Kimberly Prather

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Kimberly A. Prather
Alma materUniversity of California, Davis
Scientific career
InstitutionsScripps Institution of Oceanography
University of California, San Diego
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Riverside
Websitehttps://caice.ucsd.edu/kimberly-prather/

Kimberly A. Prather is an American scientist who is an Atmospheric Chemist, Distinguished Chair in Atmospheric Chemistry, and a Distinguished Professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UC San Diego. Her work focuses on how humans are influencing the atmosphere and climate. In 2019, she was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for technologies that transformed understanding of aerosols and their impacts on air quality, climate, and human health. In 2020, she was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences. She is also an elected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Education and early career[]

Prather was born in Santa Rosa, California.[1] She studied at Santa Rosa Junior College and University of California, Davis, earning a Bachelor's degree in 1985 and a PhD in 1990.[2] She served as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Berkeley between 1990 and 1992, working with Nobel Laureate Yuan T. Lee.[1] Prather joined University of California, Riverside as an Assistant Professor in 1992.[3] During her time at UC Riverside she began to work on aerosol mass spectrometry, developing ways to make it compact and transportable. She patented the technology.[4][5][6][7][8]

Research[]

Schematic of aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS)

In 2001, Prather joined the faculty at the University of California, San Diego as a member of the Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography.[9] Prather's early research focused on determining the major sources of fine particle pollution in California as well as in the Northeastern United States.[10][11] As part of this research, she explored methods to distinguish between different aerosol sources based on their single particle composition and size.[10][12] She developed aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS), a technique with high temporal and size resolution.[13][14] In 1999 she began to work with the University of Rochester studying the health effects of ultrafine particles.[15][16][17] She refined the detection technique so that it would precisely measure the size and composition of small particles.[18] The ultrafine ATOFMS was able to examine exhaust particles from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles.[19] She found that alongside the freeway, particles between 50 and 300 nm were mainly due to heavy-duty vehicles (51 %) and light-duty vehicles (32 %).[19] She used the ultrafine ATOFMS to study atmospheric composition, combining it with ozone and NOx measurements.[20][21] ATOFMS is now widely used in atmospheric studies around the world.[1]

In 2003, she joined the advisory board of United States Environmental Protection Agency PM2.5 Clean Air.[22] Between 2003 and 2006 Prather studied whether ATOFMS could be used to measure the carbonaceous components of aerosols (including PAHs) and help to understand atmospheric processes, distinguishing between organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC).[23] Prather showed it was possible to distinguish EC and OC on a single particle level, and investigated their chemical associations with ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate.[24] Her group explored ways to calibrate the ATOFMS data, making real-time apportionment of ambient particles possible.[24] They did this by classifying particles using an artificial neural network (ART-2a).[24] In 2008 she became the co-lead scientist in CalWater in collaboration with F. Martin Ralph; a multi-year interdisciplinary research effort focusing on how aerosols are impacting the water supply in the West Coast of the United States.[25] Her PhD student Kerri Pratt led the Ice in Clouds Experiment - Layer Clouds (ICE-L) study.[26] ICE-L included the first aircraft ATOFMS, named Shirley.[26][4] Pratt and Prather studied ice crystals in situ on high speed aircraft flying above Wyoming, and found that the particles were mainly composed of dust or biological particles (bacteria, fungal spores or plants).[26] Understanding the composition of airborne particles is imperative to properly evaluate their impact on climate change, as well as provide insight into how aerosol impact cloud formation and precipitation.[26][27]

Woman talking to man in laboratory setting.
CAICE Director Kimberly Prather talks to her graduate student (Christopher Lee) in the Hydraulics Lab at Scripps Institution of Oceanography during IMPACTS 2014.

In 2010 she became the founding Director of the NSF Center for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment (CAICE).[28] The CAICE was made a National Science Foundation Phase II Center for Chemical Innovation in 2013.[29] In this role, Prather develops new analytical techniques for studying aerosol chemistry.[28] Her group demonstrated that dust and aerosols in the Sahara can influence precipitation in Western United States.[30] Prather studies the microbes that rise from the ocean, become airborne and contribute to the global temperature.[31] Ocean-in-the lab experiments are conducted by storing thousands of gallons of seawater from the Pacific Ocean, producing waves, and adding nutrients to induce the growth of microbes.[31] As part of CAICE, her group was the first to identify the major factors controlling chemical composition of sea spray, finding that the characteristics depended on the physical forces and ocean biology of the waves.[29] They demonstrated two types of droplets; "film" drops that were full of microbes and organic materials, and "jet" drops that mainly contained sea salt and other biological species.[29] Prather's research team can explore the impact of carbon dioxide on the global temperature by controlling the amount entering their ocean simulation chamber.[31][32] The Scripps Ocean Atmosphere Research Simulator (SOARS) will open in 2020 and allow the study of how wind, temperature, sunlight and pollution impact the ocean.[33] The funding was extended by the National Science Foundation in 2018, with a second $20 million grant allowing them to investigate the interaction of human pollution with ocean-produced gases and aerosols.[34]

Awards and honours[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Bio". Research Profiles. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  2. ^ "Research Profiles". Research Profiles. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  3. ^ Quinn, Patricia K.; Collins, Douglas B.; Grassian, Vicki H.; Prather, Kimberly A.; Bates, Timothy S. (2015-04-06). "Chemistry and Related Properties of Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol". Chemical Reviews. 115 (10): 4383–4399. doi:10.1021/cr500713g. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 25844487.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry". UCSD. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  5. ^ "Kimberly A. Prather". CAICE. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  6. ^ Compact aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer, retrieved 2019-01-01
  7. ^ Method and apparatus for determining the size and chemical composition of aerosol particles, retrieved 2019-01-01
  8. ^ Portable analyzer for determining size and chemical composition of an aerosol, retrieved 2019-01-01
  9. ^ "Prather, Kimberly". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b "Research Consortium on Ozone and Fine Particle Formation in California and in the Northeastern United States | Research Project Database | Grantee Research Project | ORD | US EPA". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  11. ^ "Research Consortium on Ozone and Fine Particle Formation in California and in the Northeastern United States: Cal Tech, UC-Riverside, UC-San Diego, UC-Davis Report | Research Project Database | Grantee Research Project | ORD | US EPA". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  12. ^ Bhave, Prakash V.; Fergenson, David P.; Prather, Kimberly A.; Cass, Glen R. (2001-05-01). "Source Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter by Clustering Single-Particle Data: Tests of Receptor Model Accuracy". Environmental Science & Technology. 35 (10): 2060–2072. Bibcode:2001EnST...35.2060B. doi:10.1021/es0017413. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 11393988.
  13. ^ Bhave, Prakash V.; Allen, Jonathan O.; Morrical, Bradley D.; Fergenson, David P.; Cass, Glen R.; Prather, Kimberly A. (2002-11-01). "A Field-Based Approach for Determining ATOFMS Instrument Sensitivities to Ammonium and Nitrate" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 36 (22): 4868–4879. Bibcode:2002EnST...36.4868B. doi:10.1021/es015823i. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 12487311.
  14. ^ Song, Xin-Hua; Hopke, Philip K.; Fergenson, David P.; Prather, Kimberly A. (1999-02-01). "Classification of Single Particles Analyzed by ATOFMS Using an Artificial Neural Network, ART-2A". Analytical Chemistry. 71 (4): 860–865. doi:10.1021/ac9809682. ISSN 0003-2700.
  15. ^ "Ultrafine Particles: Characterization, Health Effects and Pathophysiological Mechanisms | Research Project Database | Grantee Research Project | ORD | US EPA". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  16. ^ Moffet, Ryan C.; Shields, Laura G.; Berntsen, Jon; Devlin, Robert B.; Prather, Kimberly A. (2004). "Characterization of an Ambient Coarse Particle Concentrator Used for Human Exposure Studies: Aerosol Size Distributions, Chemical Composition, and Concentration Enrichment". Aerosol Science and Technology. 38 (11): 1123–1137. Bibcode:2004AerST..38.1123M. doi:10.1080/027868290890344. ISSN 0278-6826.
  17. ^ Spencer, Matthew T.; Prather, Kimberly A. (2006). "Using ATOFMS to Determine OC/EC Mass Fractions in Particles". Aerosol Science and Technology. 40 (8): 585–594. Bibcode:2006AerST..40..585S. doi:10.1080/02786820600729138.
  18. ^ Su, Yongxuan; Sipin, Michele F.; Furutani, Hiroshi; Prather, Kimberly A. (2004-02-01). "Development and Characterization of an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with Increased Detection Efficiency". Analytical Chemistry. 76 (3): 712–719. doi:10.1021/ac034797z. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 14750867.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Toner, Stephen M.; Shields, Laura G.; Sodeman, David A.; Prather, Kimberly A. (2008-01-01). "Using mass spectral source signatures to apportion exhaust particles from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles in a freeway study using UF-ATOFMS". Atmospheric Environment. 42 (3): 568–581. Bibcode:2008AtmEn..42..568T. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.005. ISSN 1352-2310.
  20. ^ "Characterization of the Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Ultrafine Particles | Research Project Database | Grantee Research Project | ORD | US EPA". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  21. ^ "Real-Time Monitoring of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: Establishing Correlations Between Particle Size and Chemical Speciation | Research Project Database | Grantee Research Project | ORD | US EPA". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  22. ^ "Final Report | Advancing ATOFMS to a Quantitative Tool for Source Apportionment | Research Project Database | Grantee Research Project | ORD | US EPA". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  23. ^ "Advancing ATOFMS to a Quantitative Tool for Source Apportionment | Research Project Database | Grantee Research Project | ORD | US EPA". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Final Report | Advancing ATOFMS to a Quantitative Tool for Source Apportionment | Research Project Database | Grantee Research Project | ORD | US EPA". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  25. ^ Ralph, F. M.; Prather, K. A.; Cayan, D.; Spackman, J. R.; DeMott, P.; Dettinger, M.; Fairall, C.; Leung, R.; Rosenfeld, D. (2016). "CalWater Field Studies Designed to Quantify the Roles of Atmospheric Rivers and Aerosols in Modulating U.S. West Coast Precipitation in a Changing Climate". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97 (7): 1209–1228. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97.1209R. doi:10.1175/bams-d-14-00043.1. ISSN 0003-0007.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "First direct observations of biological particles in high-altitude ice clouds". phys.org. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  27. ^ "CORE QUESTIONS and REPORT TEMPLATE" (PDF). www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b "Kimberly Prather". deepdecarbon.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Chemistry of sea spray particles linked for first time to formation process: Sea spray aerosols that seed clouds over three-fourths of the earth are formed by 'film' or 'jet' droplets; exposing chemical distinction could improve climate models". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  30. ^ Prather, Kimberly A.; Tomlinson, Jason M.; Comstock, Jennifer M.; Minnis, Patrick; Ralph, F. Martin; White, Allen B.; Sullivan, Ryan C.; DeMott, Paul J.; Cazorla, Alberto (2013-03-29). "Dust and Biological Aerosols from the Sahara and Asia Influence Precipitation in the Western U.S.". Science. 339 (6127): 1572–1578. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1572C. doi:10.1126/science.1227279. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 23449996. S2CID 2276891.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c Greenwood, Veronique (2018-06-29). "The Mysterious Microbes in the Sky". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  32. ^ Prather, Kimberly A.; Dupont, Christopher L.; Burkart, Michael D.; Knight, Rob; Azam, Farooq; Malfatti, Francesca; Beall, Charlotte M.; Pham, Kevin M.; Lee, Christopher (2018-05-22). "Taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses in an experimental ocean-atmosphere mesocosm". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 2017. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2017M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04409-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5964107. PMID 29789621.
  33. ^ "National Science Foundation Awards Scripps Oceanography $4 Million to Develop Advanced Ocean and Atmosphere Simulator". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  34. ^ "NSF Awards $20 Million for Continued Study of Aerosols at UC San Diego". ucsdnews.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  35. ^ "Research Awards". www.asms.org. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Prather, Kimberly". www-chem.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  37. ^ "GAeF: SMOLUCHOWSKI Award". www.gaef.de. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  38. ^ "Kenneth T. Whitby Award". The American Association for Aerosol Research. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  39. ^ "Young Scientist". ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  40. ^ "Members of the UCSD Community Recognized for Sustainability Efforts". ucsdnews.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  41. ^ "Five UC San Diego Professors Named 2009 AAAS Fellows". ucsdnews.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  42. ^ "Prather". Honors Program. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  43. ^ "American Chemical Society President elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  44. ^ "ACS Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  45. ^ "Haagen-Smit Award Recipients | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
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