Khams Tibetan

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Not to be confused with Kham language.
Khams Tibetan
Khams skad, Khamké
ཁམས་སྐད
RegionKhams (Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan in China)
Bhutan
Native speakers
(1.4 million cited 1994)[2]
Language family
Sino-Tibetan
  • Tibeto-Kanauri ?
Writing system
Tibetan script
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
khg – Khams
kbg – Khamba[1]
tsk – Tseku
Glottologkham1299
ELPKhamba
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Khams Tibetan (Tibetan: ཁམས་སྐད, Wylie: Khams skad, THL: Khamké) is the Tibetic language used by the majority of the people in Kham. Khams is one of the three branches of the traditional classification of Tibetic languages (the other two being Amdo Tibetan and Ü-Tsang).[3] In terms of mutual intelligibility, Khams could communicate at a basic level with the Ü-Tsang branch (including Lhasa Tibetan).[3]

Both Khams Tibetan and Lhasa Tibetan evolve to not preserve the word-initial consonant clusters,[4][5] which makes them very far from Classical Tibetan, especially when compared to the more conservative Amdo Tibetan.[6][7] Also, Kham and Lhasa Tibetan evolved to be tonal, which Classical Tibetan was not.[5]

Distribution[]

Kham Tibetan is spoken in Kham, which is now divided between the eastern part of Tibet Autonomous Region, the southern part of Qinghai, the western part of Sichuan, and the northwestern part of Yunnan, China.

is also spoken by about 1,000 people in two enclaves in eastern Bhutan, the descendants of pastoral yak-herding communities.[8]

Dialects[]

There are five dialects of Khams Tibetan proper:

  • Central Khams, spoken in Dêgê County and Chamdo
  • Southern Khams, spoken in the Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. There are several subdialects due to the mountainous terrain, as well as contact with neighboring language communities for trade.
  • Northern or Northeastern Khams, spoken in Nangqên County and Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
  • Eastern Khams, spoken in Kangding
  • Hor, or Western Khams, spoken in Nagqu Prefecture
  • The Gêrzê dialect is sometimes considered Western Khams

These have relatively low mutual intelligibility, but are close enough that they are usually considered a single language. Khamba and Tseku are more divergent, but classified with Khams by Tournadre (2013).

Several other languages are spoken by Tibetans in the Khams region: Dongwang Tibetan language and the Rgyalrong languages.[9]

The phonologies and vocabularies of the Bodgrong, Dartsendo, dGudzong, Khyungpo (Khromtshang), Lhagang Rangakha, Sangdam, Sogpho, sKobsteng, sPomtserag, Tsharethong, and Yangthang dialects of Kham Tibetan have been documented by Hiroyuki Suzuki.[10]

Phonology[]

Consonants[]

Labial Alveolar Retroflex (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal voiceless m̥ n̥ ɲ̊ ŋ̊
voiced m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate voiceless ts tʂ tɕ
aspirated tsʰ tʂʰ tɕʰ
voiced dz dʐ dʑ
Fricative voiceless s ʂ ɕ x h
aspirated sʰ ɕʰ xʰ
voiced z ʑ ɣ
Approximant w ɹ j
Lateral fricative ɬ
approximant l
  • /x, xʰ, ɣ/ before front vowels /i, e, ø, ɛ/ are realized as palatal fricatives [ç, çʰ, ʝ].
  • Palatal plosives /c, ɟ/ are included in the consonant inventory of the dGudzong dialect, but these sound values may include a phonetic variant of palatalised velar plosives. The velar plosive series generally do not include a phonetic variant of palatal plosives. These two series, therefore, are still distinctive, but it is supposed that they may merge into velar ones in the near future.[11]
  • /tʂ, tʂʰ, dʐ/ are heard as plosives [ʈ, ʈʰ, ɖ] in the dGudzong dialect of the rGyalrong area.
  • /ɬ/ may also be heard as a voiceless lateral [l̥] in free variation.[12]

Vowels[]

Front Back
Close i u
Close-mid e ø o
Open-mid ɛ
Open a ɑ
  • /i, u, o/ are realized as sounds [ɨ, ʉ, ʊ] before a glottal stop /ʔ/.[13]

See also[]

  • Standard Tibetan
  • Balti language
  • Languages of Bhutan

References[]

  1. ^ George van Driem, Languages of the Himalayas, p 892
  2. ^ Khams at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Khamba[1] at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Tseku at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. ^ a b Gelek, Konchok (2017). "Variation, contact, and change in language: Varieties in Yul shul (northern Khams)". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (245): 91-92.
  4. ^ A Grammar of Kham, David E. Watters, Cambridge University Press.
  5. ^ a b Haller, Felix (1999). "A bref comparison of register tone in central tibetan and kham tibetan" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 22.2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-16.
  6. ^ Makley, Charlene; Dede, Keith; Hua, Kan; Wang, Qingshan (1999). "The Amdo Dialect of Labrang" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 22.1: 101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05.
  7. ^ Reynolds, Jermay J. (2012). Language variation and change in an Amdo Tibetan village: Gender, education and resistance (PDF) (PhD thesis). Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University. p. 19-21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-12.
  8. ^ van Driem, George L. (1993). "Language Policy in Bhutan". London: SOAS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  9. ^ N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." Lalies, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56 [1]
  10. ^ Asian and African Languages and Linguistics
  11. ^ Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2011). Phonetic Analysis of dGudzong Tibetan: The Vernacular of Khams Tibetan spoken in the rGyalrong Area. Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology.
  12. ^ Olson, Robert F. (1974). Central Khams Tibetan: A phonemic survey. Kailash.
  13. ^ Sun, Hongkai (1991). Zang Mian yu yu yin he ci hui [藏缅语语音和词汇]. Chinese Social Sciences Press. pp. 156–159.

Further reading[]

  • Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo. 2015. Discovering endangered Tibetic varieties in the easternmost Tibetosphere: A case study on Dartsendo Tibetan. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 38:2 (2015), 256–270. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.2.07suz

External links[]

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