya, American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies, United States. Dept. of the Army, for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.
  • Timothy Parsons, 'The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa,' Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0325070687.
  • David A. Percox, Britain, Kenya and the cold war: imperial defence, colonial security and decolonisation, Volume 13 of International library of African studies, Tauris Academic Studies, I.B.Tauris, 2004, ISBN 1-85043-460-3, ISBN 978-1-85043-460-3

External links[]

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